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Palestine Exploration Quarterly

ISSN: 0031-0328 (Print) 1743-1301 (Online) Journal homepage: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/ypeq20

Discovery at the Mosque El Aksa, Jerusalem

Hyde Clarke

To cite this article: Clarke (1871) Discovery at the Mosque El Aksa, Jerusalem, Palestine Exploration Quarterly, 3:4, 176-196, DOI: 10.1179/peq.1871.022

To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/peq.1871.022

Published online: 02 Jan 2014.

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Download by: [Monash University Library] Date: 02 July 2016, At: 09:54 176 ON THE RELATIONS OF CANAANITE EXPLORATION

These inscriptions, and the bas-reliefs on the monument called Kamua HurmUl, in Crelo-Syria, near the source of the Orontes, and possibly of the same peL'iod,are an enigma, as yet, to the most learned OrientaliatR. It iR to be hopel1, however, now that attention is aO'ain called to the subject, that the clue may be found that shall unlock their meaning, and that Northern Syria will be no longer overlooked by the explorer.

DISCOVERY AT THE MOSQUE EL AKS.A, JERUSALEM.i(.

A. DISCOVERY of considerable interest has been made in this :Mosque by the Rev. J. Neil, who has only recently gone to Jerusalem for the Society for the Conversion of the Jews. "In the Mosque of EI Aksa,"

he writes, II you will remember that there is a long plain room opening out at the south-east angle, called the :Mosque of Omar, in which the· only object of interest whatever is a recess supported by two twisted pillars, and called the Mihrab, or Praying-place of Omar. You may,. perhaps, remember that the pillars on each of this recess, of Solomonic twisted pattern and polished marble, appeal' to have been turned upside down, and to have their capitals of greyish stone in broken leaf-like patterns below. Ou vi~iting this the day before yesterday, July 5th, I discovered that a great part of the yellowish plaster had been removed from the top of these pillars, and that rich grotesquely carved capitals were exposed to view in an admirable state of preserva- tion. These capitals, though pressing behind against the wall, are carved on all the four sides. rfhe Sheikh of the temple told me this was :first seen about two days before my visit, while cleaning the wall. . . The sketches I send are shamefully rough, but I have no idea of draw- ing: they were made by myself from still rougher sketches." These drawings are at the office of the Palestine Exploration Fund, 9, Pall }'fall East, where they have been sent by the Rev. F. Smith, to whom Mr. Neil was writing.

ON THE RELATIONS OF CANAANITE EXPLORATION Downloaded by [Monash University Library] at 09:54 02 July 2016 TO PRE ..HISTORIC CLASSIC ARCHJEOLOGY.

BY nYDE CLARKE. IN a late paper in the Journal of the Palestine Exploration Fund. I showed, on the evidence of the riyer names of Palestine, what '\VaSth~ connection of the Canaanite population with general history, an~ called the attention of investigators to the probability of discoV'erlIlg pre-Israelite monuments and relics. As an effort is now being made

* Reprinted, by kind permission of the editor, from the Athcnrezt11l· ,..,. TO PRE-HISTORIC CLASSIC ARCHlEOLOGY. 1II

on the part of the Fund to extend the n.nge of exploration by another expedition, it has appearell to me desirable to show more fully how, beyond the special Israelitic and local investigation, such an expedi- tion may extend the domain of Biblical inquiry into earlier epochs of research, and assist pre-historic studies in their widest relations. Thus, independent of the particular interest which gives the expedi- tion so strong a claim to support, it must, if provided with adequate fnnds, and if the explorations be carried deep enough, throw light on those very departments of Western archreologywhich are now the most obscure, including Lyeian, Lydian, Phrygian, Proto-Hellenic, and Etruscan, On the other side, it may render very valuable service to Assyrian and Indian researches, The reason of this lies in the peculiar position of Canaan in relation to the study of the ancient world, which gives it exceptional importance as a means of defining unsettled ques- tions of archmology elsewhere. The facts that were given in the previous paper as to river names were few, but they were conclusive in showing that Canaan belonged to the general system of ancient geographical nomenclature, prior to the Semitic and Aryan terminology. They pointed out that there was one great empire of the world, which was Caucasian, that empire having its eapital in' the plains of Shimar, and it enabled us to ascertain the unsuspected extent of that empire, which reached to the Egyptian border, included the North African coast, all Europe south of the :Baltic, the countries between the Caspian and the Aral, and then passing along the Himalayas, embraced Further and Hither India, The river names did not supply the whole of the evidence,but they afforded for a popular purpose sufficient materials of a well-defined character, and which can be more easily dealt with. There is another class of local names much more numerous, and those are the ancient town names. These are scattered over many authors, and transliterated by Greeks of several dialects and by Romans, There is, however, one great group, the town names of Canaan, transliterated by Israelites, and to be found in one most ancient record, the historical books of the Bible. Of these more in .detail. Another class, but one more difficult to deal with in the present state of our knowledge, consists of the mythological, heroic, and kingly names. These are constituted on confol'mable principles, and chiefly on certain recognisable roots. Hel'e again the Bible is our great Downloaded by [Monash University Library] at 09:54 02 July 2016 treasury of knowledge. These mat,erials will throw a light on the germs of history in Greece generally referred to a Phcenician explana- tion, for which, after all, we have not the materials. The sources already referred to illustrate the language of the epoch, which was Caucasian, I have lately pointed out that it is by Caucasian. we are to explain some remarkable names in the dynasty of Saul, Mephi Bosheth, Ish Bosheth, Esh Baal, Merab, Merib Baal, Malchi Shua. To these may be added Iahbi Benob, Samachonitis (referred to 178 ON THE RELATIONS 'OF CANAANITE EXPLORATION

