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Mineral Processing
Mineral Processing Foundations of theory and practice of minerallurgy 1st English edition JAN DRZYMALA, C. Eng., Ph.D., D.Sc. Member of the Polish Mineral Processing Society Wroclaw University of Technology 2007 Translation: J. Drzymala, A. Swatek Reviewer: A. Luszczkiewicz Published as supplied by the author ©Copyright by Jan Drzymala, Wroclaw 2007 Computer typesetting: Danuta Szyszka Cover design: Danuta Szyszka Cover photo: Sebastian Bożek Oficyna Wydawnicza Politechniki Wrocławskiej Wybrzeze Wyspianskiego 27 50-370 Wroclaw Any part of this publication can be used in any form by any means provided that the usage is acknowledged by the citation: Drzymala, J., Mineral Processing, Foundations of theory and practice of minerallurgy, Oficyna Wydawnicza PWr., 2007, www.ig.pwr.wroc.pl/minproc ISBN 978-83-7493-362-9 Contents Introduction ....................................................................................................................9 Part I Introduction to mineral processing .....................................................................13 1. From the Big Bang to mineral processing................................................................14 1.1. The formation of matter ...................................................................................14 1.2. Elementary particles.........................................................................................16 1.3. Molecules .........................................................................................................18 1.4. Solids................................................................................................................19 -
PALLADIUM and PLATINUM MINERALS from the SERRA PELADA Au–Pd–Pt DEPOSIT, CARAJÁS MINERAL PROVINCE, NORTHERN BRAZIL
1451 The Canadian Mineralogist Vol. 40, pp. 1451-1463 (2002) PALLADIUM AND PLATINUM MINERALS FROM THE SERRA PELADA Au–Pd–Pt DEPOSIT, CARAJÁS MINERAL PROVINCE, NORTHERN BRAZIL ALEXANDRE RAPHAEL CABRAL§ AND BERND LEHMANN Institut für Mineralogie und Mineralische Rohstoffe, Technische Universität Clausthal, Adolph-Roemer-Str. 2A, D–38678 Clausthal-Zellerfeld, Germany ROGERIO KWITKO-RIBEIRO Centro de Desenvolvimento Mineral, Companhia Vale do Rio Doce, BR 262/ km 296, 33030-970 Santa Luzia – MG, Brazil CARLOS HENRIQUE CRAVO COSTA Diretoria de Metais Nobres, Companhia Vale do Rio Doce, Caixa Postal 51, Serra dos Carajás, 68516-000 Parauabepas – PA, Brazil ABSTRACT The Serra Pelada garimpo (1980–1984) was the site of the most spectacular gold rush in recent history, but the mineralogy of the bonanza-style mineralization has not so far been documented in detail. Rediscovery of an early drill-core, recovered in 1982 from the near-surface lateritic portion of the garimpo area, has provided coarse-grained gold aggregates for this study. The centimeter-long aggregates of gold occur in powdery, earthy material. They exhibit a delicate arborescent fabric and are coated by goethite. Four compositional types of gold are recognized: palladian gold with an atomic ratio Au:Pd of 7:1 (“Au7Pd”), Hg- bearing palladian gold (Au–Pd–Hg), Pd-bearing gold with up to 3 wt.% Pd (Pd-poor gold) and pure gold. A number of platinum- group minerals (PGM) are included in, or attached to the surface of, palladian gold: “guanglinite”, Sb-bearing “guanglinite”, atheneite and isomertieite, including the noteworthy presence of Se-bearing PGM (Pd–Pt–Se, Pd–Se, Pd–Hg–Se and Pd–Bi–Se phases, and sudovikovite and palladseite). -
