ARCHAEOLOGICAL EVALUATION REPORT:

PROPOSED TRANSPORT HUB SITE: NCP CAR PARK, OXFORD STREET, LINCOLN,

Planning Reference: Pre-Planning NGR: SK 97758 70873 AAL Site Code: LITH 15 Museum Accession Number: LCNCC: 2015.84 OASIS Reference Number: allenarc1-1214747

Report prepared for Prospect Archaeology Limited

By Allen Archaeology Limited Report Number AAL 2016047

March 2016

Contents

Executive Summary ...... 1 1.0 Introduction ...... 2 2.0 Site Location and Description ...... 2 3.0 Planning Background ...... 2 4.0 Archaeological and Historical Background ...... 3 5.0 Methodology ...... 3 6.0 Results ...... 4 7.0 Discussion and Conclusions ...... 8 8.0 Effectiveness of Methodology ...... 8 9.0 Acknowledgements ...... 8 10.0 References ...... 9

List of Plates

Plate 1: Northeast-facing section of lower step showing layers 111 and 114-116. Scale 1m ...... 5 Plate 2: Foundations 100, 101, 102 and 104, and wall 127, looking northeast. Scales 2m ...... 6 Plate 3: Northwest-facing section showing wall 127, 124, foundation 101 and floor 123. Scales 2m and 1m ...... 7 Plate 4: Northeast-facing section showing walls 132 and 147, foundation 100 and floor 123. Scales 2m and 1m ...... 7

List of Appendices

Appendix 1: Pottery ...... 10 Appendix 2: Other Finds ...... 12 Appendix 3: Context Summary List ...... 14 Appendix 4: Figures ...... 17

List of Figures

Figure 1: Site location outlined in red ...... 17 Figure 2: Detailed plan of site location, outlined in red ...... 18 Figure 3: Plan of structures 100, 101/124, 102, 104 and 127 ...... 19 Figure 4: Sections through steps 1–3 of the test pit ...... 20

List of Tables

Table 1: Pottery types with total quantities by sherd and vessel count ...... 10 Table 2: Pottery archive summary...... 11 Table 3: Clay tobacco pipe ...... 12 Table 4: Glass ...... 12 Table 5: Metal ...... 12

Document Control

Element: Name: Date: Report prepared by: Daniel Connor BA (Hons) and Charlotte Tooze BA (Hons) 14 /03/2016 Illustrations Daniel Connor BA (Hons), Charlotte Tooze BA (Hons) and 15 /03/2016 prepared by: Daniel Hunt BA (Hons) Report edited by: Natasha Powers BSc MSc MCIfA MCMI 21/03/2016 Report reviewed by: Gavin Glover BSc (Hons) 22/03/2016 Version no.: 1.0 22/03/2016 Allen Archaeology reports are printed double sided on 100% recycled paper to reduce our carbon footprint.

Cover image: General view of site, looking north

Executive Summary

• Allen Archaeology Limited was commissioned by Prospect Archaeology Limited to undertake an archaeological evaluation by trial trenching on land at the NCP car park off Oxford Street in Lincoln, to support a future planning application for the redevelopment of the area as part of the proposed Transport Hub development.

• The proposed development site lies in an area of high archaeological potential, particularly in regards to the Roman and medieval periods. There is evidence of extensive medieval commercial and residential development in the suburbs of Wigford, extending along the High Street to the west of the site, and Thorngate, focussed on the former Thorn Island to the north of the site.

• The evaluation trenching exposed the full sequence of archaeological deposits, with a possible palaeosol or buried ground surface identified at approximately 3.30m below the modern ground surface, directly overlying the glacial sand. This was sealed by a sequence of peats and marsh/flood deposits. Although undated, these deposits indicate sustained periods of marshy conditions or open water characterised the site, and suggest it was unsuitable for human occupation or exploitation until relatively recently.

