“Real” Father of Weaponized Weather and the Secret Hurricane Modification Program Nobody Has Ever Heard Of
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
Load more
Recommended publications
-
How to Make a Cloud
Sylvia Knight Cloud control How to make a cloud Clouds come and go, rain comes and goes. There is nothing we can do about it – or is there? And what are the implications if we do? Sylvia Knight explains. What is a cloud? Key words Clouds are made up of hundreds of thousands However, sometimes the air can be much colder clouds of tiny droplets of water – about 10 000 000 000 than the dew-point temperature and still cloud 3 evaporation per m ! They form from water vapour in the air, droplets do not form. When relatively few water whenever the rate of condensation is greater than molecules form a tiny droplet, there are fewer condensation the rate of evaporation – usually this means when neighbours attracting a molecule at the surface climate control the air is cold enough. It is similar to what happens of the droplet holding it in place than there would when warm moist air from your shower hits a cold be for a bigger droplet or a flat surface and the mirror. In the atmosphere the same process is at water molecule can evaporate more easily. In fact, work: when relatively warm moist air cools, the the rate of evaporation from a droplet of radius air becomes saturated, the rate of condensation 0.001 μm is more than three times as fast as from 1 μm = 0.001 mm becomes greater than the rate of evaporation a droplet of radius 0.1 μm. It is therefore very and a cloud forms. The temperature at which this difficult for cloud droplets consisting of just water happens is known as the dew-point temperature. -
WMA Capabilities Statement on Weather Modification Adopted April 2016
WMA Capabilities Statement on Weather Modification Adopted April 2016 Capabilities Statement Background Under certain atmospheric conditions cloud microphysical and precipitation processes can be intentionally modified using existing cloud seeding methodologies to yield beneficial effects. Beneficial effects are those in which favorable benefit/cost ratios are realized without producing detrimental environmental impacts. The magnitudes and temporal/spatial scales of beneficial cloud seeding effects vary between project types and location. This statement covers the intentional application of cloud seeding technology and techniques (described below) covering areas from a few to several thousands of square kilometers for periods of hours to days. Larger-scale efforts to intentionally modify weather and climate regionally or globally using cloud-seeding or other technology and techniques, commonly referred to as geoengineering, are excluded from this discussion. Increasing demands are being placed upon existing fresh water supplies throughout the world. These increasing demands lead to greater sensitivity to drought and to moderate precipitation shortfalls. Recent investigations have indicated that negative impacts of air pollution on precipitation downwind of some industrialized areas are probable. Concerns about water supplies are increasing interest in using cloud seeding techniques for precipitation augmentation. Hail damage to crops and property and fog-induced problems continue to produce interest in their mitigation. These factors, combined with the typically attractive benefit/cost ratios associated with operational cloud seeding projects, have fostered ongoing and growing interest in intentional weather modification. Brief capability statements regarding intentional weather modification by cloud seeding follow, summarizing the current state of the technology within the primary application categories. The summaries are limited to conventional cloud seeding methods that are based on accepted physical principles. -
Warfare in a Fragile World: Military Impact on the Human Environment
