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A a Dukemcmullan July speleonics 18 1992 volURe V .....ar 2 288 188 188 DISTAHa FROI4 GROUND ZERO ~14a ~.... - 129 ~<: ~~laa ~~Be fh 0 88 4a 2a a a 19 29 3frJ ... 511 III 78 88 9a laa 11a ANGLE OF FIELD FRDN VERTICAL (DEG.) -:-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=--=-:-:-:-:-:-:-:-:-:-:-:-:-:-:-:-:-:-:-:-:-:-:-:-:-:-: Letter NIIER LED NOTES DukeMcMullan , Mel Park 9 Arnx.ncement:Tumel Detection S~sh.m , A CHEAP AND I'alTASLE HOEMADE ULTRAVIOlET LAII" Ph i l OKunewick 10 AUCALINE PRIMARY-CELL FAILlIfE MmE Douglas Strait 2 Resources Interestil1l References 11 IIICANDESCENT LMP PARAMETER VARIATION WITH VClTAGE PIEZOELECTRIC S(JM)-P<II:RED TELEPHONE Douglas Strai t , 2 Frank Reid 11 SVITCHIIG VOI..TAGE-REWLATORS FOR CHARACTERISTICS OF IIJLBS USED IN MINI-MGLITE(TM) LEAD-ACID BATTERY CHARGERS FLASHLIGHTS Douglas Strait 3 Douglas Strait 12 HZ CATAt YSIS FOR SEALED STROBES RADIO FREClEICIES OF INTEREST TO CAVERS (USA) . 12 John Ganter 5 FLASHLIGHT ~GERY MORE ON HIGH-BRIGHTNESS LEDS Duke McMuII an 12 Douglas Strait 6 IPELBIIICS 18 Volune V, Nunber 2 July, 1992 SPELEONICS fs publfshed quarterly (sanetfmes frregu. Foreign subscriptions can be paid in u.S. "peperu larly) by the CamLnicatfon and Electronics Section of dollars in the mail; an international money.order my the Natfonal Speleological Socfety (NSS). Primary inter- cost as much as the subscription itself. Many members ests fnclude cave redfo, I.I'IdergrounctcamLnfcatfon end have sent cash without problems. (No foreign currency, fnstrunentation, cave.rescue camLnications, cave l ight- please.) ing, end cave. related applications of 8111Bteurredio. NSS Editorship rotates 8ROngthe officers. Volunteers are IIII!IIbershfp is not required for newsletter subscription. encouraged to guest-edit or produce an issue. A technical Section lllellbership, which includes four issues of SPELE. session, followed by election of officers, is held annu- ONICS, is $6.00 in USAlCSnsda/Mexico, S8 overseas. Send ally during the NSSConvention. subscriptions to section treasurer Joe Giddens at the Canplimentary copies of SPELEONICSgo to NSS offices eddress below (make checks payable to SPELEONICS.)If you end sections, the u.S. Bureau of Mines, u.S. Geological have a h.-redio callsign or NSS lllellbership rutber, SUrvey, and the Longwave Club of America. please include them when slbscribing. Chainnen (end editor of Secretary (end editor of Treasurer (and edi tor of Publishers (this issue): issue #20): this issue): issue .19): I.. D~ F"" Reid U!IIItV Joe Gieldena I5IOZ D8Vid & Ele8'lOl" Larson 627 Varsity Est. Cres. N.W. P.O. Box 5283 PO Box 891 15 S 6th Ave. Calgary, Alberta Bloanington, Indiana Camden, Arkansas La Grange, Illinois CANADA T3B 3C4 47407-5283 71701 60525 internet e-mail: reidQucs.indiene.edu /\0/\ /\0/\ /\0/\ /\0/\ /\0/\ /\0/\ /\0/\ /\0/\ 1\61\ 1\61\ 1\61\ /\0/\ /\0/\ 1\0/\ /\0/\ /\0/\ /\0/\ /\0/\ /\0/\ /\0/\ Also efficacious are fluorescent lanterns for fixed work. We were digging leads in a (very!) small cave in This version of the f.iliar cave-redio depth graph was the Sandia Mountains a couple of summers ago, and an plotted by Dr. Robert F. Blakely of the Indiana Geolog- Eveready(tm) fluorescent lantern made work much easier-- ical Survey, using a Hewlett-Packard desktop computer. when the lantern was extinguished, it was instantly It relates depth to vertical angle of the transmiter's missed, even though the diggers were using headlamps. I magnetic field at different horizontal distances fran its plan to try them at Big Manhole Cave if that operation epicenter ("ground zero"). Any distance units may be resumes. used. Bill Mixon and Dicit Blenz originally published the Note that this work all has been done in environment- curves in 1964. ally fairly benign New Mexico caves. I can get away with using off.the-shelf fluorescent lamps with retrofitted clips and brackets. This work may not generalize to LETTER extremely wet and muddy caves. Not yet, at least. There'll be more information after the next series of Ian Drummond's notes on fluorescent lights in SPELEON- experiments. ICS 17 caught my attention. I've lately been experiment- ing with a belly-mounted fluorescent lamp for limited use ~ IIcAIll.. nSgax nss13429r in walking passages only. Helmet-mounted fluorescent phonS05-255-4642 ee5391aamtriton.cirt.unm.edu lamps don't hold great interest for me at this point in their development, since 1) they tend to be relatively fragile and I bumpmy heed, 2) the diffuse light is only AmoI.n:e8ent: good for near-field viewing, and 3) I ~ a saotliaht on my head for distance viewing. 