• Small amounts of residual medieval material was recovered, but the earliest dated features and deposits were all of 19 th century date, comprising a series of dumped deposits, walls and a backfilled cellar, reflecting the gradual development and urbanisation of the area following on from large scale drainage and land reclamation throughout the medieval and post-medieval periods. Historic mapping indicates that the structures exposed were cleared from the site between 1938 and 1965.

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1.0 Introduction

1.1 Allen Archaeology Limited (AAL) was commissioned by Prospect Archaeology Limited to undertake an archaeological evaluation by trial trenching at the NCP carpark off Oxford Street, Lincoln, in advance of the proposed Transport Hub development.

1.2 The excavation, recording and reporting conforms to current national guidelines, as set out in the Chartered Institute for Archaeologists ‘ Standard and guidance for archaeological field evaluations ’ (CIfA 2014), and the English Heritage documents ‘ Management of Research Projects in the Historic Environment ’ (English Heritage 2006), ‘ Geoarchaeology. Using earth sciences to understand the archaeological record ’ (English Heritage 2007) and ‘ Environmental Archaeology: a guide to the theory and practice of methods, from sampling and recovery to post-excavation ’ (English Heritage 2011), the local guidelines in the ‘ Lincolnshire Archaeological Handbook ’ (LCC 2011) and a specification for the works prepared by this company (AAL 2015c). All relevant All English Heritage guidelines on archaeological practice have also be followed (www.helm.org/server/show/ nav.7740).

1.3 The documentary and physical archive will be submitted to The Collection in Lincoln, where it will be stored under the museum accession number LCNCC: 2015.84. The agreed date of deposition is December 2016.

2.0 Site Location and Description

2.1 The proposed development area is located to the south of the historic core of the city of Lincoln, immediately to the north of Oxford Street, on the NCP car park, adjacent to Pelham Bridge. The site comprises a single broadly rectangular block of land, covered with a tarmac surface. The site centres on NGR SK 97758 70873 and lies at approximately 5.66m above Ordnance Datum (OD).

2.2 The bedrock geology comprises Mudstone Formation and Charmouth Mudstone Formation (http://mapapps2.bgs.ac.uk/geoindex/home.html); however this is likely to be at some considerable depth. The superficial geology is recorded as alluvial clay, silt and sand, and the detailed palaeotopographic study of the site shows that these deposits comprise a sequence of glacial sands overlain by marsh deposits and peats, with cellars backfilled with brick rubble lying close to the modern ground surface (AAL 2015b).

3.0 Planning Background

3.1 The site is proposed for redevelopment, as the location for the construction of a new bus station as part of the proposed Lincoln Transport Hub. A planning application will be submitted for the development shortly.

3.2 In line with the current planning guidance set out in NPPF (Department for Communities and Local Government 2012) and discussions with the City of Lincoln Archaeologist, the client commissioned a programme of archaeological investigation to be undertaken prior to determination of the planning application, to provide further information upon the nature and extent of the archaeological resource that may be affected by the proposed development.

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4.0 Archaeological and Historical Background

4.1 A detailed archaeological desk-based assessment was prepared for the scheme (AAL 2015a) using the Lincoln Archaeological Research Assessment and Research Agenda Zones (RAZ). This assessment covered the whole of the proposed development area and so the summarised results outlined below are specific to the NCP car park area.

4.2 For the prehistoric period, the site falls within RAZ 5.8 ‘Valley Floor Deposits’. Evidence for prehistoric activity in the vicinity of the site is limited but extensive lithic scatters are recorded to the west around Brayford Pool, with quantities of Bronze Age votive metal work recovered around Stamp End, to the east of the site, where the prehistoric Jurassic Way routeway crossed the River Witham.

4.3 Evidence for Iron Age activity is sparse but the area was undoubtedly important prior to the Roman Conquest, as the place name Lincoln is partially derived from the Celtic llyn – ‘a pool’, referencing the area around the Brayford Pool, which was interspersed with small, sand and gravel islands.