Recent Slprt•• books World Armaments and Disarmament: SIPRI Yearbook 1979 World Armaments and Disarmament: SIPRI Yearbooks 1968-1979, Cumulative Index Nuclear Energy and Nuclear Weapon Proliferation Other related •• 8lprt books Ecological Consequences of the Second Ihdochina War Weapons of Mass Destruction and the Environment Publish~d on behalf of SIPRI by Taylor & Francis Ltd 10-14 Macklin Street London WC2B 5NF Distributed in the USA by Crane, Russak & Company Inc 3 East 44th Street New York NY 10017 USA and in Scandinavia by Almqvist & WikseH International PO Box 62 S-101 20 Stockholm Sweden For a complete list of SIPRI publications write to SIPRI Sveavagen 166 , S-113 46 Stockholm Sweden Stoekholol International Peace Research Institute Warfare in a Fragile World Military Impact onthe Human Environment Stockholm International Peace Research Institute SIPRI is an independent institute for research into problems of peace and conflict, especially those of disarmament and arms regulation. It was established in 1966 to commemorate Sweden's 150 years of unbroken peace. The Institute is financed by the Swedish Parliament. The staff, the Governing Board and the Scientific Council are international. As a consultative body, the Scientific Council is not responsible for the views expressed in the publications of the Institute. Governing Board Dr Rolf Bjornerstedt, Chairman (Sweden) Professor Robert Neild, Vice-Chairman (United Kingdom) Mr Tim Greve (Norway) Academician Ivan M£ilek (Czechoslovakia) Professor Leo Mates (Yugoslavia) Professor -
FOIA) Document Clearinghouse in the World
This document is made available through the declassification efforts and research of John Greenewald, Jr., creator of: The Black Vault The Black Vault is the largest online Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) document clearinghouse in the world. The research efforts here are responsible for the declassification of hundreds of thousands of pages released by the U.S. Government & Military. Discover the Truth at: http://www.theblackvault.com Received Received Request ID Requester Name Organization Closed Date Final Disposition Request Description Mode Date 17-F-0001 Greenewald, John The Black Vault PAL 10/3/2016 11/4/2016 Granted/Denied in Part I respectfully request a copy of records, electronic or otherwise, of all contracts past and present, that the DOD / OSD / JS has had with the British PR firm Bell Pottinger. Bell Pottinger Private (legally BPP Communications Ltd.; informally Bell Pottinger) is a British multinational public relations and marketing company headquartered in London, United Kingdom. 17-F-0002 Palma, Bethania - PAL 10/3/2016 11/4/2016 Other Reasons - No Records Contracts with Bell Pottinger for information operations and psychological operations. (Date Range for Record Search: From 01/01/2007 To 12/31/2011) 17-F-0003 Greenewald, John The Black Vault Mail 10/3/2016 1/13/2017 Other Reasons - Not a proper FOIA I respectfully request a copy of the Intellipedia category index page for the following category: request for some other reason Nuclear Weapons Glossary 17-F-0004 Jackson, Brian - Mail 10/3/2016 - - I request a copy of any available documents related to Army Intelligence's participation in an FBI counterintelligence source operation beginning in about 1959, per David Wise book, "Cassidy's Run," under the following code names: ZYRKSEEZ SHOCKER I am also interested in obtaining Army Intelligence documents authorizing, as well as policy documents guiding, the use of an Army source in an FBI operation. -
Air and Space Power Journal: Winter 2009
SPINE AIR & SP A CE Winter 2009 Volume XXIII, No. 4 P OWER JOURN Directed Energy A Look to the Future Maj Gen David Scott, USAF Col David Robie, USAF A L , W Hybrid Warfare inter 2009 Something Old, Not Something New Hon. Robert Wilkie Preparing for Irregular Warfare The Future Ain’t What It Used to Be Col John D. Jogerst, USAF, Retired Achieving Balance Energy, Effectiveness, and Efficiency Col John B. Wissler, USAF US Nuclear Deterrence An Opportunity for President Obama to Lead by Example Group Capt Tim D. Q. Below, Royal Air Force 2009-4 Outside Cover.indd 1 10/27/09 8:54:50 AM SPINE Chief of Staff, US Air Force Gen Norton A. Schwartz Commander, Air Education and Training Command Gen Stephen R. Lorenz Commander, Air University Lt Gen Allen G. Peck http://www.af.mil Director, Air Force Research Institute Gen John A. Shaud, USAF, Retired Chief, Professional Journals Maj Darren K. Stanford Deputy Chief, Professional Journals Capt Lori Katowich Professional Staff http://www.aetc.randolph.af.mil Marvin W. Bassett, Contributing Editor Darlene H. Barnes, Editorial Assistant Steven C. Garst, Director of Art and Production Daniel M. Armstrong, Illustrator L. Susan Fair, Illustrator Ann Bailey, Prepress Production Manager The Air and Space Power Journal (ISSN 1554-2505), Air Force Recurring Publication 10-1, published quarterly, is the professional journal of the United States Air Force. It is designed to serve as an open forum for the http://www.au.af.mil presentation and stimulation of innovative thinking on military doctrine, strategy, force structure, readiness, and other matters of national defense. -
