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How England Preserves Its Cultural Heritag MASARYK UNIVERSITY FACULTY OF EDUCATION Department of English Language and Literature How England Preserves its Cultural Heritag Bachelor thesis Brno 2018 Supervisor Author r. Zdeněk Janík, M. A., Ph.D. Tomáš Češek Prohlášení Prohlašuji, že jsem závěrečnou bakalářskou práci vypracovala samostatně, s využitím pouze citovaných literárních zdrojů, dalších informací a zdrojů v souladu s Disciplinárním řádem pro studenty Pedagogické fakulty Masarykovy university a se zákonem č. 121/2000 Sb. o právu autorském, o právech souvisejících s právem autorským a o změně některých zákonů (autorský zákon), ve znění pozdějších předpisů. Tomáš Češek Acknowledgement I would like to thank Mgr. Zdeněk Janík, M.A., Ph.D., for his valuable advice, patience, and support, and to my family. Abstract The Bachelor thesis deals with history, structure and methods of preserving England's cultural heritage. It focuses on both theoretical aspects of historic preservation as well as the practical side. The significant part of the thesis occupies with English Heritage and its activities in this sector. The first section of the thesis occupies with the theory of cultural conservation. The second part presents the historical development of historical preservation in England containing a comparison with other parts of the United Kingdom. The third part shows English Heritage as one of the most influential organisations regarding English historical preservation with laying stress on its history, development, structure and procedures. The fourth part introduces actual sites under English Heritage protection and shows the theory of preservation in practice. The final part compares the forms and promotions of historical preservation in the United Kingdom and the Czech Republic with focus on heritage marketing. Keywords: conservation, architecture, art, historical sights, English Heritage, heritage marketing, tourism Anotace Tato bakalářská práce se zabývá historií, strukturou a metodami ochrany anglického kulturního dědictví. V této práci rozebírám jak teoretické aspekty památkové péče tak i jejich využití v praxi. Významné postavení v rámci práce zastává organizace English Heritage a popis jejího působení. První část práce představuje teorii památkové péče. Druhá část práce se zabývá historií památkové péče v Anglii a srovnáním těchto postupů ve zbylých částech Spojeného království. Třetí část představuje historii, vývoj a strukturu English Heritage, jednu z nejvýznamnějších organizací prosazující zásady památkové péče v Anglii. Čtvrtá část, ukazuje užití zásad památkové péče v praxi při ochraně a údržbě některých z nej navštěvovanějších památek pod správou English Heritage. Poslední část srovnává prosazování a podobu památkové péče ve Spojeném království a v České republice s důrazem na roli marketingu. Klíčová slova: památková péče, architektura, umění, pamětihodnosti, English Heritage, památkový marketing, turismus TABLE OF CONTENTS 1 INTRODUCTION 7 2 THE THEORY OF CULTURAL CONSERVATION 8 2.1 Basic Terminology 8 2.2 Architectural Conservation 9 3 THE DEVELOPMENT OF HISTORICAL PRESERVATION 11 3.1 Development in the World 11 3.2 Development in England 11 3.2.1 Reformation: The Dark Age of Historical Sights 11 3.2.2 Classicism and the Beginning of "Grand Tours" 12 3.2.3 Neoclassicism and the Origins of Antiquarianism 20 3.2.4 The Gothic Restoration Movement 21 3.2.5 English Aesthetic Theory and Garden Design 23 3.2.6 The Blossoming of Museums in the 19th Century 25 3.2.7 Legislative Procedures at The Turn of the 19th and the 20th Century 28 3.2.8 England and UNESCO 29 3.3 Comparison Between Other Parts of the United Kingdom 30 3.3.1 Scotland 30 3.3.2 Wales 31 3.3.3 Northern Ireland 32 4 ENGLISH HERITAGE 34 4.1 History 34 4.2 Finances 36 4.3 Membership 37 4.4 Volunteers 37 4.5 Management and staff 38 4.6 Blue Plaques 38 5 ENGLISH HERITAGE SITES 41 5.1 B attle Abbey at the Hastings B attlefield 41 5.2 Apsley House 42 5.3 Audley End House 43 6 HERITAGE CONSERVATION: COMPARISON BETWEEN ENGLAND AND THE CZECH REPUBLIC 44 6.1 England 44 6.2 Czech Republic 44 6.3 Heritage Marketing 46 7 CONCLUSION 48 8 BIBLIOGRAPHY 49 9 ELECTRONIC SOURCES 53 1 INTRODUCTION Since I study English and History, it seemed to me that the topic of historical preservation in England would make an ideal connection between these two subjects. Also, I had a chance to visit several of the English Heritage sites personally wondering how is the organisation managed, what is its impact on the current state of cultural sights and how did it came into existence in the first place. The bachelor thesis aims to present a comprehensive insight into complex issues of historical preservation with a specific focus on English Heritage. The first chapter of the thesis concerns the theory of cultural conservation providing basic terminology of the topic as well as types of construction materials. The second chapter contains the development of historical conservation in England with the comparison to the rest of the United Kingdom and the rest of the world. The third chapter is entirely devoted to English Heritage organisation with the very next chapter discussing some of the sites that the trust administers. The final part compares the organisation of the cultural preservation in the Czech Republic and in England considering the role of heritage marketing in the 21st century. 