4.4 The area was occupied by the Roman forces soon after the Conquest, with a fort possibly established in the south of the city c.AD48, with the legionary fortress on the hilltop north of the river by c.AD60. For the Roman Military Era, the site falls mainly within RAZ 6.7 ‘Valley Floor Deposits’.

4.5 The city was granted the status of colonia in the 80s AD, following the departure of the military and rapidly expanded downhill from the area of the former fortress. For the Roman Colonia Era, the site falls mainly within RAZ 7.9 ‘Riparian Deposits’. The area south of the city, extending along High Street to the west of the site, became an important Roman suburb, with extensive land reclamation occurring along the margins of the dry ground along the riverside and the Brayford Pool.

4.6 Much of the Roman city and its suburbs appear to have been abandoned after the departure of the military in the 5 th century AD. For the early medieval period, the site falls mainly within RAZ 8.5 ‘Riparian Deposits’.

4.7 For the ‘high’ medieval period, the site falls within RAZ 9.7 ‘Wetlands’. Land reclamation continued throughout the medieval period, allowing the further development of extensive commercial and residential suburbs such as Wigford, extending along the High Street to the west of the site, and Thorngate, focussed on the former Thorn Island to the north. Here a possible castle has been indicated by documentary evidence.

4.8 For the ‘Early Modern Era’ (1350–1750), the site falls centrally within RAZ 10.5 ‘Wigford eastern shoreline – La Gulle, Old Eye and Thorngate’ an area which is poorly understood but which was unlikely to be intensively developed in the 15 th century, and by the 16th century had become a dyke. The area was also likely to have comprised ‘Wetlands’ (RAZ 10.7).

4.9 During the late 18 th and early 19 th century, much of the area, although still classed as wetland (RAZ 11.13), was characterised by densely packed low status terraced housing (RAZ 11.25). The railway was developed in the 1840s, further increasing the extent of housing and industry in the area.

5.0 Methodology

5.1 The evaluation trenching methodology entailed the excavation of one test pit measuring approximately 5.8m by 5.8m within the footprint of the proposed development. The excavation area was accurately plotted using a Leica GS08 RTK NetRover GPS, which allowed the test pit to be accurately 3D plotted and tied into the National Grid.

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5.2 Prior to excavation, the test pit was scanned for services using a CAT scanner. Allen Archaeology staff took all reasonable care to ensure that the works did not damage any known or unknown services.

5.3 Within the test pit, concrete surfaces were broken out by a mechanical excavator fitted with a hydraulic breaker, with subsequent excavation undertaken by a tracked excavator fitted with a toothless bucket. Non-archaeological overburden was removed in spits not exceeding 0.1m in thickness, to a maximum safe depth of 1.2m. To allow safe access, the excavation area was subsequently stepped in by 1.2m on all four sides to an area of 3.4m by 3.4m, machine stripped to a further 1.2m depth and stepped in a further 1.2m to 1m x 1m. All archaeological deposits from this level were hand excavated to a depth of 1m (3.4m below the existing ground surface) to the natural geology.

5.4 A sufficient sample of all archaeological features and deposits revealed were be excavated in order to determine their date, extent, level of preservation, form and where possible, function.

5.5 A full written record of the archaeological deposits was made on standard AAL context recording sheets. Archaeological deposits were drawn for each test pit in section at an appropriate scale (1:20 and 1:50), with Ordnance Datum heights displayed on each drawing. Full colour photography formed an integral part of the recording strategy, with photographs incorporating scales, an identification board and directional arrow as appropriate.

5.6 Finds collected during the fieldwork were bagged and labelled with the appropriate deposit context number and processed at the AAL offices before submission to the appropriate specialists for assessment.

6.0 Results

6.1 The earliest deposit, encountered 3.30m below the car park surface, was a firm, light yellow glacial sand, 117, interpreted as the superficial natural geology. The glacial sand was sealed by a light yellowish grey, silty sand, 116, with an average thickness of 0.30m. This deposit is a possible buried soil horizon but it appears to be archaeologically sterile and is undated. The upper surface of this palaeosol was 3.0m below ground level.

