Ernest Ingersoll: Naturalist, Shellfish Scientist, and Author

Biographic Memoir of Ernest Ingersoll: Naturalist, Shellfish Scientist, and Author

Item Type article

Authors MacKenzie, Jr. , Clyde L.

Download date 03/10/2021 19:10:34

Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/1834/26538 Biographic Memoir of Ernest Ingersoll: Naturalist, Shellfish Scientist, and Author

CLYDE L. MacKENZIE, Jr.

Introduction where he studied science and was curator 1946). Ingersoll (1875) published a paper ofthecollege museum; he was graduated on his zoological survey entitled, "Re The name Ernest Ingersoll is well in 1871. From the fall of 1872 to the port on the natural history ofthe United known to many shellfishery biologists as spring of1874, he was a student assistant States Geological Survey of the Terri the author of two outstanding mono in the Museum ofComparative Zoology tories, 1874", summarizing his collec graphs on the shellfisheries ofthe United at Harvard University, helping with col tions and identifications of freshwater States and Canada in the 1880's. Thefirst lections of birds and mammals (Avery, invertebrates, mainly mollusks. (Ingersoll, 1881a), entitled "A Report 1926; The New York Times, 1946). The While on this expedition, Ingersoll and on the Oyster-Industry of the United museum was founded and administered Jackson were the first trained scientists States," was a 252-page description of by Professor Louis Agassiz, the eminent to see and describe the Mesa Verde ruins historical and contemporary oyster fish teacher-naturalist. Ingersoll attended in southwest Colorado, cliffdwellings of ing' marketing methods, and statistical zoology classes at the Lawrence Scien an ancient Indian civilization (Fig. 2) data in the eastern provinces of Canada tific School (Harvard University) and (The New York Times, 1946). First news and the coastal states ofthe United States. spent the summer of 1873 as a student oftheir finding reached the Eastthrough The second (Ingersoll, 1887), entitled ofProfessorAgassiz at his seaside school Ingersoll's dispatches in columns ofThe "The Oyster, Scallop, Clam, Mussel, on Penikese Island, near Woods Hole, New York Tribune in the summerof1874. and Abalone Industries, " was a l20-page Massachusetts (Ingersoll, 1933). The finding created wide interest, espe summary of the first monograph about cially among anthropologists. When oysters as well as a history and descrip Western Expeditions the expedition reached its home base at tion of contemporary methods and Thedeath ofAgassiz in 1873 led Inger ColoradoSprings, Colo., Ingersoll found statistical data ofthe other shellfisheries. soll indirectly into journalism, when he a telegram from the Tribune editor, offer Although Ingersoll was, by profession, wrote a sketch of Agassiz containing ing him ajob. a naturalist and author but only briefly some highlights ofhis teachings and sub As a reporter to the Tribune, he cov a shellfish scientist, these monographs mitted it to The New York Tribune. The ered mainly religious camp meetings in are regarded as benchmarks, providing editor published it immediately in Janu and around New York City (Ingersoll, the principal descriptions of shellfish ary 1874 (no day available) and sent 1933). From 1875 to 1877, healsowas eries in North Americain the 1700'sand Ingersoll a check for $40 with a note natural history editor ofa magazinecalled 1800's. asking him to write more articles ofscien Forest and Stream and Rod and Gun tific interest (Ingersoll, 1933). He did so (forerunner to Field and Stream), and Early Life the following year, after accepting a posi contributed articles to it as well as to Ernest Ingersoll was born in Monroe, tion as a zoologist with the expedition of other periodicals. Mich., on 13 March 1852, the son of Dr. Ferdinand V. Hayden ofthe United In 1877 Ingersoll made a second trip Timothy D. Ingersoll, a dental surgeon States Geological and Geographical Sur to the West, camping for 3 months in and writer on dental topics, and Eliza vey of the Territories, then working in Wyoming, Idaho, and other relatively (Parkinson) Ingersoll. Like many natu Colorado (Fig. 1). undeveloped regions. He contributed ar ralists of that era, his principal amuse The expedition's mission was to ticles to Forest and Stream and Rod and ment as a boy was searching through the describe the topography, geology, and Gun, Harper's, and Scribner's maga woods and fields around Monroe for rare natural history ofthe West. Ingersoll was zines and The New York Herald on his and curious natural history specimens. In assigned to the Photographic Division, observations. In 1878-79 he was on the 1867, he entered Oberlin College, Ohio under the leadership of William Henry editorial staff of Science News. In 1879 Jackson. Jackson's photographs during the Century Company hired him to visit Clyde L. MacKenzie, Jr., is with the Sandy Hook this and later expeditions were to make Colorado and write an article about fron Laboratory, Northeast Fisheries Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA, Highlands, NJ him famous, and he and Ingersoll became tier and mining life there (The New York 07732. life-long friends (The New York Times, Times, 1946).

