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Ernest Ingersoll: Naturalist, Shellfish Scientist, and Author

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Ernest Ingersoll: Naturalist, Shellfish Scientist, and Author Biographic Memoir of Ernest Ingersoll: Naturalist, Shellfish Scientist, and Author Item Type article Authors MacKenzie, Jr. , Clyde L. Download date 03/10/2021 19:10:34 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/1834/26538 Biographic Memoir of Ernest Ingersoll: Naturalist, Shellfish Scientist, and Author CLYDE L. MacKENZIE, Jr. Introduction where he studied science and was curator 1946). Ingersoll (1875) published a paper ofthecollege museum; he was graduated on his zoological survey entitled, "Re­ The name Ernest Ingersoll is well­ in 1871. From the fall of 1872 to the port on the natural history ofthe United known to many shellfishery biologists as spring of1874, he was a student assistant States Geological Survey of the Terri­ the author of two outstanding mono­ in the Museum ofComparative Zoology tories, 1874", summarizing his collec­ graphs on the shellfisheries ofthe United at Harvard University, helping with col­ tions and identifications of freshwater States and Canada in the 1880's. Thefirst lections of birds and mammals (Avery, invertebrates, mainly mollusks. (Ingersoll, 1881a), entitled "A Report 1926; The New York Times, 1946). The While on this expedition, Ingersoll and on the Oyster-Industry of the United museum was founded and administered Jackson were the first trained scientists States," was a 252-page description of by Professor Louis Agassiz, the eminent to see and describe the Mesa Verde ruins historical and contemporary oyster fish­ teacher-naturalist. Ingersoll attended in southwest Colorado, cliffdwellings of ing' marketing methods, and statistical zoology classes at the Lawrence Scien­ an ancient Indian civilization (Fig. 2) data in the eastern provinces of Canada tific School (Harvard University) and (The New York Times, 1946). First news and the coastal states ofthe United States. spent the summer of 1873 as a student oftheir finding reached the Eastthrough The second (Ingersoll, 1887), entitled ofProfessorAgassiz at his seaside school Ingersoll's dispatches in columns ofThe "The Oyster, Scallop, Clam, Mussel, on Penikese Island, near Woods Hole, New York Tribune in the summerof1874. and Abalone Industries, " was a l20-page Massachusetts (Ingersoll, 1933). The finding created wide interest, espe­ summary of the first monograph about cially among anthropologists. When oysters as well as a history and descrip­ Western Expeditions the expedition reached its home base at tion of contemporary methods and Thedeath ofAgassiz in 1873 led Inger­ ColoradoSprings, Colo., Ingersoll found statistical data ofthe other shellfisheries. soll indirectly into journalism, when he a telegram from the Tribune editor, offer­ Although Ingersoll was, by profession, wrote a sketch of Agassiz containing ing him ajob. a naturalist and author but only briefly some highlights ofhis teachings and sub­ As a reporter to the Tribune, he cov­ a shellfish scientist, these monographs mitted it to The New York Tribune. The ered mainly religious camp meetings in are regarded as benchmarks, providing editor published it immediately in Janu­ and around New York City (Ingersoll, the principal descriptions of shellfish­ ary 1874 (no day available) and sent 1933). From 1875 to 1877, healsowas eries in North Americain the 1700'sand Ingersoll a check for $40 with a note natural history editor ofa magazinecalled 1800's. asking him to write more articles ofscien­ Forest and Stream and Rod and Gun tific interest (Ingersoll, 1933). He did so (forerunner to Field and Stream), and Early Life the following year, after accepting a posi­ contributed articles to it as well as to Ernest Ingersoll was born in Monroe, tion as a zoologist with the expedition of other periodicals. Mich., on 13 March 1852, the son of Dr. Ferdinand V. Hayden ofthe United In 1877 Ingersoll made a second trip Timothy D. Ingersoll, a dental surgeon States Geological and Geographical Sur­ to the West, camping for 3 months in and writer on dental topics, and Eliza vey of the Territories, then working in Wyoming, Idaho, and other relatively (Parkinson) Ingersoll. Like many natu­ Colorado (Fig. 1). undeveloped regions. He contributed ar­ ralists of that era, his principal amuse­ The expedition's mission was to ticles to Forest and Stream and Rod and ment as a boy was searching through the describe the topography, geology, and Gun, Harper's, and Scribner's maga­ woods and fields around Monroe for rare natural history ofthe West. Ingersoll was zines and The New York Herald on his and curious natural history specimens. In assigned to the Photographic Division, observations. In 1878-79 he was on the 1867, he entered Oberlin College, Ohio under the leadership of William Henry editorial staff of Science News. In 1879 Jackson. Jackson's photographs during the Century Company hired him to visit Clyde L. MacKenzie, Jr., is with the Sandy Hook this and later expeditions were to make Colorado and write an article about fron­ Laboratory, Northeast Fisheries Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA, Highlands, NJ him famous, and he and Ingersoll became tier and mining life there (The New York 07732. life-long friends (The New York Times, Times, 1946). 