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Human Factors Design Guidance for Driver-Vehicle Interfaces

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DOT HS 812 360 December 2016 Human Factors Design Guidance For Driver-Vehicle Interfaces Disclaimer This publication is distributed by the U.S. Department of Transportation, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, in the interest of information exchange. The opinions, findings, and conclusions expressed in this publication are those of the authors and not necessarily those of the Department of Transportation or the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. The United States Government assumes no liability for its contents or use thereof. If trade or manufacturers’ names or products are mentioned, it is because they are considered essential to the object of the publication and should not be construed as an endorsement. The United States Government does not endorse products or manufacturers. Suggested APA Format Citation: Campbell, J. L., Brown. J. L., Graving, J. S., Richard, C. M., Lichty, M. G., Sanquist, T., … & Morgan, J. L.. (2016, December). Human factors design guidance for driver-vehicle interfaces (Report No. DOT HS 812 360). Washington, DC: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. Form Approved REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE OMB No. 0704-0188 1. AGENCY USE ONLY (Leave blank) 2. REPORT DATE 3. REPORT TYPE AND DATES December 2016 COVERED 4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE 5. FUNDING NUMBERS Human Factors Design Guidance for Driver-Vehicle Interfaces Contract No. DTN22-11-00236/001 6. AUTHORS John L. Campbell, James L. Brown. Justin S. Graving, Christian M. Richard, Monica G. Lichty, Thomas Sanquist, L. Paige Bacon, Robert Woods, Hong Li, Diane N. Williams, Justin F. Morgan 7. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS 8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION Battelle Memorial Institute REPORT NUMBER 505 King Avenue DOT HS 812 360 Columbus, Ohio 43201-2696 9. SPONSORING/MONITORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS 10. SPONSORING/MONITORING . SNational Highway Traffic Safety Administration AGENCY REPORT NUMBER 1200 New Jersey Avenue SE. Washington, DC 20590 11. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES Christian Jerome was NHTSA’s Contracting Officer’s Representative (COR) for this effort. 12a. DISTRIBUTION/AVAILABILITY STATEMENT 12b. DISTRIBUTION CODE Document is available to the public from the National Technical Information Service www.ntis.gov 13. ABSTRACT (Maximum 200 words) This document provides human factors design guidance for driver-vehicle interfaces (DVIs). The guidance provided is based on the findings of current high-quality research (including both the best-available scientific literature and current research being conducted by agencies of the United States Department of Transportation), as well as basic human factors concepts. The design guidance is provided as a complementary resource to other documents and resources, as well as an augment to industry research and existing guidance from the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. The information in this document may be useful to researchers, designers, and original equipment manufacturers and Tier-1 suppliers seeking to ensure the compatibility of DVIs with driver limitations and capabilities. 14. SUBJECT TERMS 15. NUMBER OF PAGES Driver Vehicle Interface, DVI, Crash Warnings, Driver Performance; Heavy Vehicle 260 16. PRICE CODE 17. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF 18. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF 19. SECURITY 20. LIMITATION OF REPORT THIS PAGE CLASSIFICATION ABSTRACT Unclassified Unclassified OF ABSTRACT i Table of Contents Chapter 1. Introduction ....................................................................................................... 1-1 Background ...................................................................................................................... 1-1 Scope ............................................................................................................................... 1-2 Objectives ........................................................................................................................ 1-2 Organization of this Document ......................................................................................... 1-2 Chapter 2. How to Use This Document .............................................................................. 2-1 Two-Page Format ............................................................................................................. 2-1 The Left-Hand Page ......................................................................................................... 2-1 The Right-Hand Page ...................................................................................................... 2-2 Use of Acronyms .............................................................................................................. 2-3 Chapter 3. General DVI Considerations ............................................................................. 3-1 Distraction ........................................................................................................................ 3-2 General Workload Considerations .................................................................................... 3-4 Workload from Secondary Tasks ...................................................................................... 3-6 Providing Drivers With Information on System Function and System Messages............... 3-8 Developing Driver Training Material ................................................................................ 3-10 Chapter 4. Design Guidance for Safety Messages ............................................................ 4-1 Multimodal Warning Messages ......................................................................................... 4-4 Warning Stages ................................................................................................................ 4-6 Providing Forward Collision Warnings That Accommodate Driver Brake Reaction Time .......................................................................................................... 4-8 Using Coverage Zones to Provide Lane Change Information ......................................... 4-10 Chapter 5. Message Characteristics .................................................................................. 5-1 Message Complexity ........................................................................................................ 5-4 Selection of Sensory Modality .......................................................................................... 5-6 Chapter 6. Visual Interfaces................................................................................................ 6-1 Visual Display Type for Safety-Related Messages ........................................................... 6-2 Locating a Visual Display ................................................................................................. 6-4 Using Color ...................................................................................................................... 6-6 Selecting Character Height for Icons and Text ................................................................. 6-8 Characteristics of Legible Text ....................................................................................... 6-10 Temporal Characteristics of Visual Displays ................................................................... 6-12 Display Glare .................................................................................................................. 6-14 Head-up Displays ........................................................................................................... 6-16 Chapter 7. Auditory Interfaces ........................................................................................... 7-1 Auditory Display Type....................................................................................................... 7-2 Perceived Urgency of Auditory Warnings ......................................................................... 7-4 Perceived Annoyance of Auditory Warnings ..................................................................... 7-6 Loudness of Auditory Warning Signals ............................................................................. 7-8 Distinctiveness of Warning Messages ............................................................................ 7-10 ii Using Localization Cues to Indicate Direction ..................................................................7 -12 Presenting Warnings Using Speech Messages ...............................................................7 -14 Chapter 8. Haptic Interfaces ................................................................................................8-1 Selecting a Haptic Display .................................................................................................8-2 General Characteristics for Haptic Displays ......................................................................8-4 Improving Distinctiveness of Haptic Displays ....................................................................8-6 Accommodating for Vibrotactile Sensitivity Across the Body .............................................8-8 Generating a Detectable Signal in a Vibrotactile Seat .....................................................8 -10 Presenting Spatial Information Using a Vibrotactile Seat .................................................8 -12 Chapter 9. Driver Inputs.......................................................................................................9-1 General Guidance for Driver-DVI Interactions ...................................................................9-2
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