53(3), 1991 23 The Shellfishery Monographs

In 1879 Ingersoll also began his U. S. shellfishery surveys (Fig. 3). His mono graphs were part ofa series, written as a joint enterprise between the U.S. Fish Commission and the Census Bureau. The intent of these agencies was to describe comprehensively the methods of the fisheries, the distribution of the fishing grounds, and the natural history ofcom mercial marine animals. G. Brown Goode, Assistant Director ofthe National Museum, organized and directed the preparation ofthe monographs. Twenty two agents, one of whom was Ingersoll, then only in his late 20's, conducted the field investigations (Baird, 1884). (Goode had already been engaged for a number of years in a systematic, his torical, and statistical investigation of American fisheries.) An office staffsupported Goode's field agents. It handled correspondence, searched past records, and helped pre pare the reports of the field agents for publication. The Census Bureau paid for the field work, while the Fish Commis sion paid for the preparation of the monographs (Baird, 1884). Ingersoll may have been chosen to write the shellfishery monographs because he had demonstrated experience in observing various areas in the West. The techniques he had used in covering Figure I.-Five members of Ferdinand V. Hayden's exploring expedition in topography and animals (including Colorado. Ernest Ingersoll, Zoologist, is standing at right, Ferdinand V. Hayden, mollusks), using interviews of settlers Geologist-in-Charge, is seated in the center, and William Henry Jackson, Photog and Indians to learn about their histories rapher, is seated at right. The illustration is autographed by Ingersoll and Jackson. and way oflife, and writing about them, Source of photograph: Library of Explorers Club, New York City. were the same as would be needed to survey the shellfisheries and prepare the two monographs. His experiences as a reporter and editor were useful also. torical perspectives, overviews, and another investigator. He described the Ingersoll worked 22 months on the vivid images with sometimes humorous local beds, boats and gear, and daily and project, from I October 1879 to I July details and statistics ofsubjects previous annual landings, as well as pertinent 1881. ly overlooked by other writers. Ingersoll regulatory legislation, and collected Ingersoll's monographs (188Ia, 1887) based each of his publications on thor statistics, some of which he had to have importance because they are the ough field and library research. He wrote estimate. For vignettes and shellfishery only good histories and documentation well, in a clear and lively style. histories, he interviewed local authorities of shellfishing practices prior to 1900. and fishermen and collected documents. They related that many people were Extensive Travels His on-site visits and interviews gave his employed in shellfishing, and shellfish Ingersoll studied the shellfisheries reporting strong credibility. In the were common in people's diets in coast from the Maritime Provinces ofCanada 1800's, pollution of shellfish beds was a North America in the 1800's. The to Texas by travelling along shorelines not a major concern since the only monographs were typical ofIngersoll's and visiting ports and marketing cities. polluted areas were adjacent to cities, writings as they included all available He also reported on the oyster industry of such as New York. People were inter pertinent information, interesting his- California using information from ested in predators which limited shellfish

24 Marine Fisheries Review Figure 3.-Portrait of Ernest Inger soll at the age of 26 in 1878, the year before he began his shellfishery sur veys. Source ofphotograph: Linnaean Society ofNew York, New York City.

