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The Safety of Intelligent Driver Support Systems Human Factors in Road and Rail Transport THE SAFETY OF INTELLIGENT DRIVER SUPPOrt SYSTEMS Human Factors in Road and Rail Transport Series Editors Dr Lisa Dorn Director of the Driving Research Group, Department of Human Factors, Cranfield University Dr Gerald Matthews Professor of Psychology at the University of Cincinnati Dr Ian Glendon Associate Professor of Psychology at Griffith University, Queensland, and President of the Division of Traffic and Transportation Psychology of the International Association of Applied Psychology Today’s society must confront major land transport problems. The human and financial costs of vehicle accidents are increasing, with road traffic accidents predicted to become the third largest cause of death and injury across the world by 2020. Several social trends pose threats to safety, including increasing car ownership and traffic congestion, the increased complexity of the human-vehicle interface, the ageing of populations in the developed world, and a possible influx of young vehicle operators in the developing world. Ashgate’s ‘Human Factors in Road and Rail Transport’ series aims to make a timely contribution to these issues by focusing on the driver as a contributing causal agent in road and rail accidents. The series seeks to reflect the increasing demand for safe, efficient and economical land-based transport by reporting on the state-of-the-art science that may be applied to reduce vehicle collisions, improve the usability of vehicles and enhance the operator’s wellbeing and satisfaction. It will do so by disseminating new theoretical and empirical research from specialists in the behavioural and allied disciplines, including traffic psychology, human factors and ergonomics. The series captures topics such as driver behaviour, driver training, in-vehicle technology, driver health and driver assessment. Specially commissioned works from internationally recognised experts in the field will provide authoritative accounts of the leading approaches to this significant real-world problem. The Safety of Intelligent Driver Support Systems Design, Evaluation and Social Perspectives EDITED BY YVONNE BARNARD University of Leeds, UK RALF RISSER FACTUM OHG, Austria JOSEF KREMS Chemnitz University of Technology, Germany © Yvonne Barnard, Ralf Risser, Josef Krems 2011 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise without the prior permission of the publisher. Yvonne Barnard, Ralf Risser, Josef Krems have asserted their rights under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act, 1988, to be identified as the editors of this work. Published by Ashgate Publishing Limited Ashgate Publishing Company Wey Court East Suite 420 Union Road 101 Cherry Street Farnham Burlington Surrey, GU9 7PT VT 05401-4405 England USA www.ashgate.com British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data The safety of intelligent driver support systems : design, evaluation and social perspectives. -- (Human factors in road and rail transport) 1. Driver assistance systems--Design and construction. 2. Driver assistance systems--Evaluation. 3. Traffic safety. 4. Automobile drivers--Psychology. I. Series II. Barnard, Yvonne. III. Risser, Ralf. IV. Krems, Josef, 1954- 629.2’8304-dc22 ISBN: 978-0-7546-7776-5 (hbk) ISBN: 978-0-7546-9525-7 (ebk) Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data The safety of intelligent driver support systems : design, evaluation and social perspectives / edited by Yvonne Barnard, Ralf Risser, and Josef Krems. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-7546-7776-5 (hardback) -- ISBN 978-0-7546-9525-7 (ebook) 1. Intelligent transportation systems--Safety measures. 2. Automobiles--Safety appliances. 3. Traffic accidents--Risk assessment. I. Barnard, Yvonne F. II. Risser, Ralf. III. Krems, Josef, 1954- II TE228.3.S34 2010 388.3’12--dc22 2010040097 Contents List of Figures vii List of Tables ix List of Abbreviations xi About the Editors xv List of Authors and Affiliations xvii Preface xix Acknowledgements xxi 1 Introduction 1 Yvonne Barnard 2 Intelligent Driver Support System Functions in Cars and Their Potential Consequences for Safety 7 Annie Pauzie and Angelos Amditis 3 Safety According to IDSS Functions and to Different Driver Types 27 Ralf Risser and Ioanna Spyropoulou 4 Design for Safety: A Cognitive Engineering Approach 43 Guy Boy 5 HUMANIST Contributions for the Development of Guidelines and Standards on HMI 65 Christhard Gelau, Martin Baumann and Annie Pauzié 6 Evaluating Impact on Drivers and Drivers’ Tasks 81 Ioanna Spyropoulou 7 Tools and Procedures for Measuring Safety-relevant Criteria 93 Josef Krems and Tibor Petzoldt 8 Psychophysiological Measures of Driver State 111 Ellen Wilschut