in the river names), and possibly Gomorrah (Chirumra of Lycia). The results of a comparison of the scanty vocabulary of Lycian, Lydian, Phrygian, Thracian, and Etruscan, all tend in one direction to the rela- tionship of these "barbarous" languages of the ancient world, other than Hispano-Iberian, to the Caucasian. For the modern Caucasian vocabulary we have copious materials in the several languages now spoken, besides the old MSS. of Caucasian. A possible source of further supplies is in cuneiform. 'l'he field of Caucasian exploration includes within it,. therefore, as already stated, those most interesting regions of Asia Minor, Greece, and Etruria, and there must be comparison of populations, of monu- ments, and of antiquities. With regard to population, the relationship of that of Etruria with the East must have been palpable in the features of the people, as indeed we are able to recognise them in their sculp- ture and in their paintings, but an uncertain indication of IIerodotus has baffled the identification. There is a resemblance of features between the Etruscans and the Armenians, but there is none in language, and. for this reason, that the ancient language of the Armenians was not as now Indo-European, or Aryan, but Caucasian. It is Canaan, if properly explored, which will yield us the means of defining the Etruscan and all the archaic monuments and relics of Hellas, of the isles, and of the Asiatic peninsula. It is with a viewof strengthening the chain of evidence that attention is now directed to the town names of Palestine. These, down to the end of Chronicles, are about four hundred in number. It is possible that some Hebrew names may be embraced in the list, but exact identification is not yet possible, and a casual error is of no immediate importance. The first step is to arrange these names, as far as may be, according to their roots, and it will be seen that they thus fall into a smalIel· number of classes' than might be supposed, and into distinct classes. For the purpose of comparison with the archmological regions referred to, the corresponding names are classified in four groups :-1. Asia Minor, including Armenia, and with Caucasia, Crete, Cyprus, and the Asiatic islands; 2nd. Greece, with the northern regions, including Thrace and Illyria, and with the Greek islands; 3rd. Italy, with Istria, Sicily, Sardinia, and Corsica; 4th. Spain, with the Balearic Isles. Downloaded by [Monash University Library] at 09:54 02 July 2016 The names here given do not constitute the full list, but they are given copiously, because the cases of identity ~re numerous and striking, and if a few only were given they might be suspected to be merely casual coincidences or freaks of language, such as may be picked out from the most discordant languages. Here it is not 80, and care- ful examina.tion will show that the results must be true and what they ought to be. TO PRE-HISTORIC CLASSIC ARCH1EOLOGY. 179

PALESTINE. ASIA MINOR, &C. GREECE, &C. ITALY, &C. SPAIN.

~IRS :Mosera Masora, Cappo Arm. Mazara, Sicily 1tIoseroth' l\Iascra " " Mazuri, Pamph. 1tforcshcth Marathusa, Crete ... 1tlursinos, Elis ... :Merusium, Sicily Mareshah Sharairn .. ,Beramana, POlltus Ramesc::; ... IBeramusa, ~~P~'.'" Krimisa, Brut. " ISormasa, PlsHlm Shamir Zimara, Cappo Arm. Ismara, Thrace Shimro~l II~lUara ". Zemaram :Slsmara, Arm. :Mm. Samaria Eusemara " " Aza.mara, Cappo )IUD Rithmeh Uithumna, Crete ... Ka.rdamule,Lace. Eretma, Sab .... Kertima, Tar. Ramath Rarmathus, Troau. Myrtilis, Lusit. l\faarath Marathus, Crete ... \M:aratha, Arcadia:Maruvimn, Sub. " ~Iarathesium, Ionia " Phocis " ... Marathon, Attica Tamar ...... " . Tmarus, Epeiru8 " .. , Thimarum, Thes. ,, ... Domerus, :Maced. :MD Etham .. . Ithome, Thessaly Edom Amad , Armcn. ... Amathia, :Maccd. Amantin, Brut. Hamath Amathus, Cyprus Amathus, Lacon. ,, :Madia, Colcilis :MDN Temani Timclla, Paph. ... ,Taminre, Eubrea Dimonah Timonitis :Idomcnc, Acarn. " Domana, Pontus / " 1tlaced. Timnath ... Tumnos, " ,Tumna, Arm. :Min. " . ITemnos, Mysia Thimnathah IThyrnnias, Caria. l\Iadon Methymna, Lesbos Methone, Maced. Matinum, It. ... Meidunium, Tar . ." . I.?, Cr~tc " Thes. Mutina, Gal. Cis. J\I1ddm l\humon, PhrYgIa... " :Mess. " .. . "Argolis

Downloaded by [Monash University Library] at 09:54 02 July 2016 " ... Mcdeon, Acarn. " .. . "Phocis ~m.n Gebim . Gabii, Lat. )IKD 1tIithcah .. Medokia, Cappo ... Motyca, Sicily Mctheg . Mouikia, Liguria Dumoh Tumia, Pontus ... Dyme, Thrace " ... " Achaia MDS Shittim , Lycia ... Sadamis, Thrace Ziddim 180 ON THE RELATIONS OF CANAANlTE EXPLORA.TION

I P.ALE8'l'IHB. ASIA MINOR, &C. GDlroB, .tC. ITALY, .te. SPAIN.

MDSSodom MDBMedeba...... Metapa, lEtolia MDLAdullam ... Delemna, Cappo Telem Telmissus, Lycia ... Thalam~, LaC. Telamo, Etr. ... Adellum, Tar...... Talamina, T81'. Moladah" ... Melitara., Phrygia. Melitrea, Thessa1y Meltanum, Etr. , Caria...... Melita., Illyria. ... " Crete " Melita," Arm. Min. Melitonos, Mace. " Ameletus, Pontus Alameth" ... Kalamude, Crete MNRRimmon ... Armone, Pa.ph. ... Rhamnus, Attica Ariminium, Um. Ramnous, Crete ... Orminium, Thes. " Hermonas.qa, Pont. ArmeniuDlt Thes. " ... Hermione, Arg . Nimrah" ... , Cilicia Shimron ... , Lydia Samoma, MNLZalmoneh" ... Salamis, CyprUs ... Salmone, Elis .... Sulmo, Sabin. ... Salmantika, LU8. Salmalassus, Arm. Salamis, I. Almon" ...... Lemnos, I...... Almine, Etrur. Laminium, Tar. Lahman ... Limena, Cyprus ... Leimone, Thes. MN Madmannah Medmasa, Caria. Methymna, Lesbos " Crete MNSAzmon" ...... Somena," Lycia ...... Kasmena, Sicily Heshmon MKSMassah ...... Amasea, Pontus ... Messa ...... Massa, Etruria Mozah ...... Mazaka, Caph. Mosega, Albania :Makaz" ...... Mokisos, Caph. ... Mukos, Phocis .. Mago, Breti ca. Ammokhostos, Cyp. Makistos, Elis " Mokasura, 'fhrace Shahizimah" , Gimza ...... Kamisa, Capp ...... Segisama, TaI'. Chemosh Downloaded by [Monash University Library] at 09:54 02 July 2016 MS Shema ...... Samos, I...... Same, Cephallen Azem ...... Zama, Cappo Ezom ...... Syme, I...... Oisume, Maced. llIBS Mizpah ...... Messaba, Caria ...... Messapia, Lakou ... Locris " ... Messapium," Breo. Shebam" ...... Sabus, Cappo Arm. Sabium, Gal. Cis. ... --. Shepham ... Sapha ...... Aspavia, B Sibmah ...... Siva, Cappo ...... Si phai, Breot . llKR Carmel ...... Cannala, Cappo Ar. ... Karme, Lus i --- TO PRE-HISTORIC CLASSIC ARCH..f:OLOGY. 181