Figure 2. - Mesa Verde dwellings in Colorado, photographed by William Henry Jackson, when he and Ernest Ingersoll discovered them in 1874. Ingersoll is sitting and recording his observations beside the dwellings. Source ofphotograph: Museum ployed in that industry. In the early to of New Mexico, Santa Fe. mid 1800's, when the supply of native oysters in northern estuaries failed to meet the demand, planters from Mas sachusetts, Narragansett Bay, Rhode abundances, and thus his monographs in Mississippi, Ohio, Susquehanna, Dela Island, Long Island Sound, Raritan Bay cluded discussions of control measures ware, Merrimac, and Concord. Ingersoll (New York and New Jersey), and Dela for drum-fish, Pogonias cromis; oyster mentioned that shell-heaps were world ware Bay sailed schooners and sloops to drills, Urosalpinx cinerea; and starfish, wide in distribution. For example, the Chesapeake Bay to purchase seed for Asterias forbesi. shores of Denmark and Norway had replanting beds in their waters. The cap Ingersoll (1881a) wrote that the earli ancient shell-heaps up to 300 m long, tains bought oysters from tongers in est explorers of North America had 60 m wide and 3 m deep. They were Maryland and Virginia. When the vessels observed Indians eating a variety of the midden heaps of ancient mollusk arrived at their destinations, additional shellfish. On Atlantic shores, Indians ate eaters and contained blackened stones, men reinforced theircrews and using six oysters, blue mussels, horse mussels, indicating fireplaces, and fragments tine forks they shovelled the cargos of razor clams, cockles, bay scallops, and of animal bones, rude utensils, and 2,500-5,000 bushels of oysters onto hard clams, as well as freshwater unios implements. beds. The quantities were impressive. and anodonts, and left large shell-heaps From 1850 to 1860, planters imported (middens). Along the Gulfcoast, Indians Chesapeake Bay Oysters 100,000-150,000 bushels annually to left shell-heaps ofmany shellfishes, and Chesapeake Bay was the largest pro Wellfleet, Mass. In 1880 planters im along the Pacific Coast they left shell ducer ofoysters for direct consumption ported about 450,000 bushels to Nar heaps mostly of mussels. He recorded and as a source ofseed for more northern ragansett Bay, 450,000 bushels to Long that they also left shell-heaps of fresh planters. In 1880 Chesapeake Bay pro Island Sound, 300,000bushels to Raritan water mussels and clams along the banks duced some 17 million bushels of oys Bay, and 700,000-800,000 bushels to of a number of rivers, including the ters and about 40,000 people were em- Delaware Bay. They harvested the

53(3),1991 25 ' ~~-+,.~-" ------/

--._-==~:::.--

Figure 4. -Figure from Ingersoll (1881 a) entitled "Oysterbarges at the foot ofWest Tenth Street, North River, New York City. "