6.2 Overlying the palaeosol was a dark brown peaty deposit, 115, measuring 0.30m thick. Similar sequences of palaeosol sealed by peat have been encountered at fairly similar levels elsewhere in Lincoln in areas close to the Witham or the Brayford Pool.

6.3 Sealing the peat was a 0.08m thick deposit of compact, very dark grey clayey silt, 114, which may represent a flooding or marsh deposit and was undated.

6.4 An alluvial silt, 111, comprising compact, mid bluish grey silty clay, and measuring 0.30m thick sealed deposit 114 and seems most likely to be another flood deposit. Once again, it was undated.

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Plate 1: Northeast-facing section of lower step showing layers 111 and 114-116. Scale 1m

6.5 The earliest archaeological feature to be uncovered was a sub-oval pit, [113] cut into alluvial silt 111. The pit contained a loose, dark grey silt from which several broken stems of late 18 th century clay pipe, frequent mid 14 th to 15 th century and 17 th century glazed ceramics, 18 th –19 th century glass and a 19 th –20 th century metal object were recovered.

6.6 The pit was sealed by layer 128, a dark brownish grey silt which contained small, broken fragments of pottery and clay pipe stems, similar to the material recovered from pit [113]. These artefacts were not retained.

6.7 Overlying 128 were a series of dumped deposits, 118, 126 and 129 up to 0.70m thick, which comprised mixed sands and rubble. The deposits were presumably used to consolidate the soft ground below and raise the ground level.

6.8 The earliest structural elements encountered at the site, 100, 101, 102 and 103, were limestone wall foundations which were cut into layers 126 and 129. Each of these foundations had been constructed using roughly dressed, sub-rectangular, limestone blocks bonded with a light greyish yellow mortar. The foundations measured approximately 0.50m wide and survived to a height of 0.80m. It is possible that foundation 101 was constructed first with foundations 100, 102 and 103 later additions, abutting 101. However, the walls are all built from the same materials and all cut into the same deposits and were almost certainly part of the same building, and as such may be broadly contemporary.

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Plate 2: Foundations 100, 101, 102 and 104, and wall 127, looking northeast. Scales 2m

6.9 Foundations 100 and 101 formed the base for walls 132 and 124 respectively with wall 132 abutting wall 124. The walls were constructed using red unfrogged bricks measuring 250mm x 100mm x 100mm, bonded with a light grey mortar. No brick walls were associated with foundations 102 and 104. The walls suggest that the building was aligned north-northwest to south-southeast. A possible floor surface, 123, constructed on levelling or preparation layers 105 and 106, appears to be the floor surface associated with the building.

6.10 Abutting wall 132 on its western side was a further wall, 147, constructed from similar materials. It may represent a later addition to, or extension of, the building defined by walls 132 and 124.

6.11 Running parallel and adjacent to the eastern side of foundation 101 and wall 124 was a red brick wall 127, which formed part of a separate building to the east. The wall survived to a height of 1.6m and a series of deposits which abut the wall appear to be a combination of floor surfaces (132 and 139) and levelling layers (137-138, 140-141). A ceramic pipe, 133, within a service trench [130] was probably contemporary with the later floor, 136.

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Plate 3: Northwest-facing section showing wall 127, 124, foundation 101 and floor 123. Scales 2m and 1m

6.12 The uppermost deposits within the trench, 119-121, which in total measure approximately 0.70m thick, were of modern origin and represent levelling deposits and the makeup of the modern ground surface.

Plate 4: Northeast-facing section showing walls 132 and 147, foundation 100 and floor 123. Scales 2m and 1m

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7.0 Discussion and Conclusions

7.1 The archaeological investigations have revealed a sequence of deposits, cut features and structures. Those which produced dating evidence were of post-medieval and modern origin. These deposits sealed layers most likely deposited to landscape and raise the ground surface and these in turn seal waterlogged soils and peat.