PALESTINE. I ASIA MINOR, &0. GREECE, &e. ITALY, &e. SPAIN. I------j M:KRKarem Karima, Galatia Kromi, Arcad. Horem Korium, Cret? IHyrrnine, Elis Hormah ., GalatIa Harma, Breot. " Karmasa IHermiolle, Argo!. Gomorrah ... Khimrera, Lycia Chimrera, Epeirus Cameira, Rhodes Camarinum, Umb Commoris, Cilicia . Comaros, Epeirus Uekem Arkhama., Cappo Orkhomenos,Bceo Rhegma, Cilicia Arcadia MachiI' Mogara, Pontus Megara, Megar Megara, Sicily Meehirath Makrasa, Lydia Mearah . Himera, Sicily }lKL Lakum Lagine, Caria . Alagonia, Lacon. Luka Leukiana, Lug. Gamala ~ Homelo, Thess. Lakonimurium, Etr. Gallim . Halimona, Attic. Okelum, Lug., Bret. lin,s Salem Salamis, Cyprus '" Salamis, I. Sulmo, Sabin. Shalem Salmalassus, Arm. , Three. Latium Shillim Zalmon Mt. Soluma, Lycia Salmolle, Elis Salmuka, Tar. Leshem /Klazomenro, Lydia. Jrfashal Mesaleme, POlltus MI:. Ramah Rhegma, Cilicia '" Rhamre, Thrnce Roma, Latium Arumah , l C· Rh Att' A'" U b Humah Aromata, ~. !lna amnos, le. rlmmlUm, m: Arkhama, Cappo M L :Millo Mallos, Cilicia ~Iulai, Thessaly Mala, Colchis Amilos, Arcadia Meles, Sabin Malia, Tar. Melos, I. Helam Alamai, Albania Malaia, Arcadia Lumo, Liguria Lumellum, G.Cis. BRD Bel·ed Baratta, Lycaonia . Beretra, Picen Beeroth , Phrygia !sparta, Laconia BUl'derate, Ligur. Pirathon Phreata, Caph. ... Peraitheis, Area. Veretum, Apulia Spartavia, Tar. Kibroth Barta, Pontus Eupuridai, Attica Daberoth Doberos, Maced.

Downloaded by [Monash University Library] at 09:54 02 July 2016 Debir Dabara, Caria Roboretum, Tar. Taberah Tapura, Arm. Min. Lodebir Davara, Cappo Litabrum, Tar. Pethor , Lycia. Phaidria, Arcadia Pithnron, Sicily I Cappo Arm. Abdera, Thracc Pitcrnum, Sabin.' Petra, Sicily Bithron . Pitharon, Sicily Arbath Carpathos, 1. Herbitai, Sicily Aruboth 182 ON THE RELATIONS OF CANAANITE EXPLORATION

PALESTINE. .A8IA MINOR, &C. GREECE, etC. ITALY, &C• SPAIN.

BRD Zarephath Sparta, Pisidia Sparta, Lacon. BR~ Paran , Carla , Three. Verona, Gal. Cis. " Prlon, Ephesus Aperantia, lEtol. Feronia, Sardinia " Briana, Phrygia ... Jamphorina,Mac " Perperina, Mysia... Prifernum, Sabin Barnea Abarnis, Mysia Libama, Ligur. Ebronah Kebrene, Mysia Bruanion, Mace. Ziphron Ophruneion, Mysia ... Sibrium, Gal. Cis. Siberina, Brut. " . Sybaris, Lucan. BRK Argob Argos, Argolis Rehoboth Archabis, Cappo ... " Acarnan. Gaber Cabeira, Pont us Chcphar Cibura, Pisidia Euphaira, Thes. Capra, Gal. Cisal. Capara, Lus. Chephirah... " Cilicia Cyparissia, Area. Caprrea, I. Kibroth Kebrene, Mysia. Kobrus, Thrace Cupra, Picur. Akrabim Akraba Akraiphiai, Bceo. Ephrah ... Phrixa, Elis Bahuri ... Begorra, Maced. Rabbah Rhupes, Achaia Arabah Harpagia, Mysia Arbake, Tar. Arab Araphe, Attica. Karavis, Tar. Paruah Pergre,Pamphylia Phanlgai, Doris Verrugo, Latium Bergium, Tar. Berachah Phrygia , Maced•... Bergomum Tuboricum, Tar. " Pergamus, Mysia ... ' ... Barkine, Tar. " ...... Bergidium, Tar. B R Birei , Caria ' Pherai, Thessaly " , :Mysia Beroia, Maced. Barium, Apulia BRS Bozrah Bazaro, CappoArm. Passaron, Epeir. Posauru.m, Umb. Bezel' Pasarne,Capp.Arm. Sepher ,sepura, Cllic. Sibrium, Gal. Cis. Sibaria, Lus. Ziphron Phusipara, Arm. Siberina, Brut. Subur, Tar. Sibraim...... Sybaris, Lucau. Vesperios, Tar. " Caspcrula, Sub. Kisimbrium, Bar. " Sibrium, Gal. Cis. Consabrum, Tar. Misrephoth Seriphos, 1. Sirpium, Sab. Serpa, Bcetica. Downloaded by [Monash University Library] at 09:54 02 July 2016 BS Abez Ephesus Bessa.,Attica. Pisre, Etrulia. Ibes, Tar. Ephez J Bazeis, Cappo .: Pisa, Ac~aia Paz Abassos, Phrygla.. "Ebs Paseah ... Phoizoi, Arcad. Boza, Sardine Sheba Asiba, Pontus Asopus, Lacon. Sabium, Gal. Cis. Savia, Tar. Ziph Siva, Cappo Siphai, Boootia Siphreum, Bnlt. Iaspis, Tar. Shebah Sabus, Cappo Arm. Aspavia, Bar. " Zoba, Pisidia BSK BOskath IAbaskUS,R Phuska, Maced. Avesika, Istria Bakasis, Tar. Bezek Physkus, Caria. Buxeta, Gal. Cis. -- TO PRE-HISTORIC CLASSIC ARCH£OLOGY. 183