Hurricane & Tropical Storm
5.8 HURRICANE & TROPICAL STORM SECTION 5.8 HURRICANE AND TROPICAL STORM 5.8.1 HAZARD DESCRIPTION A tropical cyclone is a rotating, organized system of clouds and thunderstorms that originates over tropical or sub-tropical waters and has a closed low-level circulation. Tropical depressions, tropical storms, and hurricanes are all considered tropical cyclones. These storms rotate counterclockwise in the northern hemisphere around the center and are accompanied by heavy rain and strong winds (NOAA, 2013). Almost all tropical storms and hurricanes in the Atlantic basin (which includes the Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean Sea) form between June 1 and November 30 (hurricane season). August and September are peak months for hurricane development. The average wind speeds for tropical storms and hurricanes are listed below: . A tropical depression has a maximum sustained wind speeds of 38 miles per hour (mph) or less . A tropical storm has maximum sustained wind speeds of 39 to 73 mph . A hurricane has maximum sustained wind speeds of 74 mph or higher. In the western North Pacific, hurricanes are called typhoons; similar storms in the Indian Ocean and South Pacific Ocean are called cyclones. A major hurricane has maximum sustained wind speeds of 111 mph or higher (NOAA, 2013). Over a two-year period, the United States coastline is struck by an average of three hurricanes, one of which is classified as a major hurricane. Hurricanes, tropical storms, and tropical depressions may pose a threat to life and property. These storms bring heavy rain, storm surge and flooding (NOAA, 2013). The cooler waters off the coast of New Jersey can serve to diminish the energy of storms that have traveled up the eastern seaboard. -
Florida Hurricanes and Tropical Storms
FLORIDA HURRICANES AND TROPICAL STORMS 1871-1995: An Historical Survey Fred Doehring, Iver W. Duedall, and John M. Williams '+wcCopy~~ I~BN 0-912747-08-0 Florida SeaGrant College is supported by award of the Office of Sea Grant, NationalOceanic and Atmospheric Administration, U.S. Department of Commerce,grant number NA 36RG-0070, under provisions of the NationalSea Grant College and Programs Act of 1966. This information is published by the Sea Grant Extension Program which functionsas a coinponentof the Florida Cooperative Extension Service, John T. Woeste, Dean, in conducting Cooperative Extensionwork in Agriculture, Home Economics, and Marine Sciences,State of Florida, U.S. Departmentof Agriculture, U.S. Departmentof Commerce, and Boards of County Commissioners, cooperating.Printed and distributed in furtherance af the Actsof Congressof May 8 andJune 14, 1914.The Florida Sea Grant Collegeis an Equal Opportunity-AffirmativeAction employer authorizedto provide research, educational information and other servicesonly to individuals and institutions that function without regardto race,color, sex, age,handicap or nationalorigin. Coverphoto: Hank Brandli & Rob Downey LOANCOPY ONLY Florida Hurricanes and Tropical Storms 1871-1995: An Historical survey Fred Doehring, Iver W. Duedall, and John M. Williams Division of Marine and Environmental Systems, Florida Institute of Technology Melbourne, FL 32901 Technical Paper - 71 June 1994 $5.00 Copies may be obtained from: Florida Sea Grant College Program University of Florida Building 803 P.O. Box 110409 Gainesville, FL 32611-0409 904-392-2801 II Our friend andcolleague, Fred Doehringpictured below, died on January 5, 1993, before this manuscript was completed. Until his death, Fred had spent the last 18 months painstakingly researchingdata for this book. -
Sunset for the Royal Marines? the Royal Marines and UK Amphibious Capability