oysters and sold them to various oyster or packing and subsequent shipment. mer when oysters were not in season. markets the succeeding fall. The number ofdiggers totalled 500 men Soft and Hard Clams and 200 boys. In good days, each dug Oyster Markets Ingersoll wrote that soft clams oc about 3 bushels of quahogs which sold One ofthe largest markets for oysters curred from the Maritime Provinces to for a total of$2. Buyers shipped most to was New YorkCity (Fig. 4), where they Virginia. Fishermen gathered them with New York City and sold the remainder were enjoyed by rich and poor alike. The iron rakes. One of the largest produc to hotels on the island. In 1880 total city was the principal market for oysters ing states was Maine where 318,383 landings ofquahogs along the east coast grown from Norwalk, Conn. to the mid bushels were dug in 1879; cod and were about the same as for soft clams, coast of New Jersey. Ingersoll (l881a) mackerel fishermen purchased 90 per just over 1 million bushels as recorded wrote: "Oysters were pickled, stewed, cent ofthem for bait. Those used as food by Ingersoll. The following two para baked, roasted, fried, and scalloped; were eaten by the fishermen (who were graphs from his 1887 monograph are oysters were made into soups, patties, also farmers), local villagers, or by peo examples ofthe human touches Ingersoll and puddings; oysters with condiments ple who came down from the interior, as frequently included in his publications. and without condiments; oysters for Indians had done, to enjoy a feast ofclams He wrote: "A 'clam-bake' expresses breakfast, dinner, and supper; oysters and seaside recreation. Fishermen also the sum of all human happiness to the without stint or limit, fresh as the pure air, sold some in local markets. In 1880 total Rhode Islander, and to gather all his and almost as abundant, are daily offered landings ofsoft clams along the east coast relatives and friends on the sea-shore, to the palates of the Manhattanese, and of North America were about 1 million bake the roystering clam in dried sea appreciated with all the gratitude which bushels. weed, and eat it with other good things, a bounty of nature ought to inspire. " Ingersoll stated that quahogs (hard fills his cup of joy. As enthusiasm and The largest oyster market on the east clams) were abundant from Cape Cod to emotion always seem odd, and perhaps coast, and probably in the world, was Florida, the largest supply coming from ludicrous to those who are not under its Baltimore. During the season from 1 bays on the south shore of Long Island. influence, the New Englanders get much September 1879 to 15 May 1880, fish In Great South Bay, Long Island, fish fun poked at them by outsiders. It is ermen brought 7 million bushels ofoys ermen raked and tonged quahogs related, for example, that a Sunday ters to Baltimore for local consumption throughout the year, but mostly in sum school teacher in Rhode Island told the