PALESTINE. ASIA :MINOR, &0. GREECE, &e, I ITALY, &0. SPAIN.

ilSK Jebusi Habessus, Lycia '" Ebusus, 1. Chozeba Casbia, Lycaonia Cassope, Epeirus Kusibi, Tar. Achzib Achshaph Kibzaim '" Kabassus, Cappo Kupasis, Thrace Compsa, Sab. ... Kaphasa, Lus . .mm Zephath Sibcda, Lycia Subata, Epeirus Sabate, Etruria " Sphettos, Attica I Ishtob Stoboi, Maced Stabire, Campan. Astapa, Brot. " Astibon "I ... Sretabis, Tar. Tiphsah...... Thisbe, TIccotia . USN Bashan Passanda, Mysia Pasinum, IlJyrialPhausania, Sardo " Pisonos, CappoArm. Zaphon Siphnos, 1. Srepinum, Sabini Shophan , . . . . rm Eboda , MysIa HippotaI, Brooha AnfidIa, Sabm. BadIa, LUSIt. Oboth , Pisidia Vatia, Sabin Biatin, Tarrac Tebbath Tobata, Pamph Thebre, Bccotia ... Bodetia, Liguria Adeba, " Thebez , Cilicia...... " Thessaly Tappuah Taba, Phrygia Dipaia, Arcadia Dibo, Lusit. " Tabre, Caria. nDN Pauan Pitanc, l\1ysia Bithenre, Thrace Pitinum, Picen. Beuunin, Tarrac " ...... " Sabin. Beden Petenissus, Lycaon Puuna, :Maced. FiJenre, Lat. Betonim Bitoana, Caria Puthion, Thessal. Aphillit...... Apidna, Attic Phintias, Sicily Pinctus,I,nsit. " Phrenike,Epeirus ... Pintia, 'farrac ilL Abel AbaIa Pella, l\faceu. Abella, Campania Aboula " Abila PiaIa, Pontus Pialia, ThcssaIy Abolla, Sicily Belia " Bela Pyla, " Phelloe, Aehaia Pallia, Etruria Obila, Lusit. Baala Phellcs, Lycia BoIeoi, Argos Palla, Corsica Balah...... Pela, Istria Albium, Ligur. Oliba, Tarrac Eleph l La.pha, Crete ... Olpe, Acarnania Alba, Lat. Heleph ~ Allife, Sabin ~ Elavia, Sicily BLD BeaIoth Ablata, Pontus Philiaidai, Attica Palatium, Sabin. Vella-dis, Lusit. Baalath , Pisidia Platrea, Bccotia Yaletium, Apulia Blretisa, "

Downloaded by [Monash University Library] at 09:54 02 July 2016 Palet Bethel Petalia, Pisidia Pautalia, Maced. Petelia, Brut. ... Bretula, Tar. Bethul " Petiliana, Sicily " ... Puteoli, Camp. Thophel TabaIa, Lydia Tolophon, Locris Tibula, Sar

:PALl~STINE. Asu. MINOR, &:C. GREECE, &:C. ITALY, &C. SPAIN.

BLN Libnah , Lyaia Alpenos, Doris. Lavinium, Lat. Libnath , Caria " I.•uc. Pelon Abliana, Albania Phalana, Thessal. Pallanum, Sal. Pallantia, Ta~·. Pallene, Attica Abellinum, Sab. Ebellinum, Tar. Laconia Belunum, Veneto Belon, Bretica. " Arcadia Velina, Etrurla. Prelontium, Tar. " Phalanna, Thes. Volana, Sicily Peleon, Bceotia Pe~~el Viniola, Sardinia Yiniola, TalTl\c BLK Cabul Chabala, Albania . Capula, Veneto ... Gebala, Tar. Cubilia, Lydia . Cibilis, Lusit. Helbon Colophon, Lydia Hcllopia, Epeirus Kollippo, " Bilhah Balkeia, Mysia Abilibos, Thessa.l. Obulkon, Boot. Helbah BLR Irpeel Brlula, Carla...... Araplos, Thrace Arabela, Sicily ... Turbula, Tar. Riblah . Harpleia, Laconia Trebula, Sabin. Karbulo., Beet. Tribola, Lusit. " BLS Kabzeel Karpazelis, Cappo Kupsela, Thrace Hispellum, Umbo Hispa1is, Beet. Bazlith , Pamph. Pausulre, Picen. Presula, Beet. Pisilis, Carla. . Fresulm, Etrur. Basilippo, Beet. Shalbim ... Silbium, Phrygia .. Salebro, Etrur. Silpia, Beet.: Sal via, Picen. Silbe, Istria BX N ebo" Nepea., Phrygia Enope, Laconia Enipa, Beet. Nobah { Niobe, Lydia (a} N ovium, Tar. dripping stone) Nopha.h Nephtoah l . (Well) ~ Nymphre, Lydia Nepete, Etruria Onoba, Eret. Anab All~ve, Phrygia Anaphe, 1. Anabis,Tar. Janobah AnaboIt £nope, Laconia Onoba, Boot. Punon Pionia, Mysia ~. , Thr. ... BOllonia, Gal. Cis. Ophni , Hupana, Achaia Opillum, Lucan. Abans. Abanus, PhryWa". Ipni, Thessaly .. Aufena, Subin Baniana, Beet. KIt Achor [caria, 1. Aigura, Achaia Akcrrre, Gal. Cis. Agiria, Tar. Gerar Careura, Caria Icaria, Attica Cariara, Etruria Caurium, Lusit. Downloaded by [Monash University Library] at 09:54 02 July 2016 J agur Carus, Bythnia Acharrai, Thes. Acara, Gal. Cis. Rechah Rocca, Crete Rhegium, Brut. Jericho Acharacha, Caria... Arikia, Latium Orgao, Beet. Arka Akre, Sicily Orkia, Tar. Karkor , Mysia Kerka, Bceotia Kirkeii, Latium Karruka, Bret. ~urika, " KRL Rachal Argela, Caria Ar~le, Attica Regillum, Rub. Arakeli, Tar. Rogel Bargulia, Caria . . Krokulion, lEtol. Vergilis, " KRD Kartah ". Kardas&, Caria Khuretiai, Thes. Kroton, Brut. ... Karthago, Tar. Kerioth Gordos, Lydia Skirltis, Laconia ------TO PRE-HISTORIC CLASSIC ARCH~OLOGY. 185

PALESTI~E. .ASIA .MINOR, &C. GREECE, &C. ITALY, &C. SPAIN .