House of Commons Defence Committee Sunset for the Royal Marines? The Royal Marines and UK amphibious capability Third Report of Session 2017–19 Report, together with formal minutes relating to the report Ordered by the House of Commons to be printed 30 January 2018 HC 622 Published on 4 February 2018 by authority of the House of Commons The Defence Committee The Defence Committee is appointed by the House of Commons to examine the expenditure, administration, and policy of the Ministry of Defence and its associated public bodies. Current membership Rt Hon Dr Julian Lewis MP (Conservative, New Forest East) (Chair) Leo Docherty MP (Conservative, Aldershot) Martin Docherty-Hughes MP (Scottish National Party, West Dunbartonshire) Rt Hon Mark Francois MP (Conservative, Rayleigh and Wickford) Graham P Jones MP (Labour, Hyndburn) Johnny Mercer MP (Conservative, Plymouth, Moor View) Mrs Madeleine Moon MP (Labour, Bridgend) Gavin Robinson MP (Democratic Unionist Party, Belfast East) Ruth Smeeth MP (Labour, Stoke-on-Trent North) Rt Hon John Spellar MP (Labour, Warley) Phil Wilson MP (Labour, Sedgefield) Powers The committee is one of the departmental select committees, the powers of which are set out in House of Commons Standing Orders, principally in SO No 152. These are available on the Internet via www.parliament.uk. Publications Committee reports are published on the Committee’s website at www.parliament.uk/defcom and in print by Order of the House. Evidence relating to this report is published on the inquiry page of the Committee’s website. Committee staff Mark Etherton (Clerk), Dr Adam Evans (Second Clerk), Martin Chong, David Nicholas, Eleanor Scarnell, and Ian Thomson (Committee Specialists), Sarah Williams (Senior Committee Assistant), and Carolyn Bowes and Arvind Gunnoo (Committee Assistants). -
B-133202 Need for a National Weather Modification Reseach Program
B-i33202 Multiagency UN1 STA rUG.23~976 I .a COMPTROLLER GENERAL OF THE UNITED STATES WASHINGTON. D.C. 20546 B-133202 To the Speaker of the House of Representatives and the President pro tempore of the Senate This is our rep,ort entitled “Need for a National Weather Modification Research Program. Weather modification research activities are ad- ministered by the Departments of Commerce and the Interior, the National Science Foundation, and other agencies. Our review was made pursuant to the Budget and Accounting Act, 1921 (31 u. s. c. 53), and the Accounting and Auditing Act of 1950 (31 U. S. C. 67). We are sending copies of this report to the Director, Office of Management and Budget; the Secretary of Agriculture; the Secretary of Commerce; the Secretary of Defense; the Secretary of the Interior; the Secretary of Transportation; the Director, National Science Founda- tion; and the Administrator, National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Comptroller General of the United States APPENDIX Page VII Letter dated‘september 12, 1973, from the Associate Director, Office of Management and Budget 54 VIII Letter dated September 27, 1973, from the As- sistant Secretary for Administration, Department of Transportation 60 Ii Principal officials of the departments and agen- cies responsible for administering activities discussed in this report 61 ABBREVIATIONS GAO General Accounting Office ICAS Interdepartmental Committee for Atmospheric Sciences NACOA National Advisory Committee on Oceans and Atmosphere NAS National Academy of Sciences NOAA National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration NSF National Science Foundation OMB Office of Management and Budget Contents Page DIGEST i CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION .1 Scope 2. -
Hurricanes: a Century of Scientific Progress
Hurricanes: A Century of Scientific Progress Kerry Emanuel Program in Atmospheres, Oceans, and Climate Massachusetts Institute of Technology 1. Introduction In the early 20th century, at the same time that the theories of relativity and quantum mechanics were being developed, there was essentially no basic understanding of the physics of hurricanes. The energy cycle that sustains such storms was not known, nor were the factors that controlled their movement. What was known about the structure and behavior of hurricanes was inferred largely from visual observations of clouds and damage patterns, and it was widely believed that the storm circulation extended upward only a few kilometers. By the end of the century, the structure and behavior of hurricanes had been thoroughly quantified, thanks to rapid technological progress that brought about such wonders as aircraft, radar and satellites, and the basic physics of the storms themselves as well as their intricate substructure had come to be well understood. This new understanding, coupled with the invention and rapid development of the computer, made it possible to forecast the motion of hurricanes with such accuracy that, given modern communications and transportation, loss of life from hurricanes has been virtually eliminated in the developed world. This chapter chronicles the extraordinary progress in the scientific understanding of hurricanes through the 20th century. We begin with a brief review of progress through World War II, which marked an important turning point in the science of meteorology, and continue with an account of the rapid progress made in the first two decades after the war. Section 4 discusses the very influential CISK theory that was developed in the 1960s. -