26 Marine Fisheries Review pupils that there were poor children in of them include: "Nests and Eggs of soll as a writer whose accuracy was ex Illinois who had never experienced the American Birds" (1880), "Friends emplary. Afterward, Roosevelt invited supreme delight ofa clam-bake, and the Worth Knowing: Glimpses ofAmerican him to the White House for a luncheon last penny in the juvenile pocket was Natural History" (1881b), "Birds Nest and the two became friends. In 1907 the dropped in the plate in aid ofthe benighted ing" (1882), "Knocking 'Round the President appointed him head of the sufferers. " Rockies" (1883), "TheCrestofthe Con Oyster Commission in Washington tinent" (1885), "Down East Latch (Schwarz and Schlaikjer, 1947) (no rec Bay Scallops Strings" (1887), "Wild Neighbors" ord was found of his duties or length of Ingersoll stated that fishermen gath (1897), "GoldFields ofthe Klondike and service in this position). Among his other ered bay scallops by towing small, tri the Wonders of Alaska" (1897), "The friends were the famous naturalists angular dredges from rowboats or sail Book of the Ocean" (1898), "Nature's William Beebe and John Burroughs. boats. The scallops were opened at the Calendar" (1900), "Wild Life of Or shore, commonly by women. Some chard and Field" (1902), "TheWitofthe Environmental Protection Urged young wives opened scallops by hand Wild" (1906), "TheLife ofAnimals The Ingersoll was one of the early advo " ... with cradles behind them contain Mammals" (1907), and "Zoology; the cates ofthe protection ofnatural habitats ing less than year-old babies ... singing Science of Life" (1922). and wildlife in the United States. In lec merrily some baby song to quiet the Ingersoll's articles about the outdoors, tures delivered in the late 1800'sto nature young ones, and by an indescribable Indian life and Indian-Caucasian inter and women's clubs in the midwest under motion ofthe left foot rocking the cradles actions, fur trading, bears, beavers, buf the auspices ofthe University ofChicago, with a gentle motion all-sufficient to keep falo, and similar topics appeared in a he stated that all life in a given region is the nurseling quiet. In another comer was variety of magazines, journals, and interconnected so that disturbance ofany a mother nursing her three-weeks-old newspapers over the years. Besides the part disarranges the whole. He urged babe at an interval in the work. " monographs on shellfisheries, his each person to protect natural habitats and Mussels, though abundant, were not publications related to fisheries included: also desist from the pleasure killing of consumed to any extent, according to In "A short lecture on fishes" (1877); "On wild animals. In a lecture presented in gersoll. Fanners used some for fertilizer. the fish-mortality in the GulfofMexico" about 1888, Ingersoll (N.d., ca. 1888) Since the early 1900's, oysterproduc ([1881] 1882), the first published account said: "I believe that every person should tion has declined sharply. The principal offish mortalities caused by red tides in regard himself as a trustee of nature for causes of the decline Wtre the ready Florida; "Wampum and its history" the benefit of his fellows and posterity; availability of beef and poultry (which (1883); "Mollusks in general" (1884); and that the wanton destruction ofanimal sharply reduced the demand for oysters) , "Natural history ofeconomic mollusks life is a sin against nature, against heaven pollution ofbeds rendering some oysters of the United States" (1884); a chapter and against humanity. I believe that the inedible, and diseases which caused large entitled, "Fishing and other marine in man or woman who commits that sin mortalities ofoysters. On the otherhand, dustries" in "The Book of the Ocean" should be looked upon with such stern people increasingly eat mussels now. (1898); and a chapter entitled, 'Catching disfavor as that which society metes out Farms in eastern Canada and Maine grow menhaden off Montauk' in "Wit of the to those who transgress the laws of the most of them. Wild" (1906). Considered as one of the land. " He stated that a well-filled note eminent naturalists ofhis period, Inger book was worth more than boxes ofdead Later Writings soll was invited to serve as editor and sub specimens, photographs were worth Following his shellfish survey work, mit contributions to the Standard Dic more than stuffed animals in a museum, Ingersoll spent his summers from 1882 tionary, New International Dictionary, and education about enjoying the activ to 1887 touring wilderness areas of the Encyclopedia Americana (The New York ity of life and beauty of animals should western United States and Canada and Times, November 14, 1946), and The begin at childhood. He also stated that writing books and articles about his Standard Library of Natural History man could have prevented much of the travels. He also worked as editor of (Published by The University Society of destruction of natural areas and animal Manhattan Magazine during 1883-84. New York in 1908). life, as he moved westward across the Part ofthe time he worked for the Cana One of the literary banes of the late United States, through wise planning dian Pacific Railway, writing guide 1800's and early 1900's was "Nature (Ingersoll, N.d., ca. 1888). Moreover, books and other travel-related publica faking" (guessing about or embellishing he was an excellent speaker. His lectures tions for it, thus acting as the first press the natural history of wild animals and were highly instructive and interesting, agent for a railroad (Schwarz and plants and publishing the results), but it holding the attention even of children Schlaikjer, 1947). In 1887 and 1888, was never a pitfall to Ingersoll. He wrote who attended them (according to reports while continuing this work, he lived in only about what he had observed or in the Galesburg, Illinois Register and Montreal, but afterward moved to New considered accurate in the literature. Newark, Ohio Tribune on file at Mus. York City (Avery, 1926). When President Theodore Roosevelt Nat. Hist., N.Y.). Ingersoll wrote about 20 books during severely criticized' 'nature-fakers" in a From the early 1890's to about 1905, the late 1800's and early 1900's. Some published interview, he mentioned Inger Ingersoll worked part-time for Rand,