Journal of the Russell Society, Vol 4 No 2
JOURNAL OF THE RUSSELL SOCIETY The journal of British Isles topographical mineralogy EDITOR: George Ryba.:k. 42 Bell Road. Sitlingbourn.:. Kent ME 10 4EB. L.K. JOURNAL MANAGER: Rex Cook. '13 Halifax Road . Nelson, Lancashire BB9 OEQ , U.K. EDITORrAL BOARD: F.B. Atkins. Oxford, U. K. R.J. King, Tewkesbury. U.K. R.E. Bevins. Cardiff, U. K. A. Livingstone, Edinburgh, U.K. R.S.W. Brai thwaite. Manchester. U.K. I.R. Plimer, Parkvill.:. Australia T.F. Bridges. Ovington. U.K. R.E. Starkey, Brom,grove, U.K S.c. Chamberlain. Syracuse. U. S.A. R.F. Symes. London, U.K. N.J. Forley. Keyworth. U.K. P.A. Williams. Kingswood. Australia R.A. Howie. Matlock. U.K. B. Young. Newcastle, U.K. Aims and Scope: The lournal publishes articles and reviews by both amateur and profe,sional mineralogists dealing with all a,pecI, of mineralogy. Contributions concerning the topographical mineralogy of the British Isles arc particularly welcome. Not~s for contributors can be found at the back of the Journal. Subscription rates: The Journal is free to members of the Russell Society. Subsc ription rates for two issues tiS. Enquiries should be made to the Journal Manager at the above address. Back copies of the Journal may also be ordered through the Journal Ma nager. Advertising: Details of advertising rates may be obtained from the Journal Manager. Published by The Russell Society. Registered charity No. 803308. Copyright The Russell Society 1993 . ISSN 0263 7839 FRONT COVER: Strontianite, Strontian mines, Highland Region, Scotland. 100 mm x 55 mm. -
Chrisstanleyite Ag2pd3se4 C 2001-2005 Mineral Data Publishing, Version 1
Chrisstanleyite Ag2Pd3Se4 c 2001-2005 Mineral Data Publishing, version 1 Crystal Data: Monoclinic. Point Group: 2/m or 2. Anhedral crystals, to several hundred µm, aggregated in grains. Twinning: Fine polysynthetic and parquetlike, characteristic. Physical Properties: Tenacity: Slightly brittle. Hardness = ∼5 VHN = 371–421, 395 average (100 g load), D(meas.) = n.d. D(calc.) = 8.30 Optical Properties: Opaque. Color: Silvery gray. Streak: Black. Luster: Metallic. Optical Class: Biaxial. Pleochroism: Slight; pale buff to slightly gray-green buff. Anisotropism: Moderate; rose-brown, gray-green, pale bluish gray, dark steel-blue. Bireflectance: Weak to moderate. R1–R2: (400) 35.6–43.3, (420) 36.8–44.2, (440) 37.8–45.3, (460) 39.1–46.7, (480) 40.0–47.5, (500) 41.1–48.0, (520) 42.1–48.5, (540) 42.9–48.7, (560) 43.5–49.1, (580) 44.1–49.3, (600) 44.4–49.5, (620) 44.6–49.6, (640) 44.5–49.3, (660) 44.4–49.2, (680) 44.2–49.1, (700) 44.0–49.0 Cell Data: Space Group: P 21/m or P 21. a = 6.350(6) b = 10.387(4) c = 5.683(3) β = 114.90(5)◦ Z=2 X-ray Powder Pattern: Hope’s Nose, England. 2.742 (100), 1.956 (100), 2.688 (80), 2.868 (50b), 2.367 (50), 1.829 (30), 2.521 (20) Chemistry: (1) (2) (3) Pd 37.64 35.48 37.52 Pt 0.70 Hg 0.36 Ag 25.09 24.07 25.36 Cu 0.18 2.05 Se 36.39 38.50 37.12 Total 99.30 101.16 100.00 (1) Hope’s Nose, England; by electron microprobe, average of 26 analyses; corresponding to (Ag2.01Cu0.02)Σ=2.03Pd3.02Se3.95. -
THE CRYSTAL STRUCTURE of Pb8o5(OH)2Cl4, a SYNTHETIC ANALOGUE of BLIXITE?