KRD Kirjath Krade, Caria Kartan Gortuna, Crete Gurtona, Thessal. Cortona, Etruria Kretinn, Lusit. Kitron Khutrion, Lydia Kitron, Maced. Kroton, Brut. Geder Get.'lrn, Albania .. , Leuktra, B(Coth~, Gerah Cadra, Cappo Eketra, Latium Gederath Cedrore, Caria . Nikotera, Brut . , Paph. Skidrus, Brut . Kotuora, Pontus Rakkath Perkote, Mysia Ergetium, Sicily Tarraga, Tar. Ariath Ariassus, Pisidia Erissiadai, Attira Arretium, Etrur. Aritium, Lus .. KRN Karnaim Karnake, Cappo Karnasion, :Mes. Geronium, Sabin. Karanikum, Tar. Karnalis, Cappo .. , Koronoa, Thes. Gerunda., Tar. Gorneas, Armenia " Phocis Ekron Grynia, ~Iysia Akharna, Attica Aharna, Etrur. " Korna, Lycaonia Kheromea, Bceot. Horonaim .. Corinthus, Cor. Haran Arams,. CAtap. I'm. Krannon, Epr. " Thessaly Migron Murkinos, Maced l\{urgantia, Sab. Rakkon Arucandia, Lycia Erikinnion, Ths. Fregenre, Etrurin Aranga, .Cappo Furkona, Sabin. Rignon, Lycaonia Tarqllinii, Etrur. N ahor Ancyra, Phrygia Allnguros, Attica Ankura, Sicily Anaharoth .. Ancyra, Galatia Tanagra, Brootia Nukeria, Umbo " Gal. Cis. KRS Geshuri. Khasira, Arm. J\Iaj. Gezor Kizara, Cappo Lukosoura, Arca . •Jazer Gaziora, Pontus Gazorus, :Maced. Rissah ······I!RhiZUS,Pontus Kharissia, Arcad. Carystus, Ligur. Ha~oseth ... Ariassus, Pisidia Keressus, Bawtia Harosheth .. ·!, Lydia _ Erusikhos, Acar. Carisi, Sardinia Keresus, Tar. Haresh Sirah' Saraka, Colchis Syracusa, Sici!. Sorokarin, Beet. Charashim .. Carasena, M:ysia ... Corseia, Lokris " Gareskos, Maced. l\Iasrekah Makrassa, Lydia Sikaraka., Tar. Sihor Sacora, Cappo Sukurion, Thess. Skhera, Sicily Seken're, Tar.

Downloaded by [Monash University Library] at 09:54 02 July 2016 Shicron Daskura, Arm. !vIin. Seyros, 1. ... S ukron, Tar. KRM Carmel Carmala, Cap. Arm. Cromi, Arcadia Crernona,Gal.Cis. Karern ,. Karirna, Galatia. Hermione. Argol. Karme, Lusit. Horem Korium, Crete Hyrmine, Elis Hormah Cormasa Ha11na, Bceotia Gornorrah Cornmoris, Cilicia Comaros, Epeirus Camarinum, Umb Chimrera, Lycia ... Chimrera, Epeirus Came ira, Rhodes Crete " 186 ON THE RELATIONS OF CANAAXITE EXPLORA.TION

PALESTINE. ABU. MINOR, &C. GREECE, .te. ITALY, &C. SPAIl!I.

K RM Rekem Rhegma, Cilicia '" Orkhomenos, Bee. " Orukhomenos, Rho. ,t Arcad. Machir Mogarn, Pontus Megara, Megaris Megara, Sicily :Mechirath Macrasa, Lydia Amorgos, I. Himera " Mearah Magarsa, Cilicia KBN Gibeon '" apena, Etruria Cepiana, Lusit. Cabbon . Xiphonius, Sicil. Equabona, Nekeb Anakba, Cappo Nikaia, Doris KBD Gibbeath . Capution, Sicily Gibbethon KB Gaba Abgabes, Pontus Caphuai Capua, Campan. Aphek Pheka, Thessaly Gabii, Latium Aphekah Phokaia, Lydia ... Phokis ...•...... Pauka, Cit " Pbegeus, Attica KL Keilah Kaloe, Lydia Khalia, Beeotia Gela, Sicily Kale, Tar. Aigilre, Laconia Celia, Almlia Okilis, " Gilgal Golgoi, Cyprus Chalcis, Eubcea Aquila, Sabin Hachilah Kekulion, Mysia Oichalia, ThessaI. Halikua.i, Sicily Hogla .lEto!. ... Aquileia, Etruria " Agy lIa, " KLD Gilead Gelda, Albania Calydon, £to1. Galata, Sicily Galeed Challidai, Attica Galatia, Sabin Gelloth Echelidre " Tigullia, Etruria Giloh...... Cliternum, Sabin. Makheloth Megalassus, Cap. Ar. Migdol Mugdala, Pamllh. •Toktheel . Kutilia, Sabin . Giddel . Ekbetla, Sicily Helkath Lakhiadai, Attica Elkethion, Sicily Olkades, Tar. Belgede, " KLS Chisloth" Akalissos, Lycia . Chesil Gazelon, Pontus . Egelasta, Tar. Chesalon Colossai, Phrygia Glisas, Bceotia Chesulloth Salchah Zalekhus, Pam ph.' Salganeus, Broot. Sulchi, Sardinia Salakia, Lus &; Tal'l , , Sagalassus, Pisidia Sallakus, Lus. I

Downloaded by [Monash University Library] at 09:54 02 July 2016 f Lachish Lazika, Colchis .. , Lukoa, Arcadia ! Eshcol Sagulion, Pontus Skullai, Thrace Skullreum, Brut. i " Skolla, Cappo Skolos, Rceotia i Shiloh Saloe, Lydia Lake Sellasia, Laconia Selill, Bmotia I KLN Eglon Egilanum, Pontus Kleonai, Argos Akelanum, Sab. . I Golan Kelenoi, Phrygia... " Phocis Kallonialla, Sici1. Klunia, Tar. Ajalon Kalunda, Caria Kullene, Elis .. 1Eculanum, Sab. Kolenda, " Holan HelIana, Etruria Askelon... .. Skulake, }'Iysia ... Salganeus, Becot. Asculum 1Picen. " Asklon j Apu1. ---:..-_------TO PRE-HISTORIC CLASSIC ARCH...EOLOGY. 187

PALESTINE. I AsIA MINOR, &0. GREECE, &c. ITALY, &C. SPAIN. I KLN N ahallal INakoleia, Phrygia Ankhiale, Thrace

K X Gain 1 Kana, Mysia Ganos, Thrace Cannre, Apulia Kanah " Lesbos Gonnos, Thessaly Genua, Liguria Kunike, Bal. Is. 1 Janoah IKonne, Phrygia Khuniai, Thracc Khana, Sicily Konkana, Tar.