7.2 The waterlogged soils and peat accumulated and developed above natural glacial sand. The glacial sand was revealed 3.30m below ground level, broadly correlating with the depths defined during a previous auger survey (AAL 2015b). The overlying soils and peat indicates that the site lay in the low lying marshy ground to the east of the higher ground followed by the current High Street, and to the south of the river Witham in the location of a possible in-river island, Thorn Island.

7.3 Although a small collection of medieval pottery was recovered from deposit 113, the artefacts appear to be residual and perhaps imported to the site with dumps of soil. Context 113 was the earliest archaeological deposit that was encountered during the excavation, and also produced a group of 18 th and 19 th century finds. This indicates that all of the archaeological remains that were exposed in this area date from the 19 th century or later.

7.4 The layers of deliberately dumped material that were encountered on site appear to represent deposition of both general waste and demolition material, used to level the site for construction purposes. Most of these levelling layers were probably not directly associated with the structures that were recorded on site. Deposits of clinker and other waste material were found within these levelling layers, which suggests a connection to Lincoln train station, which is located less than 25m to the south.

7.5 A series of brick walls, and one cellar were exposed overlying and cutting through these dumps, representing several fairly short lived phases of development and redevelopment of the site during the 19 th and 20 th centuries. Historic mapping indicates that the area of the current site was undeveloped in 1851, with buildings first appearing on the 1868 Padley map (Mills and Wheeler 2004), the area gradually becoming more densely occupied in the following decades.

7.6 Ordnance Survey mapping shows that in 1938, the area of the Oxford Street car park was still occupied by a series of terraced properties fronting Oxford Street to the west, and a road called Napoleon Place immediately to the north of the site, which is no longer present. Immediately to the north of Napoleon Place was the open cut of a course of the Sincil Dyke, which has since been covered over and culverted. Between 1938 and 1965 the structures were demolished and the area was cleared, with a large building annotated as a garage shown on the 1965 map immediately to the east of the site.

8.0 Effectiveness of Methodology

8.1 The excavation and recording methodology employed was appropriate in that it has provided information concerning the nature and extent of the archaeological remains present in the development area, recording the full sequence of deposits down to the natural glacial sand.

9.0 Acknowledgements

9.1 Allen Archaeology would like to thank Prospect Archaeology Limited for this commission.

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10.0 References

AAL, 2015a, Archaeological desk-based assessment: Proposed Lincoln Transport Hub, St. Mary’s Street/Tentercroft Street, Lincoln, Lincolnshire , Allen Archaeology Limited Report No 2015009

AAL, 2015b, Archaeological Watching Brief Report: Auger Survey on Proposed Lincoln Transport Hub Site; St Mary’s Street and Tentercroft Street, Lincoln, Lincolnshire , Allen Archaeology Limited Report No 2015085

AAL, 2015c, Specification for an Archaeological Evaluation Trenching: Proposed Transport Hub site: NCP carpark, Oxford Street, Lincoln, Lincolnshire , Allen Archaeology Limited, unpublished project document

CIfA, 2014, Standard and guidance for an archaeological field evaluation , Reading: Chartered Institute for Archaeologists

Department for Communities and Local Government, 2012, National Planning Policy Framework , : Department for Communities and Local Government

English Heritage, 2006, Management of Research Projects in the Historic Environment. London: Historic Buildings and Monuments Commission for

English Heritage, 2007, Geoarchaeology. Using earth sciences to understand the archaeological record , Swindon: English Heritage

English Heritage, 2011, Environmental Archaeology: a guide to the theory and practice of methods, from sampling and recovery to post-excavation (second edition) , Swindon: English Heritage

LCC, 2012, Lincolnshire Archaeological Handbook: a manual of archaeological practice , Lincoln: Lincolnshire County Council, Built Environment Dept

Mills D.R., Wheeler R.C., 2004, Historic town plans of Lincoln 1610 – 1920, Boydell Press, Lincoln