53(3),1991 27 McNally, and Co., researching, writing, country (Ingersoll, 1933). The care and updating illustrated guidebooks. which Ingersoll took with his writings, They described New York State, the his many publications, and the subject Hudson River and Catskill Mountains, matter he chose all demonstrate that New York City, the New England states, he cared a great deal for his fellow man Washington, D.C., and the southwestern and the natural world. Ingersoll never states. mentioned his shellfishery surveys and From 1900 to 1938 Ingersoll lived monographs for the U. S. Fish Commis in New York City and wrote a weekly sion and the Census Bureau in his later column for a Montreal newspaper, The writings. Perhaps he did not realize FamilyHeraldandStarWeekly(Fig.5). how valuable they would come to be The newspaper sought to increase its to future generations of shellfishery readership by including a column biologists. devoted to natural history and hired In Acknowledgments gersoll, a well-known authority and a proven, capable writer on such subjects, For library services, I am grateful to to write it. His column, titled "The Claire Steimle and Judy Berrien, Sandy Natural History Club, " reached about a Hook Laboratory, National Marine half million people a week throughout Fisheries Service, NOAA, Highlands, Canada and the Caribbean. It consisted N.J.; Janet Baldwin, The Explorers of answers to readers' inquiries and Club, New York City; Sarah Granato, The Museum of Natural History, New presentations of new information about Figure 5.-Portrait of Ernest Inger nature. From readers' letters, it became soll at about 65 years of age. Source York City; and Jill Hamilton, The Lin apparent that birds were the object of of photograph: Library of Explorers naean Society of New York. most interestand, at thetime, agood iden Club, New York City. Selected References and tification guide, particularly for western Literature Cited birds, was lacking. Thus Ingersoll pre pared a classification list ofnearly all of Avery, L. D. 1926. A genealogy of the Ingersoll family in America 1629-1925. Grafton Press the birds ofCanada, giving a description (critics, dramatists, journalists, novel Genealogical Publ., N.Y., 585 p. ofeach species. This emphasis on birds ists, and poets; about 250 members), Baird, S. F. 1884. Prefatory note. In G. B. Goode ran for more than a yearand was ofgreat and was its secretary from 1920 to 1925; (Editor), The fisheries and fishery industries of the United States. U.S. Gov. Print. Off., Wash., benefitto Canadian naturalists. Another a member ofthe Barnard Club (authors, D.C., vol. V-X. notable service was a detailed review of bankers, diplomats, lawyers, and paint Ingersoll, E. 1875. Report on the natural history of eastern Canadian snakes (12 articles), ers; about 650 members), and the Sal the United States Geological and Geographical Survey oftheTerritories, 1874. In: Unites States. illustrated and partly written by Inger magundi Club (architects, engravers, Geological and Geographical Survey ofthe Ter soll's only surviving child, a daughter, illustrators, painters, and sculptors) from ritories. (Hayden) Bulletin. Vol. I, Series 2, p. Helen, who also illustrated some of his 1916 to 1937. He was present at the 121-142. -,-_ __::_ . 1877. A short lecture on fishes. For. books. Other articles featured insects, founding of the Explorers Club in 1905 Stream Rod Gun. 8:176. salamanders, and turtles and the farming and was a member thereafter; he was its ___ . 1880. Nests and eggs of American birds. S. E. Casino, Salem, Mass., 160 p. ofdeer, foxes, frogs, marten, and mink. director and secretary for many years and -----:::_ __::_. 1881a. The oyster-industry. In G. The readers of the newspaper regarded editorofits quarterly magazine, The Ex Brown Goode (Editor), The history and present Ingersoll as a great oracle and sage about plorersJoumal, from 1926 to 1931. He condition ofthe fishery industries. U.S. Govern mentPrintingOffice. Washington, D.C., 251 p. nature (The Family Herald and Weekly was, in effect, a real Renaissance man. ___ . I881b. Friends worth knowing: Star, October 14, 1925; The New York Ingersoll retired from writing his Glimpses of American natural history. Harper and Brothers, N.Y., 258 p. Tribune, March 11,1932). newspaper column in 1938 when he was ___ . (1881) 1882. On the fish-mortality in Ingersoll was a member of several 86 years old, ending a career that lasted the Gulf of Mexico. Proc. U.S. Natl. Mus. prestigious organizations in New York a full 65 years. He died in a nursing home 4:74-80. ___ . 1882. Birds nesting. S.E.Casinoand City. He was one oftwo founders ofthe in Brattleboro, Vt., on 13 November Co., Boston, 110 p. Linnaean Society ofNew York(natural 1946 at the age of 94 (Schwarz and ___ . 1883. Knocking' round the Rockies. ists, systematists, and zoologists) in 1878 ScWaikjer, 1947). Harper and Brothers, N. Y., 230 p. ---,-,~=-=-c' 1883. Wampum and its history. Am. and was its first secretary (Schwarz and Ernest Ingersoll spent his career fol Nat. 27(5):467-479. ScWaikjer, 1947); he was elected a fellow lowing one of the tenets of his most -----=----:-----= . 1884. Mollusks in general. In G. B. of the Society on its 50th anniversity in admired mentor, Louis Agassiz. The lat Goode (Editor), The fisheries and fisheries in dustries of the United States. Sec. I. Natural 1928. He was a member of the National ter taught his students that their mission history of useful aquatic animals, p. 683-710. Association ofAudubon Societiesand the in life should be to make science popular U.S. Gov. Print. Off., Wash., D.C. -----:::_---,,--.1885. Thecrestofthe continent. R.R. New York Zoological Society. He was and interesting to the public, and ifthey Donnelley and Sons, Chicago, 344 p. also a member of the Authors Club did that it would be a blessing to the ___ . 1887. Down east latch strings.