515 The Canadian Mineralogist Vol. 44, pp. 515-522 (2006) THE CRYSTAL STRUCTURE OF Pb8O5(OH)2Cl4, A SYNTHETIC ANALOGUE OF BLIXITE? SERGEY V. KRIVOVICHEV§ Department of Crystallography, St. Petersburg State University, University Emb. 7/9, RU–199034 St. Petersburg, Russia PETER C. BURNS Department of Civil Engineering and Geological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556-0767, USA ABSTRACT The crystal structure of hydrothermally synthesized Pb8O5(OH)2Cl4 [monoclinic, C2/c, a 26.069(5), b 5.8354(11), c 22.736(4) 3 Å,  102.612(6)°, V 3375.3(11) Å ] has been determined and refi ned to R1 = 0.047 with data collected from a crystal twinned on (100). There are eight symmetrically independent Pb2+ cations in the structure, with each having a strongly distorted coordina- tion polyhedron due to the presence of stereochemically active pairs of s2 lone electrons on the Pb2+ cations. The structure is based upon [O5Pb8] sheets parallel to (100) formed by edge-sharing (OPb4) oxocentered tetrahedra. Hydroxyl groups form two short (OH)–Pb bonds that result in (OH)Pb2 dimers attached to the [O5Pb8] sheets. The chlorine anions are located between the {[O5Pb8](OH)2} sheets, providing three-dimensional linkage of the structure. The structure is closely related to other structures based on PbO-type defect sheets. On the basis of chemical composition and powder X-ray-diffraction data, we suggest that Pb8O5(OH)2Cl4 is a synthetic analogue of blixite. Keywords: lead oxide chloride, blixite, oxocentered tetrahedra, crystal structure. SOMMAIRE Nous avons déterminé et affi né la structure cristalline du composé Pb8O5(OH)2Cl4, synthétisé par voie hydrothermale [mono- 3 clinique, C2/c, a 26.069(5), b 5.8354(11), c 22.736(4) Å,  102.612(6)°, V 3375.3(11) Å ], jusqu’à un résidu R1 de 0.047 avec des données prélevées sur un cristal maclé sur (100). -
Selenium Minerals and the Recovery of Selenium from Copper Refinery Anode Slimes by C
http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2411-9717/2016/v116n6a16 Selenium minerals and the recovery of selenium from copper refinery anode slimes by C. Wang*, S. Li*, H. Wang*, and J. Fu* and genesis of native selenium from Yutangba, #65'272 Enshi City, Hubei Province, China in 2004, and pointed out, from the different forms of native Since it was first identified in 1817, selenium has received considerable Se, that selenium can be interest. Native selenium and a few selenium minerals were discovered several decades later. With the increasing number of selenium minerals, activated,transformed, remobilized, and the occurrence of selenium minerals became the focus of much research. A enriched at sites such as in the unsaturated great number of selenium deposits were reported all over the world, subsurface zone or in the saturated zone (Zhu although few independent selenium deposits were discovered. Selenium is et al., 2005). The transport and deposition of obtained mainly as a byproduct of other metals, and is produced primarily selenium in felsic volcanic-hosted massive from the anode mud of copper refineries. This paper presents a compre- sulphide deposits of the Yukon Territory, hensive review of selenium minerals, as well as the treatment of copper Canada was studied and reported by Layton- refinery anode slimes for the recovery of selenium. Our focus is on the Matthews et al. (2005). selenium minerals, including their discovery and occurrence, and the Selenium is a comparatively rare and distribution of selenium resources. In addition, the main methods of greatly dispersed element. The average recovering selenium from copper anode slimes are summarized. -
31 May 2013 2013-024 Yeomanite
Title Yeomanite, Pb2O(OH)Cl, a new chain-structured Pb oxychloride from Merehead Quarry, Somerset, England Authors Turner, RW; Siidra, OI; Rumsey, MS; Polekhovsky, YS; Kretser, YL; Krivovichev, SV; Spratt, J; Stanley, Christopher Date Submitted 2016-04-04 2013-024 YEOMANITE CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION DEADLINE: 31 MAY 2013 2013-024 YEOMANITE Pb2O(OH)Cl Orthorhombic Space group: Pnma a = 6.585(10) b = 3.855(6) c = 17.26(1) Å V = 438(1) Å3 Z = 4 R.W. Turner1*, O.I. Siidra2, M.S. Rumsey3, Y.S. Polekhovsky4, S.V. Krivovichev2, Y.L. Kretser5, C.J. Stanley3, and J. Spratt3 1The Drey, Allington Track, Allington, Salisbury SP4 0DD, Wiltshire, UK 2Department of Crystallography, Geological Faculty, St Petersburg State University, University Embankment 7/9, St Petersburg 199034, Russia 3Department of Earth Sciences, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, UK 4Department of Mineral Deposits, St Petersburg State University, University Embankment 7/9, 199034 St Petersburg, Russia 5V.G. Khlopin Radium Institute, Roentgen Street 1, 197101 St Petersburg, Russia *E-mail: [email protected] OCCURRENCE The mineral occurs in the Torr Works (Merehead) Quarry, East Cranmore, Somerset, UK. Yeomanite is associated with mendipite, as a cavity filling in manganese oxide pods. Other oxyhalide minerals that are found hosted in mendipite include diaboleite, chloroxiphite and paralaurionite. Secondary Pb and Cu minerals, including mimetite, wulfenite, cerussite, hydrocerussite, malachite, and crednerite also occur in the same environment. Gangue minerals associated with mineralised manganese pods include aragonite, calcite and barite. Undifferentiated pod-forming Mn oxides are typically a mixture of manganite and pyrolusite, associated with Fe oxyhydroxides such as goethite (Turner, 2006). -