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Appendix 1: Pottery

By Jane Young

Introduction

Four sherds of post-Roman pottery recovered from the site were presented for examination. The pottery ranges in date from the medieval to the post-medieval periods. Fabric codenames (CNAME) of the City of Lincoln Archaeology Unit and other nationally agreed codenames were used (Young et al . 2005.) The assemblage was quantified by three measures: number of sherds, vessel count and weight and the resulting archive entered onto an Access database. Recording of the post-Roman assemblage was in accordance with the guidelines laid out in Slowikowski et al . (2001) and in accordance with Lincolnshire County Council’s Archaeological Handbook (sections 13.4 and 13.5).

Condition

The pottery is in a fairly fresh to fresh condition with individual sherd size varying from 45g to 124g.

The pottery

Four vessels, each in a different post-Roman ceramic ware type, were recovered from the archaeological intervention (Table 1). The range of vessel types is fairly limited with examples of various types of jug and a single jar being present.

Codename Full name Earliest Latest Total sherds Total weight date date (g) FREC Frechen stoneware 1530 1680 1 64 LSW3 14 th to 15 th century Lincoln Glazed Ware 1280 1450 1 124 BERTH Brown glazed earthenware 1550 1930 1 60 RAER Raeren stoneware 1450 1600 1 45 Table 1: Pottery types with total quantities by sherd and vessel count

The earliest sherd in the group is the base of a large Lincoln Glazed ware jug (LSW3) found in fill 112. The large sherd, which is in a fairly fresh condition, dates to between the mid 14 th and mid 15 th centuries. Fill 112 also produced two large sherds of 17 th century pottery. One is from a large German stoneware jug of Frechen-type (FREC) whilst the other is from a large Staffordshire/Derbyshire-type Brown-glazed Earthenware cylindrical jar (BERTH). A large rim fragment with attached handle from a German Raeran- type Stoneware drinking jug was recovered from modern deposit 119. The short-necked jug is of mid or late 15 th to mid 16 th century type.

Summary and Recommendations

The material recovered from this site is in a fresh to fairly fresh condition with sherd size being quite large, suggesting that it might represent disturbed primary discard. The recovered pottery indicates late medieval, early post-medieval and 17 th century activity.

The entire assemblage should be retained for future study.

References

Lincolnshire Archaeological Handbook, 2009 edition [Internet],

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Slowikowski, A, Nenk, B, and Pearce, J, 2001, Minimum Standards for the Processing, Recording, Analysis and Publication of Post-Roman Ceramics, Medieval Pottery Research Group, Occasional Paper 2

Young, J, Vince A G, and Nailor, V, 2005, A Corpus of Anglo-Saxon and Medieval Pottery from Lincoln, Lincoln Archaeology Studies 7 , Oxford: Oxbow

context cname sub fabric form type sherds vessels weight part description date 113 BERTH coarse large cylindrical 1 1 60 BS Staffs/Derbs;nt 17th purple jar very dark glaze;17th 113 FREC large jug 1 1 64 BS tiger glaze 17th 113 LSW3 large jug 1 1 124 base rm stacking scar mid on base 14th to underside mid 15th 119 RAER small globular 1 1 45 rim short Mid/late jug with neck;cordon at 15th to han neck;thin ext mid dle rim groove 16th Table 2: Pottery archive summary

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Appendix 2: Other Finds

By Mike Wood

Introduction

A mixed collection of glass, metal and clay tobacco pipe was collected during archaeological investigation for the Lincoln Transport Hub.

Methodology

The material was counted and weighed in grams, then examined visually to identify any diagnostic pieces and the overall condition of the assemblage. Reference was made to published guidelines (Higgins and Davey 2004). Where no other identification has been possible for the clay pipe, stems have been dated by established stem bore guidelines (Oswald 1975). It should be noted that dates provided by stem-bore size can have an appreciable margin for error and are intended only as a general guide. A summary of the material is recorded in Table 3, Table 4 and Table 5.

