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How Things Work. INSTITUTION American Association of Physics Teachers, College Park, MD DOCUMENT RESUME ED 359 061 SE 053 529 AUTHOR Crane, H. Richard TITLE How Things Work. INSTITUTION American Association of Physics Teachers, College Park, MD. REPORT NO ISBN-0-917853-44-X PUB DATE 92 NOTE 118p.; Photographs will not reproduce clearly. AVAILABLE FROMAmerican Association of Physics Teachers, 5112 Berwyn Road, College Park, MD 20740-4100. PUB TYPE Reports Research/Technical (143) EDRS PRICE MF01/PC05 Plus Postage. DESCRIPTORS Electricity; Elementary School Science; Elementary Secondary Education; Energy; Force; Higher Education; Light; Magnets; Motion; *Physics; Problem Solving; Science Activities; Science and Society; *Science Education; Science Materials; Secondary School Science; Spectroscopy IDENTIFIERS Frisbee ABSTRACT This book is a collection of 66 "How Things Work" columns from the journal "The Physics Teacher," 1983-1991. All the devices and phenomena are ones that are met in everyday life, involve physics principles, and require explanations thatare not immediately obvious. Topics include: touch panels in elevators, liquid crystal displays, metal locators, automatic toasters, traffic signals,copy machines, smoke alarms, halogen lamps, maintenance-freecar batteries, air bags, bar codes, hydraulic ram, wind chill factor, doppler radar, and fishing spinners. The text is illustrated with black and white photographs and diagrams. (PR) *********************************************************************** Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made * from the original document. *********************************************************************** "P "PERMISSION TO REPRODUCE THIS U.S. DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION (Nice o Educalronal Research and Improvement MATERIAL HAS BEEN GRANTED BY EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES INFORMATION CENTER (ERIC) Nicole Wagschal Q.,.This document has been reproduced as received from the person or organization originating it Cr) Minor changes nave been made to improve reproduction quality Points of view or opinions staled in this docu TO THE EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES ment do not necessarily reprottent official INFORMATION CENTER (ERIC)." OERI pownon or policy CFilei AVAILABLE BEST COPY AVAILABLE How Things Work (A Collection of "How Things Work" Columns from The Physics Teacher, 1983-1991.) ©1992 American Association of Physics Teachers Published by: American Association of Physics Teachers 5112 Berwyn Road College Park, MD 20740-4100 U.S.A. Cover: The cover was designed by Rebecca Heller Rados. ISBN #: 0-917853-44-X Contents 1983 Light Dimmer 1 April 1983 Frisbees, Can Lids, and Gyroscopic Effects 1 May 1983 Touch Panels in Elevators and Idiosyncrasies of Gas Tubes 2 September 1983 Liquid Crystal Displays: Watches, Calculators, and (Soon) Cars .. 4 October 1983 How the Housefly Uses Physics to Stabilize Flight 5 November 1983 Making Light Bulbs Last Forever or, "There is no such thing as a free lunch" 6 December 1983 1984 Metal Locators and Related Devices 9 January 1984 A Spinning Top, Lenz's Law, and Electric Watches 11 February 1984 Have You Picked a Lock Lately' 12 March 1984 How to Pump Blood without a Heart 14 April 1984 Light, Dark, or Burned? Two Automatic Toasters 15 May 1984 Your (Not Always) Friendly Traffic Signals 16 September 1984 Physics in the Copy Machine 18 October 1984 Ionization Smoke Alarms 19 November 1984 Automatically Focusing Came:as 21 December 1984 1985 Halogen Lamps 23 January 1985 Locating the Studs in a Wall 24 February 1985 How to Lift a Ship without Doing Much Work 25 March 1985 More on the Thermobile: Power from Wire that Remembers 26 April 1985 From a Reader: A Puzzle about Rear-View Mirrors 27 April 198 Stretch Orientation: A Process of a Hundred Uses 28 May 1985 5 Measuring Alcohol Concentration in the Blood 29 September 1985 What Is the Secret of "Maintenance-Free" Car Batteries? 31 October 1985 Fluorescent Lights: A Few Basic Facts 32 November 1985 The Air Bag: An Exercise in Newton's Laws 34 December 1985 1986 New Life for an Old Device: The Ring Interferometer 37 January 1986 How a Cable Car Turns a Corner 38 February 1986 A Plywood Goose that Seems to Fly 39 March 1986 Some of the Physics of Cardiac Pacemakers 41 April 1986 A Spinning Coffee Can and More on Alcohol and Locks 42 May 1986 Bar Codes Are on EverythingWhat Do They Say? 44 September 1986 Smart Ignition Systems on Modern Cars 46 October 1986 Beyond the Frisbee 48 November 1986 How Physics Is Used to Repel Deer and Fleas 49 November 1986 How Lumps of Steel Shape Themselves into Near-Perfect Spheres 50 December 1986 1987 The Transponder: Devica of Many Uses 53 January 1987 Three-Dimensional Moire Patterns 54 February 1987 Why Your Gas Tank Doesn't Overflow 56 March 1987 The Hydraulic Ram: How to Make Water Go Uphill 57 April 1987 Penguins on an Escalator 59 September 1987 Body Volume Measured by Sound Waves 61 October 1987 A Tornado in a Soda Bottle and Angular Momentum in theWashbasin 63 November 1987 Uncommon Uses of the Stereoscope 65 December 1987 1988 A Magnetic Compass with No Moving Parts 69 January 1988 The Doppler Ball: A Novel Use of the Piezo-Electric Effect 71 February 1988 How to Rotate a Ball from the Inside 73 March 1988 Help for Forgetful Car Owners and Lazy Yo-Yo Throwers 75 April 1988 What Can a Dimple Do for a Skipping Stone? 