1\IIEL DETECTION SYMPOSIUM The fluorescent light is much better as a belly or chest light, since you don't have to worry about aiming The fourth tunnel detection symposium on subsurface it. The advantage here is the visibility of shadows in exploration technology will be held April 26-29, 1993 in walking passage.' the head-mounted lamp tends to obscure Golden, Colorado. It is sponsored by the Combat shadows on the floor very badly; the belly-mounted lamp Engineering Directorate, u.S. Army Belvoir Reearch, brings them right out. This a function of having the Development and Engineering Center, in cooperation with lamp above or below the plane of vi si on. Try it with a the Colorado School of Mines. Contributor Bruce Bevan flashlight; it's simple enough to demonstrate. says that these symposia grew out of an interest in Such a lamp, I believe, should be considered as an detecting North Korean tunnels beneath the DMZ. For more addition to the headlamp rather than a replacement for information contact: it. Experiments in March at Ft. Stanton Cave (NM) con- Office of Special Programs and Continuing Education vinced me that such a system is useful in certain parts Colorado School of Mines of certain caves. CRF is going back there this July 4 Golden, 80401 weekend, and I'm plaming to experiment further. (303) 273-3321 1 8peleoniC8 18 vol V no. 2 July 1992 ALlCALIIE PRIMARY-CEll FAIIJIH: IIDE What action is appropriate given the very limited information we have on this failure mode? I suggest the Douglas Strait NSS 9707 following: 1. Avoid subjecting your batteries to unnecessary shock I recently experienced an alkaline cell failure via a and vibration. mechanism previously unknown to me. The cell experienc- 2- Where high confidence in battery capacity is required ing this failure was one of the 4 cells within an Ever- such as when a single battery is to be taken on a long eady Energizer(tm) #529 6V lantern battery. Fortuitous- cave trip, test the battery immediately prior to use. ly, this battery had been tested before use in such a way As previously described, I test alkaline lantern bat- teries and sets of 4 as to preclude ascribing this failure to previous abuse "D" cells by measuring the term- or gross manufacturing defect. Prior to using alkaline inal voltage 1 minute after application of a 0.7 amp cells or batteries, I routinely test them under load. My load. For my uses, approximate remaining capacity is given by the formula %capacity (V-3.00)13.00. This standard test for 6V lantern batteries or sets of 4 "D" = cells is to apply a load of 0.7A (with the battery at formula at best gives a fair approximation of capac- room temperature) and to measure the terminal voltage ity. You will find that new batteries will typically after 1 minute. I have found this to be an effective yield a capacity figure of 90-95%. I use an LM317T means of detecting batteries containing weak or defective voltage regulator configured as a constant. current cells. The battery containing the cell which later sink for the 0.7 amp load. This test should be per- failed was initially tested via this method and determ- formed at 68 to 770F [20 - 25OC] for best results. ined to be good. The battery was used under normal caving conditions for 7 hours during which performance was satisfactory and approximately 40% of the nominal INCAJI)ESCEIT I.MP PARMETER VARIATICII UITH WLTAGE capacity was removed. The battery was subsequently stored in a refrigerator for 6 months with the exception Douglas Strait NSS 9101 of 3 or 4 occasions when it was transported in my truck on caving trips but not used. Total estimated distance Most readers are probably familiar with the way in of truck transportation subsequent to the initial 40% which incandescent lampparameters (current, life, light discharge was In the range of 5000-6000 miles. I hap- output, efficiency, etc.) vary In responle to applied pened to use this battery to test a light and noted that voltage. Most lamp manufacturers publlih thll Informs. the terminal voltage under load was markedly lower than tion as a table or graph. These tabular or graphical expected based upon the discharge history of the battery. data are derived from a set of equations th8t relete the Because I was curious about this, I decided to investi- parameter of interest to the applied voltage, via voltage gate further. I removed the sheet-metal cover from the raised to an exponent. These exponents are based upon a battery to permit access to the individual cells. I composite of various designs of lamps. Typical exponents measured the Individual cell voltages under load and used are 1.8 for efficiency (efficiency varies as voltege found 3 to have voltages consistent with the battery raised to the 1.8 power), 3.5 for light output (light discharge history and the fourth cell to have a much output varies as voltage raised to the 3.5 power), 0.54 lower voltage. None of the cells exhibited leakage or for current (current varies as voltage raised to the 0.54 signs of physical abuse.
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