Assemblage

Context Date range Stems Bowls Mouths Weight (g) Stem bore Comments 112 c. 1767–1782 10 46 4/64" Plain snapped stems Table 3: Clay tobacco pipe

Context Form Colour Date Sherds Weight (g) Comments 112 Window Clear 18 th –19 th century 1 2 Fragment. Some flaking has occurred. 112 Bottle Brown 18 th –19 th century 1 411 Base only with a high kick. Table 4: Glass

Context Material Object Date No. Weight (g) Comments 112 Cu alloy Fitting 19 th -20 th century 1 4 Semi-circular lipped fitting with five visible rivet holes. Snapped. Table 5: Metal

Discussion

The assemblage contains a mixture of artefacts largely relating to the late post-medieval and modern period including window glass, clay tobacco pipe, a drinks bottle and a small metal fitting. All of the artefacts were derived from context 112, which contained ceramics dating from the 14 th –17th century as well as this material of 18 th –20 th century date, presumably relating to the 19 th century demolition and redevelopment on site.

Recommendations for further work

Such a limited assemblage offers little opportunity for further study, with the material all suitable to return to the landowner or to discard.

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References

Higgins, D A, and Davey, P J, 2004, ‘Appendix 4: Draft guidelines for using the clay tobacco pipe record sheets’, in S D White, The Dynamics of Regionalisation and Trade: Yorkshire Clay Tobacco Pipes c1600- 1800, The Archaeology of the Clay Tobacco Pipe, XVIII , Oxford: British Archaeological Reports (British Series 374)487–490

Oswald, A, 1975, Clay Pipes for the Archaeologist , Oxford: British Archaeological Reports 14

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Appendix 3: Context Summary List

Context Type Description Interpretation 100 Masonry NE-SW oriented, comprised of roughly finished sub- Stone wall foundation rectangular limestone, bonded with a light greyish yellow mortar, 0.50m wide x 0.80m high; sealed by 132, fill of [144] 101 Masonry NE-SW oriented, comprised of roughly finished sub- Stone wall foundation rectangular limestone, bonded with a light greyish yellow mortar, 0.50m wide x 0.80m high; sealed by 124, fill of [145] 102 Masonry NE-SW oriented, comprised of roughly finished sub- Stone wall foundation rectangular limestone, bonded with a light greyish yellow mortar, 0.50m wide x 0.80m high; sealed by 154, fills [155] 103 Layer SAME AS 126 SAME AS 126

104 Masonry NW-SE oriented, comprised of roughly finished Stone wall foundation limestone, bonded with a light greyish yellow mortar, 0.50m wide x 0.80m high; sealed by 156, fill of 157 105 Layer Loose, dark brown sandy silt with occasional charcoal Levelling layer flecks, 0.40m thick; sealed by 106, seals 107

106 Layer Friable, brownish yellow silty sand with very occasional Levelling layer brick and sub-angular stones with occasional charcoal flecks, 0.30m thick; cut by [160], seals 105 107 Layer Loose, mid pinkish grey silt with occasional charcoal Levelling layer flecks and occasional sub-angular stones, 0.22m thick; sealed by 105, seals 103 and 153 108 VOID VOID VOID

109 VOID VOID VOID

110 Layer SAME AS 129 SAME AS 129

111 Layer Compact, mid bluish grey silty clay, 0.30m thick; cut by Alluvial Layer [112], seals 114

112 Cut Sub-oval shape in plan with moderately steep sides and Cut of pit a concave base, 0.18m deep x not fully excavated; filled by 113, cut into 111 113 Fill Loose, dark grey silt, 0.12m thick; sealed by 128, fill of Fill of pit 113 [112]

114 Layer Compact, dark grey clayey silt, 0.08m thick Buried soil horizon

115 Layer Compact, dark brown organic silty clay, 0.30m thick Peaty layer

116 Layer Firm, light yellowish grey silty sand, 0.30m thick Palaeosol

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Context Type Description Interpretation 117 Layer Firm, very light yellow sand Superficial geology