77 May 1988 Looking Backward and ForwardStart of a New Year 78 September 1988 1989 Brrrr! The Origin of the Wind Chill Factor 81 January 1989 Doppler Radar: The Speed of the Air in a Tornado 83 March 1989 On Electric Shocks and Spinning Eggs 84 April 1989 More Flying, Spinning Objects 86 May 1989 What Does the Drinising Bird Know About Jet Lag? 88 September 1989 How to Measure the Flow of Liquids 89 October 1989 Mystery Glow-Ball: When Is a Battery Not a Battery? 91 November 1989 The Noises Your Muscles Make 93 December 1989 1990 Sampling the Weather in the Upper Atmosphere by Balloon 97 March 1990 The Stirling Engine-173 Years Old and Running 98 April 1990 How Does the Honeybee Sense Polarization? 100 October 1990 Newton's Yo-Yo, a Square Sprinkler, and a Disposable Battery Tester 102 November 1990 1991 What Makes a Fishing Spinner Spin? 105 February 1991 Digital Electronic Balances: Mass or Weight? 107 March 1991 The Rattleback Revisited 108 May 1991 Steam Clock in Gastown 110 October 1991 Three Intuition Teasers 112 December 1991 Preface Since1983, Dick Crane has been telling readers of The Physics Teacher (TPT) "How Things Work." The topics have ranged from toys to spider webs, and from ring interferometers to gasoline pumps. All the devices and phenomena are ones that we meet in everyday life, all involve physics principles, and all require explanations that are not immediately obvious. Among his many other talents, Dick Crane not only figures out the inner workings of these things, but also makes the explanations understandable to us. During these nine years, TPT has carried nearly 70 examples of this talent. The "How Things Work" column in TPT is just one out of a long list of contributions that Dick Crane has made to physics and physics teaching. His exquisite precision measurement of the g-factor of the electron was recognized in 1967 by the award of the Davisson-Germer prize by The American Physical Society. He is a member of the National Academy of Sciences, a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, and winner of a National Medal of Science in 1986. During his long career at the University of Michigan at Ann Arbor, he served as chairman of the Physics Department for seven years and as director of a defense project for the University during World War II. Within our own association of AAPT, he is a past president and has been awarded the Oersted Medal and the Melba Newell Phillips Award. He has served as president of the Midwestern Universities Research Association and as chairman of the Governing Board of the American Institute of Physics. Although retired from formal teaching since 1978, Dick continues many science and education projects besides his work for TPT. As a major activity he contributes his expertise to the Ann Arbor Hands-On Museum. He has created a numhcr of unique exhibits for the Museum, as well as having written a guide book for visitors that explains the underlying science in the things they see and work with. In all this his flair for experimental devices and simple explanation shows through. Why should we now collect all these columns about "How Things Work" into a single book? They are available in past issues of The Physics Teacher, and Dick promises that there will be no end to future unpuzzlings. New mysteries of everyday life continually make their appearance, providing more grist for Dick's mill. On the other hand, there is a large audience of young physics teachers who may not have complete sets of TPT. Furthermore, all of us will appreciate the convenience of having the topics gathered and organized. Be sure to read Dick's explanation of how he writes these columns, printed on page 78 of this volume. Then you must decide whether to leave the book on your coffee table for casual browsing or on your office reference shelf. Perhaps you should get two copies, or three if you are foolish enough to loan a book like this. Cliff Swartz Editor, The Physics Teacher Light Dimmer Ifound this described in a book, but I had to do "reverse engineering" on a real one (take it apart, trace the circuit and measure the components) to satisfy myself. The CATHODE A heart of it is a triac, which is two silicon controlled recti- fiers (SCR's) in parallel but with polarities opposite, in a single chip (Fig. la and lb). An SCR is triggered into its ON (anode to cathode conducting) state when a small positive voltage is applied to the gate.
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