St. Clement’s High School History Department – 9-1 Elizabeth Challenges at home & abroad

1568 – San Juan, Mexico The Threat – ended hopes of expanding The third of John Hawkins voyages to sell into lucrative markets overseas and African slaves in the Spanish new world increased tension with Spain ended in disaster when the Spanish attacked the English fleet killing all but 18 men 1569 Northern Rebellion The Threat – Elizabeth’s government Catholic Nobles in the north led a revolt to believed the rebels wanted to overthrow restore the Catholic religion, following the her as well as re-establish the Catholic arrival of Mary, Queen of Scots in England religion and an unsuccessful plan to marry her to the Duke of Norfolk 1570 – The Pope excommunicated Elizabeth The Threat – The Pope was calling upon The Pope’s excommunication of Elizabeth Catholics, especially foreign rulers, to take told Catholics they were no longer obliged action to restore Catholicism in England to obey her. This made it easier for them to consider plotting to overthrow her by force 1572 – The Dutch Revolt The Threat – The presence of a large The Dutch rebelled against Spanish control. Spanish army across the Channel was a Philip II sent a huge Spanish force under the threat to England’s security. A great deal of Duke of Alba woollen cloth was exported from England to the Netherlands. This important trade was disrupted, with harmful effects on the English economy 1571 – The Ridolfi Plot The Threat – The plot involved the most A Catholic plot to replace Elizabeth with senior English Nobleman, the king of Spain Mary, Queen of Scots and marry Mary to and the Pope. It would have resulted in the the Duke of Norfolk overthrow of Elizabeth and the restoration of Catholicism. 1580s – Arrival of Jesuit priests from Douai, The Threat - The priests claimed their Belgium motives were only religious, however, their Throughout the 1580s, English Catholic close allegiance to the Pope meant priests, trained at Jesuit colleges in Europe, Elizabeth saw them as political traitors who returned to England secretly to save the wanted to replace her with a Catholic Catholic religion monarch 1577-80 – France Drake around the world voyage The Threat – A challenge to relations with Drake attacked Spanish settlements on the Spain, but lucrative in terms of new trade west coast of South America, capturing routes and captured Spanish silver large quantities of silk and Spanish coins, and seizing Spanish treasure ships 1586: Babington Plot The Threat – It was obvious that as long as A Catholic plot to free Mary, Queen of Mary, Queen of Scots was alive, then Scots, which explicitly plotted the murder Elizabeth’s life was in danger of Elizabeth

St. Clement’s High School History Department St. Clement’s High School History Department – 9-1 Elizabeth Challenges at home & abroad

1585 – War with Spain The Threat – England was at war with the Elizabeth sent an army to the Netherlands most powerful country in Europe and after the leader of the Dutch Rebels, fighting for its existence as a separate William of Orange, was assassinated. War Protestant monarchy with Spain was now inevitable 1583 – The Throckmorton Plot The Threat – A combination of a religious This plot planned an uprising of English crusade with widespread foreign support, Catholic nobles, supported by French forces resulting in the overthrow of the Queen and financed by Spain, to free Mary, Queen of Scots and restore Catholicism 1587 – The execution of Mary, Queen of Scots The Threat – The Pope, France and Spain Elizabeth finally agreed to the execution of might invade England to avenge Mary. Her her cousin and heir son, the king of Scotland, and English Catholics might also want justice and join the attacks against Elizabeth 1587-88 – The Spanish Armada The Threat – the Queen and government in 1587, Drake attacked and destroyed 24 did not know how many English Catholics ships in Cadiz, but only delayed by 12 would join a Spanish invasion force months, the launch of the Armada, with the aim to land a Spanish army in Kent

Which of these challenges was the most significant and why?

St. Clement’s High School History Department