Kinah ! Krena, Cappo Aiginion, Thes. Kekina, Etruria Kinna,

l\fekonah 'ii Ikonium, Lycaonia Mykenos, I. Krenina, Lat. ... Kinniani, " JEgonne, Pontus Mykenai, Argos Aquinum " Neah Niga, Albania Nikaia, Doris Nikre, Ljguria Noega, Tar. , KDS Kadesh IKUdiSSOS,Phrygia... Gades, Bretica. " Godasa, Arm. Min. Succoth paskousa, Cappo Skotussa, Thes. Hadashah :Hudissa, Caria KND Kenath Gundusa, Cap. Arm. Kunaitha, Arcad. Egnatio, Apulia Akontia, Tar. Hannathon , Caria Panakton, Attic. Daanah Adana, Cilicia Donakon, Bceot. Taanach Thiana, Cappo Catana, Sicily InlN" 1flekonah .. !Iagnana, Pontus Migonion, Lacen. Gannim .. ' Akmona, Phrygia Mykenai, Argos Engyum, Sicily Janum Ikonium, Lycmia Mykonos, I. " Mykunia, 1Eto1. Comini Camon ... 1 , Pontus .... Alkomenai, Thes. Kanama, Bcetica J okneam j " Armema " Mac. Jamna, Bal. Is. Maon? Haamonai ... Haimoniai, Arca. l\: S Gaza l,, l\Iysia Casos, I. Agasus, Apulia Oeasso, Tar. Azzah ... ~ , Pontus Kissa, Thrace Gaash Kussus, Lydia Hessos, Locris . Kaus, Tnrrac Rezir Kuzikos Kissos, Maced. Hosah Khuza, Cappo Husiai, Argos Jahaza Azekah :M:osega, Albania . Askia, Sabin. ... Ossigi, Bcctica Sukkeianum, Socoh } .Isuk-e, C'l"1 lCla . { Brut. SllOCO h •.. i

Secacah I Sikinos, I. Shihon i Sicyon, Greece

KD Rattah 1 Kuta, Colchis lEgitium, lEtolia Akidii, Lucania Gath 1Kadi, Phrygia Gatheai, Arcadia lEgida, Istria

Downloaded by [Monash University Library] at 09:54 02 July 2016 Gudgodah !Cadyanda, Lycia Guthion, Laconi Caudium, Sab. Tukki, Boot.

J uttah .. , ! Kotuaeion, Phrygia Dikaia, Thrace ... Tugia, Tar. Techoa ..\Citium, Cyprus ... Tegea, Arcadia... Attakum, Tar. Athach Attica, Greece Othoka, Sardinia Attegus, Boot. K Accho Aegai, Lycia...... Akki, Tar. H ukkok Akkatukki, Tar. SRD za~ed""'''''lsardiS' Lydia .... :. Sarta, Macedonia Sand Arsarata, Arm. MaJ. Zeirath Saratra, Lycaonia 188 ON THE RELATIONS OF CANAANITE EXPLORATION

PALESTINE. AsIA MINOR, &C. GREECE, &C. ITALY, &C. SPAIN.

8RD Zaretan ...... Sardent'!, Caria Zartanah ... Sardeva, Arm. Maj . Zortane, Tbrace Saturnia, Etrnria Hazeroth ... Khasira, Arm. Maj. Aahteroth ... Asdara, Cappo ...... Stiria, Attica ... Ostra, Umbria Sataros, Lycia ...... Astura, Latium " Astura, Mysia ...... Sutrium, Etrnria " Setara Beshterah" ... Sotira, Pontus ...... Pistoria, Etruria ! Ostrus, Phrygia ...... Testrina, Sabin. I Moresheth" ... Marathusa, Crete ... Eresidai, Attica Rosetum, Etruria I I Moseroth } Masora, Cappo Arm. Oresthasia, Area. Mosera ... I Mazllri, Pamph. I Tirzah ...... Tarsos, Cilicia ...... Eutresis, Breotia Taurasia, Sabin. I Darsa, Pisidia ...... Thruoessa, Achao i t SR Zoar" ...... , Iberia ...... Serrai, Maced .... Assorus, Sicily .. Seria, Bret. Zer ...... Paphlag. ... Assel'a, Maced . Zorah ...... Zara," Cappo Arm. Issoria, Epeirus I Azora, Arm. Major Azores, Thessaly SKN Ashnah" ... Sakoena, Cilicia ... Schoineus, Corin~ ... Assoconia, Tar . Kishion ...... Sicyon, Greece ... Kasena, Gal. Cis. Gizon ...... Gazene, Phrygia ... Sikinos, I ...... Risauna, Subin. Kazin ...... Kasinum, Lat. SRN Sharon ...... Saruena, Capp. ... Serrion, Thessaly lEsernia, Sabin. Shamen ...... Sourion, Pontus ... Sarsina, Umbria Sharaim ... Sauronisena, Pontus ... rrrsaria, I stria ... Siamm, Bret . Asarinum, Cappo " 8M Massah ...... Amasia, Pontus ... Messa, Lacenia ... Massa, Etnuia Mozah ...... Amuzon, Caria ...... Mases, Argolis Shema ...... Zama, Cappo ...... Same,Cephallellin Azem ...... Samos, I...... Oisume, Maced . Ezem ...... Syme, I. SLM Salem ...... Salamis, Cyprus ... Salamis, I. Shalom ...... Salmalassus, Arme. , Th ... Salmantika Zalmon, Mt. Soluma, Lycia ...... Salmone, Elis ... Sulmo, Sabin ... Salmuka, Tar. Shillim ...... Selymbria, Thra. Latium Leshem ...... Klazomenre, Lydia Solsmnia, I. " Downloaded by [Monash University Library] at 09:54 02 July 2016 :M:ashal ...... Mesylame, Pontus ... Massilia, Gaul SN Zt'!nan ...... Sana, Arm. Major Sane, Macedonia Sena, Etruria Eshean ...... Sinna, Cappo ...... Aisonis, Thessal. Umlnia Shell ...... Sinna, Galatia ...... Sane, Macedonia Suana," Etruria Zaananim ... Soana, Cappo ...... Saniana, Thrace Sinuessa, Latium Ashan ...... Azani, Phrygia ... Asine, Lacon. (3) Ausona, Latium Jeshanah ... Osiana, Capp...... Azenia, Attica ... Sinonia, J. Shunem ...... Sanua, Albania ... Sunium, Attica ... Suna, Sab . Sansannah Saniseni, Paph...... Susonnia, Veneto Sanisera, Bal. Nazianzene, Cap. " TO PRE-HISTORIC CLASSIC ARCH .•£OLOGY. 189

MINOR, &0. PALESTiNE. Asu. GREECE, &C. . ITA.LY. &:C. SPAIN.

