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Arbitration in Islamic Shari'ah Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences The Law School Lancaster University Arbitration in Islamic Shari’ah; A Comparative Study with International Law and English Law Faihan ibn Farraj ibn Hagshah LL.B in Shari'ah, LL.M in Comparative Jurisprudence (December 2013) Submitted for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy o ProQuest Number: 11003801 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a com plete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. uest ProQuest 11003801 Published by ProQuest LLC(2018). Copyright of the Dissertation is held by the Author. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States C ode Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. ProQuest LLC. 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106- 1346 Declaration I confirm that the thesis is my own work; that it has not been submitted in substantially the same form for the award of a higher degree elsewhere; and that all quotations have been distinguished and the sources of identification specifically acknowledged. l Abstract Alternative dispute resolution (ADR) witnesses an increase in usage by disputing parties through the world. Arbitration comes on the top of the list of this means of dispute settlement. This thesis studies arbitration in Islamic Shari’ah principally, along with international law and the English legal system. In addition, it refers to the arbitration system in KSA. It covers most of important stages and issues of arbitration, such as scope of arbitration, terms of arbitration agreements, qualifications of arbitrators, roles of the arbitral tribunal and the court during arbitration proceedings, grounds for refusal of the enforcement of the award, major obstacles which face arbitration, and so on. Additionally, it gives a brief overview of the ancient history of arbitration and indicates how various civilizations have benefited from it. The object of all these points of study is to find out mutual elements between the reviewed laws and also to highlight the differentials. The main goal is to discover to what extent Islamic Jurisprudence in arbitration is compatible with that in international law and English law. 2 Acknowledgments First of all, I have to thank 'Allah' who helped me to finish and submit this thesis. Then, I would like to thank so much my supervisor Professor David Milman who paved the way for me to write up my thesis. He provided me with great assistance and advice through the long journey of my PhD study. I am grateful for his tolerance and very good guidance that he offered me. 3 Table of Contents Declaration ......................................................................................................................................1 Abstract .......................................................................................................................................... 2 Acknowledgments ..........................................................................................................................3 List of Abbreviations ...................................................................................................................10 Introduction .................................................................................................................................. 11 Preface...................................................................................................................................... 11 Research Questions ..................................................................................................................14 Existing literature .....................................................................................................................15 Research Importance ............................................................................................................... 16 Research Methodology ........................................................................................................... 17 Chapter One ................................................................................................................................. 19 Arbitration as a Dispute Settlement Mechanism ....................................................................... 19 1.1 Definition of Arbitration ............................................................................................... 20 1.2 History of Arbitration ................................................................................................... 22 1.2.1 Israel Children Kingdom Era .................................................................................. 23 1.2.2 The Greek Era ..........................................................................................................27 1.2.3 Roman E ra ...............................................................................................................29 1.2.4 The Islamic Era ....................................................................................................... 30 1.2.5 The Middle Age Era ................................................................................................33 1.2.6 The Era of Modem History ..................................................................................... 34 1.3 Advantages of Arbitration .............................................................................................38 1.4 Legitimacy of Arbitration .............................................................................................42 1.4.1 Legitimacy of Arbitration in Shari’ah ....................................................................42 1.4.2 Legitimacy of Arbitration in International Law .................................................... 45 1.4.3 Legal Foundation of Arbitration in English Law ...................................................48 4 1.5 Scope o f Arbitration................................................................................................................. 51 1.5.1 Scope of Arbitration in Islamic Shari ’ah ...............................................................51 1.5.2 Scope of Arbitration in International Law .............................................................53 1.5.3 Scope of Arbitration in the English Legal System.................................................55 1.5.3.1 Arbitrability of Statutory Rights ................................................................................................... 58 1.5.3.2 Arbitrability of Employment Disputes and Consumer Disputes ........................................ 61 Chapter Two .................................................................................................................................63 Arbitration Agreement ................................................................................................................63 2.1 Terms of the Arbitration Agreements ...........................................................................64 2.1.1 Satisfaction .............................................................................................................. 64 2.1.2 Intention to Create a Legal Relationship ...............................................................68 2.1.3 The Subject .............................................................................................................69 2.1.4 The Object ...............................................................................................................69 2.1.5 Capacity .................................................................................................................. 70 2.1.6 Writing .................................................................................................................... 71 2.2 Types of Arbitration Agreement ...................................................................................74 2.2.1 Arbitration Clause .................................................................................................. 74 2.2.2 Submission Agreement .......................................................................................... 77 2.3 Characteristics of Arbitration Agreement .....................................................................78 2.3.1 Arbitration is a Legal Contract ..............................................................................78 2.3.2 Arbitration is a Nominate Contract ........................................................................78 2.3.3 Arbitration is a Consensual Contract .....................................................................79 2.3.4 Arbitration is a Commutative Contract ................................................................. 79 2.3.5 Arbitration is a Binding Contract ...........................................................................79 2.3.6 Arbitration is a Separable Contract ........................................................................80 2.4 Effects of Arbitration Agreement ..................................................................................86 2.5 Expiry of Arbitration Agreement ...................................................................................92 5 2.5.1 The Making of a Final Award .................................................................................92 2.5.2 Consent of the Parties to Extinguish the Arbitration
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