The Sierra De Cacheuta Vein-Type Se Mineralization, Mendoza Province, Argentina
minerals Article The Sierra de Cacheuta Vein-Type Se Mineralization, Mendoza Province, Argentina Günter Grundmann 1 and Hans-Jürgen Förster 2,* 1 Eschenweg 6, DE-32760 Detmold, Germany; [email protected] 2 Helmholtz Centre Potsdam German Research Centre for Geosciences GFZ, DE-14473 Potsdam, Germany * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +49-0331-288-28843 Received: 14 February 2018; Accepted: 15 March 2018; Published: 22 March 2018 Abstract: The Sierra de Cacheuta vein-type Se mineralization in the Mendoza Province predominantly consists of clausthalite, klockmannite, eskebornite, eucairite, and naumannite. These primary selenides formed in a fault zone, cutting through fine-grained trachytic host rock. Cross-sections perpendicular to the veinlets, polarized light microscopy, and scanning-electron microscopy, combined with electron-microprobe analysis, provide a record of the relationship between different crystallization and deformation events. Mineralization encompasses four episodes of fault formation (d1–d4): early zonal selenide crystallization (stage (I)); ductile deformation of the selenides (stage (II)); fault re-opening, fluid-mediated metal mobilization, metalliferous-fluid infiltration, and mineral precipitation (stage (III)); and subsequent alteration (stage (IV)). The Se vein originated from multiple injections of highly oxidized, metal-rich fluids. These low-T solutions (estimated max. temperature ◦ 100 C, max. pressure 1 bar) possessed high to exceptionally high Se fugacities (log f Se2 between −14.5 and −11.2) that prevailed for most of the evolution of the deposit. The source of the Se and the accompanying metals (Cu, Ag, Pb, and Fe) is probably the neighboring bituminous shale. The deposition of Se minerals occurred when the oxidized metal-bearing solutions came in contact with a reductant, which caused the reduction of mobile selenate to immobile selenide or elemental Se. -
IMA–CNMNC Approved Mineral Symbols
Mineralogical Magazine (2021), 85, 291–320 doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43 Article IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols Laurence N. Warr* Institute of Geography and Geology, University of Greifswald, 17487 Greifswald, Germany Abstract Several text symbol lists for common rock-forming minerals have been published over the last 40 years, but no internationally agreed standard has yet been established. This contribution presents the first International Mineralogical Association (IMA) Commission on New Minerals, Nomenclature and Classification (CNMNC) approved collection of 5744 mineral name abbreviations by combining four methods of nomenclature based on the Kretz symbol approach. The collection incorporates 991 previously defined abbreviations for mineral groups and species and presents a further 4753 new symbols that cover all currently listed IMA minerals. Adopting IMA– CNMNC approved symbols is considered a necessary step in standardising abbreviations by employing a system compatible with that used for symbolising the chemical elements. Keywords: nomenclature, mineral names, symbols, abbreviations, groups, species, elements, IMA, CNMNC (Received 28 November 2020; accepted 14 May 2021; Accepted Manuscript published online: 18 May 2021; Associate Editor: Anthony R Kampf) Introduction used collection proposed by Whitney and Evans (2010). Despite the availability of recommended abbreviations for the commonly Using text symbols for abbreviating the scientific names of the studied mineral species, to date < 18% of mineral names recog- chemical elements -
New Mineral Names*