53(3), 1991 23 The Shellfishery Monographs In 1879 Ingersoll also began his U. S. shellfishery surveys (Fig. 3). His mono­ graphs were part ofa series, written as a joint enterprise between the U.S. Fish Commission and the Census Bureau. The intent of these agencies was to describe comprehensively the methods of the fisheries, the distribution of the fishing grounds, and the natural history ofcom­ mercial marine animals. G. Brown Goode, Assistant Director ofthe National Museum, organized and directed the preparation ofthe monographs. Twenty­ two agents, one of whom was Ingersoll, then only in his late 20's, conducted the field investigations (Baird, 1884). (Goode had already been engaged for a number of years in a systematic, his­ torical, and statistical investigation of American fisheries.) An office staffsupported Goode's field agents. It handled correspondence, searched past records, and helped pre­ pare the reports of the field agents for publication. The Census Bureau paid for the field work, while the Fish Commis­ sion paid for the preparation of the monographs (Baird, 1884). Ingersoll may have been chosen to write the shellfishery monographs because he had demonstrated experience in observing various areas in the West. The techniques he had used in covering Figure I.-Five members of Ferdinand V. Hayden's exploring expedition in topography and animals (including Colorado. Ernest Ingersoll, Zoologist, is standing at right, Ferdinand V. Hayden, mollusks), using interviews of settlers Geologist-in-Charge, is seated in the center, and William Henry Jackson, Photog­ and Indians to learn about their histories rapher, is seated at right. The illustration is autographed by Ingersoll and Jackson. and way oflife, and writing about them, Source of photograph: Library of Explorers Club, New York City. were the same as would be needed to survey the shellfisheries and prepare the two monographs. His experiences as a reporter and editor were useful also. torical perspectives, overviews, and another investigator. He described the Ingersoll worked 22 months on the vivid images with sometimes humorous local beds, boats and gear, and daily and project, from I October 1879 to I July details and statistics ofsubjects previous­ annual landings, as well as pertinent 1881. ly overlooked by other writers. Ingersoll regulatory legislation, and collected Ingersoll's monographs (188Ia, 1887) based each of his publications on thor­ statistics, some of which he had to have importance because they are the ough field and library research. He wrote estimate. For vignettes and shellfishery only good histories and documentation well, in a clear and lively style. histories, he interviewed local authorities of shellfishing practices prior to 1900. and fishermen and collected documents. They related that many people were Extensive Travels His on-site visits and interviews gave his employed in shellfishing, and shellfish Ingersoll studied the shellfisheries reporting strong credibility. In the were common in people's diets in coast­ from the Maritime Provinces ofCanada 1800's, pollution of shellfish beds was a North America in the 1800's. The to Texas by travelling along shorelines not a major concern since the only monographs were typical ofIngersoll's and visiting ports and marketing cities. polluted areas were adjacent to cities, writings as they included all available He also reported on the oyster industry of such as New York. People were inter­ pertinent information, interesting his- California using information from ested in predators which limited shellfish 24 Marine Fisheries Review Figure 3.-Portrait of Ernest Inger­ soll at the age of 26 in 1878, the year before he began his shellfishery sur­ veys. Source ofphotograph: Linnaean Society ofNew York, New York City. Figure 2. - Mesa Verde dwellings in Colorado, photographed by William Henry Jackson, when he and Ernest Ingersoll discovered them in 1874. Ingersoll is sitting and recording his observations beside the dwellings. Source ofphotograph: Museum ployed in that industry. In the early to of New Mexico, Santa Fe. mid 1800's, when the supply of native oysters in northern estuaries failed to meet the demand, planters from Mas­ sachusetts, Narragansett Bay, Rhode abundances, and thus his monographs in­ Mississippi, Ohio, Susquehanna, Dela­ Island, Long Island Sound, Raritan Bay cluded discussions of control measures ware, Merrimac, and Concord. Ingersoll (New York and New Jersey), and Dela­ for drum-fish, Pogonias cromis; oyster mentioned that shell-heaps were world­ ware Bay sailed schooners and sloops to drills, Urosalpinx cinerea; and starfish, wide in distribution. For example, the Chesapeake Bay to purchase seed for Asterias forbesi. shores of Denmark and Norway had replanting beds in their waters. The cap­ Ingersoll (1881a) wrote that the earli­ ancient shell-heaps up to 300 m long, tains bought oysters from tongers in est explorers of North America had 60 m wide and 3 m deep. They were Maryland and Virginia.
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