118 Layer Loose, very dark grey silty sand with frequent charcoal Dump deposit and coke fragments, 0.10m thick

119 Layer Hard, very dark grey sandy clay with moderate gravel Made ground and sub-angular stones , 0.50m thick

120 Layer Compact, mid yellow clay with frequent lime clay and Made ground occasional sub-angular gravel, 0.10m thick

121 Layer Loose, mid grey sandy silt, 0.12m thick Made ground

122 Layer Hard, mid grey concrete, 0.08m thick Concrete surface

123 Masonry NNW-SSE oriented, comprised of unfrogged red bricks; Brick wall 250mm x 100mm x 100mm, bonded with a light grey mortar, 2.10m long x 0.35m high 124 Masonry NNW - SSE oriented, comprised of unfrogged red bricks; Brick wall 250mm x 100mm x 100mm, bonded with a light grey mortar in regular stretcher coursing, 5.80m long x 0.55m wide x 0.60m high 125 Layer Loose, dark brown silt with occasional clinker and Dump deposit occasional gravel, 0.25m thick

126 Layer Loose, light greyish yellow sand with small to large sub- Levelling layer angular and angular stones, 0.75m thick

127 Masonry NNW - SSE oriented, comprised of unfrogged bricks; Red clay brick wall 250mm x 100mm x 100mm, bonded with a light grey mortar in regular coursing, 1.05m long x 0.60m wide x 1.20m high 128 Layer Firm, dark brown silt, 0.50m thick Dump deposit

129 Layer Firm, light brownish yellow sand, 0.70m thick Dump deposit

130 Cut NNW-SSE oriented, linear shape in plan with vertical Construction cut 130 sides and concave base, 1.30m wide x 1.20m deep

131 Fill Friable, mid brown sandy silt, 1.20m thick Fill of construction cut 130

132 Masonry NE-SW oriented, comprised of unfrogged red bricks; Red clay brick wall 250mm x100mm x 100mm, bonded with a light grey mortar 133 Masonry NNE-SSW orientated, ceramic pipe, 0.20m wide Ceramic pipe

134 Layer Firm, mid greyish yellow sandy gravel, 0.50m thick Dump deposit

135 VOID VOID VOID

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Context Type Description Interpretation 136 Layer Hard, mid grey concrete with occasional sub-angular Concrete surface gravel, 0.10m thick

137 Layer Firm, dark brown silty clay, 0.05m thick Preparation layer

138 Layer Firm, pinkish red clay, 0.08m thick Preparation layer

139 Layer Compact light grey crushed lime, 0.12m thick Floor surface

140 Layer Firm, black charcoal, 0.08m thick Preparation layer

141 Layer Firm, light grey compacted lime, 0.13m thick Dump deposit

142 Layer Firm, light grey silty clay with occasional lime gravel and Levelling layer occasional brick fragments, 0.15m thick

143 Layer SAME AS 149 SAME AS 149

144 Cut NE-SW oriented, linear shape in plan with steep straight Construction cut sides and a flat base, 0.50m wide x 0.80m deep

145 Cut NW-SE oriented, linear shape in plan with steep straight Construction cut sides and flat base, 0.96m wide x 0.80m deep

146 Cut Linear shape in plan, NW-SE oriented with steep Construction cut straight sides and flat base, 1.60m deep, not fully excavated 147 Masonry NNW-SSE oriented, comprised of unfrogged red brick; Red clay brick wall 250mm x 100mm x 100mm, bonded with a light grey mortar, 1.00m long 148 Layer Friable, mid grey silt with very occasional large brick Dump deposit fragments and sub-angular stones, 0.20m thick; sealed by 137, seals 141 149 Layer Firm, very dark grey silt with very frequent coke, 0.25m Dump deposit thick; cut by [130], seals 158

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A

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Site Locaon

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