American Mineralogist, Volume 83, pages 1347±1352, 1998 NEW MINERAL NAMES* JOHN L. JAMBOR,1 EDWARD S. GREW,2 AND ANDREW C. ROBERTS3 1Department of Earth Sciences, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada 2Department of Geology, University of Maine, Orono, ME 04459-5711, U.S.A.. 3Geological Survey of Canada, 601 Booth Street, Ottawa K1A 0E8, Canada Charmarite*, quintinite*, caresite* The 3T polytype occurs as orange-brown to pale G.Y. Chao, R.A. Gault (1997) Quintinite-2H, quintinite- brown, thin {0001} plates, and as stacked tabular crystals 3T, charmarite-2H, charmarite-3T, and caresite-3T, a that taper to give the overall appearance of a nail. The new group of carbonate minerals related to the hydro- most common forms are {0001} and {1010}.¯ Optically talcite-manasseite group. Can. Mineral., 35, 1541± uniaxial negative, v51.587(1), e undetermined, pleoch- 1549. roism O 5 brown, E 5 pale brown. Electron microprobe 21 analysis gave MnO 46.53, Fe2O3 0.26, Al2O3 16.49, CO2 The minerals have the general formula M4 Al2 (OH)12 (calc.) 7.20, H2O (calc.) 26.54, sum 97.02 wt%, corre- (CO3)´3H2O; thus M:Al 5 4:2, whereas it is 6:2 in the hydrotalcite-manasseite group. M 5 Mn in the charmarite sponding to Mn4.01(Al1.98Fe0.02)(OH)12CO3´3H2O assuming structures, Mg in those of quintinite, and Fe in that of stoichiometric CO2,H2O, and OH. Dmeas 5 2.48(1), Dcalc 3 caresite. Extensive Mg-Fe solid solution has been found 5 2.50 g/cm for Z 5 6. -
JAGUÉITE, Cu2pd3se4, a NEW MINERAL SPECIES from EL CHIRE, LA RIOJA, ARGENTINA
1745 The Canadian Mineralogist Vol. 42, pp. 1745-1755 (2004) JAGUÉITE, Cu2Pd3Se4, A NEW MINERAL SPECIES FROM EL CHIRE, LA RIOJA, ARGENTINA WERNER H. PAAR§ AND DAN TOPA Department of Geography, Geology and Mineralogy, University of Salzburg, Hellbrunnerstrasse 34, A-5020 Salzburg, Austria EMIL MAKOVICKY Geological Institute, University of Copenhagen, Østervoldgade 10, DK-1350 Copenhagen K, Denmark RICARDO J. SUREDA Cátedra de Mineralogía, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Nacional, 4400 Salta, Argentina MILKA K. DE BRODTKORB Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, University of Buenos Aires, Paso 258-9A, 1640 Martinez, Argentina ERNEST H. NICKEL Exploration and Mining, CSIRO, Private Bag no.5, PO Wembley, W.A. 1613, Australia HUBERT PUTZ Department of Geography, Geology and Mineralogy, University of Salzburg, Hellbrunnerstr. 34, A-5020 Salzburg, Austria ABSTRACT Jaguéite, with the simplified formula Cu2Pd3Se4, the copper analogue of chrisstanleyite, was discovered in a telethermal selenide vein-type deposit at the El Chire prospect, Los Llantenes District of La Rioja Province, Argentina. The new mineral species is generally associated with chrisstanleyite, particularly in intimate intergrowths, clausthalite, naumannite, tiemannite, klockmannite, berzelianite, umangite and aguilarite. Mercurian silver, native gold, and two unnamed compounds, chemically (Ag,Cu)6Hg2Pd2Se3 and (Ag,Cu)8Hg3(S,Se)7, occur as rare constituents. The selenide vein is hosted by metasedimentary rocks of Carboniferous age that belong to the Precordilleran terrane. Jaguéite occurs in anhedral grains that lack a distinct morphology. Aggregates of intergrown jaguéite and chrisstanleyite measure up to 100 ϫ 20 m; single grains, however, do not exceed 60 m. The mineral is megascopically creamy yellowish in color, opaque and lacks internal reflections. -
Tilkerodeite, Pd2hgse3, a New Platinum-Group Mineral from Tilkerode, Harz Mountains, Germany
crystals Article Tilkerodeite, Pd2HgSe3, a New Platinum-Group Mineral from Tilkerode, Harz Mountains, Germany Chi Ma 1,*, Hans-Jürgen Förster 2 and Günter Grundmann 3 1 Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA 2 Helmholtz Centre Potsdam German Research Centre for Geosciences GFZ, D-14473 Potsdam, Germany; [email protected] 3 Eschenweg 6, D-32760 Detmold, Germany; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 27 July 2020; Accepted: 6 August 2020; Published: 8 August 2020 Abstract: Tilkerodeite, ideally Pd2HgSe3, is a new platinum-group selenide from the Eskaborner Stollen (Adit Eskaborn) at Tilkerode, Harz Mountains, Germany. Tilkerodeite crystals occur as euhedral inclusions in tiemannite or as extremely fine-grained lamellar aggregates (grain-size up to 3 µm) in a dolomite–ankerite matrix, together with clausthalite, tiemannite, jacutingaite, stibiopalladinite, and native gold. Neighbouring Se-bearing minerals include tischendorfite and chrisstanleyite. Tilkerodeite is opaque with a metallic luster, and is flexible in blade-like crystals, with perfect basal cleavage 001 . In plane-polarized light, tilkerodeite is brownish-grey. It is weakly bireflectant, f g and weakly pleochroic in shades of light-brown and grey. The anisotropy is weak, with rotation tints in weak shades of greenish-brown and grey-brown. The range of reflectance is estimated in comparison to clausthalite with 45–50%. Electron-microprobe analyses yield the mean composition (wt %) Se 32.68, Hg 26.33, Pt 20.62, Pd 15.89, Pb 2.72, Cu 0.66, S 0.27, total 99.17 wt%. The empirical formula (based on six atoms pfu) is (Pd1.08Pt0.76Pb0.09Cu0.07)S2.00Hg0.95(Se2.98S0.07)S3.05.