28 Marine Fisheries Review Passenger Dep., Boston and Maine Railroad, John, N.B., 487 p. folklore. Longmans, Green and Co., N.Y., 256 p. ____ . 1898. The book of the ocean. The 292p. ____ . 1887. The oyster, scallop, clam, Century Co., N.Y., 279 p. ____ .1933. Fifty years ofjournalistic and mussel, and abalone industries. In G. Brown ----==----=-_.1900. Nature's calendar. Harper and literary work: The adventures of a literary Goode (Editor), The fisheries and fishery in Brothers, N. Y., 270 p. freelance along a hard-scribble road (1875 to dustries of the United States. Vol. II, p. 507 ____ . 1902. Wild life oforchard and field. 1925). Scrap-book compiled by Ernest Inger 626. U.S. Gov. Print. Off., Wash., D.C. Harper and Brothers, N. Y., 346 p. soll, in possession of The Museum of Natural ____ . N.d. (ca. 1888). A battle for life. ____ . 1906. The wit of the wild. Dodd, History, N.Y. How wild animals of the United States have Mead and Co., N.Y., 288 p. ____ andJ. A. Ryder. 1884. Natural history been curiously affected by the civilization of _-,------:-_ . 1906. An island in the air; a story of of economic mollusks of the United States. In the continent. Notes from a lecture. Unpubl., singularadventures in the Mesa country. Grosset G. B. Goode (Editor), Natural history of useful 56 p. (On file in Library, Museum of Natural and Dunlap, N.Y., 303 p. aquatic animals. Sec. I, pt. IV, p. 687-758. U.S. History, N.Y.). ____ . 1907. The life of animals the mam Gov. Print. Off., Wash., D.C. -----::------:_::_' 1897. Wild neighbors. Macmillan mals. The Macmillan Co., N. Y., 555 p. The New York Times. 1946. [Untitled article.] 14 Co., N.Y., 301 p. __-----:----:-. 1922. Zoology; the science of life. Nov. ____ . 1897. Gold fields ofthe Klondike and P.F. Collier and Son Co., 384 p. Schwarz, H. F., and E. M. Schlaikjer. 1947. In the wonders of Alaska. Earle Publ. House, St. ____ . 1923. Birds in legend, fable and memory. Explor. J. Spring, p. 17-19.

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