7 2 THE THEORY OF CULTURAL CONSERVATION Conservation of cultural heritage is a science discipline whose content is to provide protection and care of works of art including, architectural structures, archaeological sites and museum collections (Sullivan 604-610). 2.1 Basic Terminology In the theory of cultural conservation it is crucial to distinguish some terms which society often confuses: Cultural Conservation is a process that includes all actions aimed at safeguarding cultural heritage and at the same time guaranteeing its access to both present and future generations. This profession comprises technical examination, preventive conservation, remedial conservation and restoration (ICOM-CC, "The Conservator-Restorer: a Definition of the Profession"). A technical examination is a procedure that determines the cultural significance of artefact by analysing its structure and material, the extent of decomposition, potential modifications that would devalue the property (usually with painting and sculpture) and the documentation of the whole process (ICOM-CC, "The Conservator-Restorer: a Definition of the Profession"). Preservation means a series of actions performed to minimise the artefacts rate of deterioration and damage. This process includes for example adjustment of environmental conditions (temperature, humidity, light) for storage and exhibition or implementation of safe procedures for packing, handling, transporting and manipulating with the artefact. These works are carried out by conservators, collection managers or curators (Cato 32-40). Rehabilitation is defined as a series of actions concerning both retention and repair of historical structures with the emphasis on the aspect of replacement of those parts of the structures that have deteriorated so much that it would not be possible to preserve them (Grimmer 2). 8 Restoration is, apart from an exhibition, the final step in the process of cultural conservation. It was described as a moment when the conservated object gains the minutest shape of its original and has now the maximum of its historical value. Examples of techniques that directly lead to this condition are for example retouching of paintings or filling loses on a glass vessel (ICOM-CC, "Terminology to characterise the conservation of tangible cultural heritage"). 2.2 Architectural Conservation • Architectural conservation can be understood as preservation tool using the combination of art, craft, science and technology (Weaver and Matero 1). To understand the essential aspects of architectural conservation, it is essential to explain the term build environment, a social science that studies every space adjusted by people for living and working. This discipline deals with human behaviour to the environment that a certain group of people occupies. Once a group recognises its surroundings as culturally valuable, it creates laws and policies to protect the local environment (Roof and Oleru 24-27). Practically speaking people act to protect their valued buildings and their surroundings from any unwanted change. • It is essential to think of every historical building as a structure that is a part of a particular historical environment, and so it is a shared resource which means that the use of the law, public policy and public investment is justified to protect that public interest (Drury and McPherson 19). • When choosing the appropriate conservation method, it is vital to familiarise with materials of the building that are to be either preserved, if possible or replaced: • • Stone, although being one of the more lasting materials, succumbs to decay just like any other material. If damage or deterioration of stone is detected, a technical examination needs to be done to identify the type of stone used as each type has different characteristics. Once the type of stone is identified a sample is taken for detailed analysis so that appropriate replacement stone can be found in quarries (Historic England, "Sourcing Stone for Historic Building Repair"). • • Wood is one of the multiple popular construction materials in the world. When conserving wood, it should be done in tandem with the traditional carpentry 9 techniques and
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