~l>~ Sidon Sidenia, Lycia Sithonin, 1vlaceu. ! J" "Mysia ..: Sosthenis, Thes'18estinum, Umbo Aznoth Sunnada, Phl'ygIa SDL Eshtaol , Arm. Minol"Castalia ,Statule, Subiu. Setelsis, Tar. Astale, Crete I iKnstolos, Lydia I Castulo, Tar. " Sedala, Arm. 1vIinol' I Thelassal' Al'taleson, Arm. Telessia., Sub. iST. Zela Zela, Pontus... Sellium, Lus. Scla Sala, Arm. Major LeBsa, Argos Solia, Hret. Laish Ozzala, Cappo Elcusis, Attica Laus, Lucan .. Lesa, Tar. Luz Lassora , 01oesson, 'rhrnce Alsium, Etruria Alush ,Eleousa, Cilida. Al yzia, Greece Halcsa, Sicil. Shalisha ... Scllasia, Laconia !'is Suzall. Suissa, Cappo Suessa, Latium Asscssos, Carin...... Suassa, Umbria , Assissium, " lP.M Ramah (4) .iRegIna, Cilicia. Rhamre, 'rIll'acc Romn, Latium ! Rumah '.. Aroma, Carin. '" '" n.hamnos, Attica Arimillium, U mb I Arumah A.rchama, Cappo II~X Iron Arna (Xanthus) .. ~Arne, Thessaly Arna, Umbria I Haran Aranis, Cappo .Arm Arainos, Laconil\AI'Clltia,l Subin ! Erana, Cilicia Erineos, Doris I I Arnero, Lydia Arriana, Thra.ce !~ arnia, Sardine I " Umbria 1 ~aaran ~ora, Cappo Erana, :M('sscn. INure, Sm' Naur:l.th N,ariandus, Caria N arona, Illyria N cl'ctum, Apulia N ~r~inium, Tar. DL !dala Idalrea,. Cypr~s Delo~, 1. IItalia, Lacell Atlhana, Tar. I Jcthlah Attale.la, Lydia Dauhs, PharIs 1 Tolad...... '. Oitulis, .Elis .... "',Tete llus, Gal. Cis'IToletum, Tar. LocI Laue, Can.t

Aloth .. "' Aludua, Phrygin Elateia, PhocLs I; DL'i Dilcan '" ~.. ,Dolionis, :M:ysia DelioH, Brootia ... TelIc·urc, Lat. ... Tu~I~niulll, Tar. " Mytileno, Lesbl)s Atalanta, :Maced. Yetulonia, Lat. Atl1mna, D:'\ Itlmun Thiaua, Cappo Athcnai, Attica lAtina, VC1~Ct. !tanos, Crete !ton, 'rhessaly " Latium Downloaded by [Monash University Library] at 09:54 02 July 2016 Ta...,Ulath ITenedos, I. Tenos, I. /Ttlllctlllll,Gal. Cis. " I Pamphy 1. .\.tinatcs, Sabin. Ancth I Anthedon, Broot. Nctium, Apulia : Anathoth ! Antium, Lat. I/lI:L Taralah IT~'alles, Caria E~atria, Ep~irus Tal~ria, Sicily ., iUS ZedacI Slue, Pamphyl. SIde, Lacoma Setm, IJ~t .. : ASldoc, B~t. Ashdou Sidas, Corinth Asta, LlgtU'la Asta, Luslt. Ashdoth Tazos, Colchis Dasea, Arcadia Hasta, Hadashah , Colchis .. , Edessa, :Maced. 'risia, Brut. ; UD Adadah , Pisidia Tcutllis, A read. Teate, Sabin. ... Edeta, Tar.

I._----_._--_.! - -_._ .._'.- ._- •.. Q 190 ON THE RELATION~ OF CANAANITE EXPLORATIOX

PALESTINE. \ Asu. MINOR. &C. GREECE, &C. ITALY, &C. SPAI'.

:Dn Hadattah \Adatthai~ ?~pp ~hcu~ca, Sahin. I .. . nn. Do1'o :Doron, Clhcla [huna, :Messan. iTlera, Plcen. i I AdOl'aim i • •• Ithoria, JEtolia :Tha1'ra, Sardin. ! , Dol' Hydara,Capp.A1'm. Derai, Sicyon ! Udura, Tar. . Eder Teria, Mysia Ithoria, 1Etolia 'Adria, Gal. Cis. I Ata1'oth :Thusbeia, Lydia Thendo1'ia, Epeir.:Turrita, Etruria :Uttaris, Tar .. Arillth iRhreteum, Mysia El'ition, Thcssaly'Anctium, " IAritium, Lusit. Al:ad ;Rhodos, I. :.. . . IErete, Sici~y I . L:\l ~hllo :Mala, ColchlS : Malaw, Arca~ha ,Meles, Sabm ,l\falla, Tar . . IS Allon Olane, A1'mema Olenos, JEtolla Olonna Alome, ".

Elo~ 1 . . .. :.. ~l?ne, The~saly Luna, Etrur~a I.. , : J, Hah All, Clhcla Ells, ArcadIa Elea, Lucama Aha, Tm. LJ. Halhul !Halala, Cappo Halias, Argos I u Japho ..!Aphia, Phrygia Abai, Phocis Ophia, Sabin Hippo, Tar.

i Japhia ..IAipeia, Cyprus Abia, Messene ...IEubrea, Sicily , YD Avith Ipida, Pontus Aphetai, Thessal.lYeii, Etruria K Ouo ..!Annaia, Caria Oinoe, Attica N oai, Sicily ])D Dothan ······1 ... Dodolla