Tropical Storm Fay August 18-23, 2008
Tropical Storm Fay August 18-23, 2008 Tropical Storm Fay radar-based rainfall accumulation The Preliminary Summary Report, containing all storm-related data gathered from east-central Florida, including wind, rainfall and barometric pressure extremes. National Hurricane Center Summary of Tropical Storm Fay (pdf) Three tornadoes were reported with Fay. They are documented here. Rainfall map, from NOAA's Weather Prediction Center More maps are available at the WPC's website Brevard County has also produced a map of rainfall This map (pdf format) can "zoom in" for more detail. 3-hour radar-based rainfall estimates Day animated gif 18th loop0818.gif 19th loop0819.gif 20th loop0820.gif 21st loop0821.gif PRELIMINARY data indicates that this event is the 4th wettest tropical cyclone to affect the state of Florida and by far the wettest for east central Florida. A maximum rainfall total of 27.65 occurred 8 miles NW of Melbourne. The previous rainfall record for a tropical cyclone in the region was set in 1950, when Hurricane King dumped 15.44" of rain on Patrick Air Force Base near Cape Canaveral. Hurricane Wilma of 2005 holds third place--it dumped 13.26" on Kennedy Space Center. The "top ten" list for Florida follows: Storm Name (Year) Max Rainfall (ins) Location Easy (1950) 38.70 Yankeetown Georges (1998) 38.46 Munson Unnamed (1941) 35.00 Trenton Dennis (1985) 25.56 Homestead TD 1A (1992) 25.00 Arcadia Tower Jeanne (1980) 29.48 Key West Dora (1964) 23.73 Mayo TD (1969) 23.40 Havana Unnamed (1924) 23.22 Marcos Island Bob (1985) 21.50 Everglades City Alberto (1994) 21.38 Niceville Below is a map depicting the wind fields of Tropical Storm Fay (Click the map to see a larger version) Map based upon data provided by NOAA's Hurricane Research Division Photographs of Flooding in the Melbourne Area POST TROPICAL CYCLONE REPORT...TROPICAL STORM FAY NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE MELBOURNE FL 225 PM EDT TUE SEP 2 2008...UPDATE 3 UPDATE...FOR KCOF: ADDED MIN PRES...UPDATED MAX SUSTAINED WIND AND TOTAL PRECIP. -
FACF 0394 Bluebook.Pdf
c / NSF/NOAA ATM-8419116 I ~ ' q'-/- A c ENVIRONMENTAL INFLUENCES ON HURRICANE I NTENSI Fl CATION BY ROBERT T. MERRI LL COLORADO STATE UNIVERSITY P. L WILLIAM M. GRAY ENVIRONMENTAL INFLUENCES ON HURRICANE INTENSIFICATION By Robert T. Merrill Deparbnent of Atmospheric Science Colorado State University Fort Collins, Colorado 80523 December, 1985 Atmospheric Science Paper No. 394 ABSTRACT Though qualitatively similar in structure. different hurricanes can attain different peak intensities during their lifetimes. Forecasters and empiricists relate the intensity to the sea surface temperature and the "effectiveness" of the upper troPospheric outflow. but offer no clear explanation of how the latter operates. Numerical modelers usually ignore the surrounding flow and emphasize interaction between the convective and vortex scales exclusively. This paper examines more closely the observed upper-tropospheric environmental flow differences between hurricanes which intensify and those which fail to do so. and combines them with previously published empirical and modeling results into a general conceptual model of environmental influences on hurricane intensification. Upper troPospheric wind observations (from satellite cloud tracking. aircraft reports, and rawinsondes) are canposited for 28 hurricanes according to intensity tendency. A rotated coordinate system based on the outflow jet location is used so that the asymmetric flow structure is preserved. Little difference is observed in total outflow on the synoptic scale. However, intensifying hurricanes have a less constricted outflow with evidence or lateral connections with the surrounding flow. The asymmetric flow consists of a wave thought to be associated with barotropic instability or the anticyclonic flow above the hurricane and the juxtaposition of surrounding Clow Ceatures.