and Dick de Waard 9 Public Impact: Non-equipped and Vulnerable Road Users and Residents 121 Ralf Risser vi The Safety of Intelligent Driver Support Systems 10 Different Types of Drivers’ Social Problems 137 Juliane Haupt and Ralf Risser 11 The Future of IDSS 149 Yvonne Barnard, Ralf Risser, Clemens Kaufmann, Josef Krems and Tibor Petzoldt Index 171 List of Figures 5.1 Stages of the HUMANIST TF E Integrated Methodology (from: HUMANIST Deliverable E.4) 73 5.2 Relative frequency of subjects who declared to use NDs while driving (N = 90) 77 6.1 Driver related elements determining the potential impact of intelligent transport systems on road safety 83 7.1 Occlusion goggles 96 7.2 Head-mounted PDT – stimuli are presented on the inside of the black apparatus on the left side of the head, with varying position 97 7.3 Driving simulator at Chemnitz University of Technology 101 8.1 Average heart rate and heart rate variability in the 0.10 Hz band of 32 participants during the demanding task of filtering into motorway traffic 113 8.2 Schematic explanation of the method to extract an ERP by segmentation and averaging of the ongoing EEG signal 115 10.1 Hierarchical model of driver behaviour 138 This page has been left blank intentionally List of Tables 3.1 Problems and possible IDSS solutions 38 4.1 Probability of an accident given an in-flight medical event 44 5.1 Overview on correlation (product-moment-correlation coefficient r) between indicators of driving behaviour (driving simulator) and the occlusion index R 76 5.2 Mean frequency of ND use during a ‘typical week’ (N = 90) 77 9.1 Interaction with pedestrians inside the test area 124 9.2 Car drivers’ (N = 630) and pedestrians’ (N = 564) views on efficiency of measures for achieving appropriate speeds; 1 = very good, 5 = not good at all 128 9.3 Methods for prospective analysis of new car equipment 133 This page has been left blank intentionally List of Abbreviations ABS Anti-Lock Braking System ACAS Automotive Collision Avoidance System ACC Adaptive/ Autonomous Cruise Control ACEA Association des Constructeurs Européens d’Automobiles (European Automobile Manufacturers Association) ADAS Advanced Driver Assistance System ADVISORS Action for Advanced Driver Assistance and Vehicle Control Systems Implementation, Standardisation, Optimum Use of the Road Network and Safety AICC Autonomous Intelligent Cruise Control AIDE Adaptive Integrated Driver-Vehicle Interface ALC Alcohol Interlock AM Average Mean AR Augmented Reality ATIS Advanced Traveller Information System ATM Air Traffic Management AUTOS Artefact, User, Task, Organisation and Situation BAC Blood Alcohol Concentration BASt Bundesanstalt für Strassenwesen (Federal Highway Research Institute, Germany) BMW Bayerische Motoren Werke C3 Command, Control and Communication CAN Controller Area Network CCT Cognitive Complexity Theory CD Compact Disc CD-ROM Compact Disc Read-Only Memory CEC Commission of the European Communities CEN Comité Européen de Normalisation (European Committee for Standardization) CHMS Cognitive Human-Machine System CMM Capacity Maturity Model COCOM Contextual Control Model COMUNICAR Communication Multimedia Unit Inside Car COOPERS CO-OPerative systEms for intelligent Road Safety CREAM Cognitive Reliability and Error Analysis Method CUT Chemnitz University of Technology CVIS Cooperative Vehicle-Infrastructure Systems CWA Cognitive Work Analysis xii The Safety of Intelligent Driver Support Systems DAB Digital Audio Broadcasting DG Directorate General DMRG Dual-Mode Route-Guidance DUI Driving Under the Influence DVD Digital Versatile Disc e-call Emergency Call ECG Electro-Cardiogram EEG Electro-Encephalogram EFC Electronic Fee Collection ERP Event-Related Potential ESC Electronic Stability Control ESoP European Statement of Principles ESP Electronic Stability Programme ETP Experimental Test Pilot EU European Union EURISCO European Institute of Cognitive Sciences and Engineering FCW Forward Collision Warning FDW Following Distance Warning FESTA Field Operational Test Support Action FFT Fast Fourier Transformation fMRI Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging FOT Field Operational Test FWS Fatigue Warning System GEM Group Elicitation Method GOMS Goals, Operators, Methods and Selection Rules GPRS General Packet Radio Service GPS Global Positioning System GSM Global System for Mobile Communications HCD Human-Centered Design HCI Human Computer Interaction HGV Heavy Goods Vehicle HMI Human Machine Interaction HMI Human Machine Interface HRA Human Reliability Analysis HUMANIST Human Centred Design for Information Society Technologies IBI Inter-Beat-Interval ICC Intelligent Cruise Control IDSS Intelligent Driver Support Systems ISA Intelligent Speed Adaptation ISO International Organization for
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