The identification of these names does not depend on simple genel'al resemblance; they will be found to afford details of relationship, which again become of great importance to pre-historic investigation. The prefixes are M, T (D), s, B (p), K, L, Y, 0, &c., being the ancient series and extending beyond the Semitic. The words in the Hebrew tra.nsliteration are generally in a crude form, without a final vowel. They generally consist of three consonants, with or without a prefix. Many are dissyllables, which in Greek or Latin transliterations are trisyllables. This latter seems to be the Caucasian form for town names, but in Asia Minor there are tetrasyllables. The tetrasyllables in Italy are mostly caused by the addition of a Latin termination. The vowels conform to a great degree in the Hebrew ana the other transliterations, though not always in the same order. Thus, to take a few cases from the earliest in the list:- Downloaded by [Monash University Library] at 09:54 02 July 2016 Mosera 1\laso1'a Shamir Zimara Ismara. Maarath ~larathlls ~raratha. Marathon Amad Amathia .A.mathus 'fcmani Timeui.l Dumoh Tumia Dumo Rimmon Armone Orminium Zalmonl'h Salmone Rumah Roma Parnah Phanlgai Yerrugo Boskath Phuska Buxata . TO PRE-HISTORIC CLASSIC ARCH~OLOGY. 191

Chozeba Cassope Bashan Passandre Pasinum Betonim Bitoana Puthioll Aphinit Apidna Phiutias Pintia. Abila Piala Pun on Bononia rallion Anaharoth Auaguros Charashim . Carasena Haamonai Haimoniai Kinah Kinna Kinniani Kekina Kanah Kana Ganos Gamue Sharuen Samena Zaananim Saniana Sansannah Saniseni Idala Idahea Dilean Delion Adadah Adada Hadattah Adatthai

Where vowels are interchanged in transliterations they are commonly the middle vowels (I, E), and the female vowels (0, u). The male vowels are usually represented by A. The representatives of the double vowels are another marked point.

Baala Piala Pialia Taanaeh Thiana Gaash Ceos Naarath Nariandus Haamonai Haimoniai Taanath Teanum Irpecl Harpleia Teehoa Tegea Attegua Zonr Issoria Zanoah Soana Goath Guthion Sharuen Sarruena Serrion' Birei Bireia Barium Phenc Dilean Delion Dolionis Tullonium Ariath Reate'

Of the terminations, one of the first to be noticed is that in H. This,. Downloaded by [Monash University Library] at 09:54 02 July 2016 as lengthening the syllable, is represented in sixty-six cases by uu additional vowel. A few examples are given :-

I\Iithcah l\Ieuokia :Modikia Nimrah Anemuriulll Anemoria Mizpah :Messapia Messapimn 1'rIol)sion Berachah Ambrakia Bcrgium Bozrah Perusia Bruzcia Bursao Shebah Siphreum Zobia Ralah Piala Ve1lda ~hi1oh Saloe Seli~ 192 ON THE RELATIO~S OF CANAANITE EXPLORATION

Suzah Suissa. Suessa Doroa. ThuriulU Tiora Haehilah Akilium Aquileia Canah Chunire Genua Hadashah Dasca Tisia

It is possIble that i1 represcnts the vowel in the ordinary form, as in Greek and Latin it is I, the vowel now used in Georgian. H changes to N, as Ummah (Homona), Mozah (Amuzon), Socoh(Suc- ceianum), Dimonah (Timonion), Hormah (Hermionc, Hurmine), Gomol'- rah (Camarinum), Arumah (Ariminium), and about twenty cases. H changes also to S, as Bozrah (Bruzus), Tirzah (), Rabbah (Rhupes), and in about twelve ca.ses. H as a final changes to K, but it is then a radical, as in Sirah (Sirika). As an intermediate letter and radical it also changes to K, as Hare8heth (Keressos, Kharissa), Sihor (Sakora), Anaharoth (Anaguros), Hazar (Chasira), Bilhah (Balkeia), a.nd in about twenty-fiv.e cases. H as a final is represented as other finals are by a plural. This takes place in sixteen cases, as ~osah (Husiai), Zartanah (Zortanre), Hadattah (Adatthai), Berachah (Pharugai), Hachilah (Aigilre). The termination TH follows the same general laws as that in H. It represents a lengthening vowel but in a few cases, as MOl'esheth (Merusium), Bazlith (Pmsula). TH also changes to N, as in Timnath (Temenion), Mephath (Mevania), and in six cases. TH changes to s more freely in about twenty-three cases, as Chisloth (Acalissos), Mechirath (Macrasa), Boskath (Abaskus, Phuskus), Tn preserves its form as a final and as a radical in many cases, as- Amatha (Amathus), Kenath (Kunaitha), Maarath (Maratha); but it is represented also by D, DD, and T. It is possible that the D in Greek transliteration was sometimes a Dhelta (as in Romaic), and not a Delta. TH as a final is represented also by a plural in twenty cases, as -Gibbeath (Kaphuai), Avith (Veii), Moseroth (Mazuri), Gelloth (Khallidai) . N is a terminal; its peculia.rity is that in about twenty examples it is represented also by N, as-Shih on (Sicyon), Sharon (Serrion)~ Kartan (Kroton), Kitron (KhutriQn), Pelon (Peleon, Belon). In most cases,

Downloaded by [Monash University Library] at 09:54 02 July 2016 howe,er, it is represented ~with a vowel added. Occasionally the N is mute, as in Shimron (Sinlara), Punon (Peonia), Pirathon (Piratbeis). It is also represented by a plural form, as- Dilean (Tellenro), Rakkon (Eregenre). It is to be noted that N is a terminal in other transliterations, as- Galeed (Calydon), Helkath (Elkethion), Maroth (Marathon), M is a terminal. . M: a~ a plural is not always represented as a plural in other tra.ns- ht~rat~ons .. The best examples are-Akrabim (Akraiphai, Kekropai), Betonlm (BIthenro, Potniai), Zaanim (Azani), Gebim (Gabii), Bochim (Bagre). TO PRE-HISTORIC CLASSIC ARCH..£OLOGY. 193 The pll1!al forms of the ancient town names of the several regions is perhaps to be thus accounted for. A Caucasian capital would consist of three parts, representing the middle, Dlale, and female. The middle town was the citadel, with the residence of the king and soldiery, with the fire-temple on the hill; the male town contained ihe residence of the governor and' the priests, of the artisans and tradesmen, ,vith the temples and groves of worship; and the female town was the seaport or river subu.rb, with its population of persons devoted to the water- fishermen, boatmen, sailors, aliens, slaves, &c. In case of a summer

town and a winter town, the winter town would be the middle townp on the hills, and the summer town the town on the river and plains. To express all the towns, the plural of one forul-the middle town, foJ!" instance-would be used, and this practice, begun in Caucasian, would be adopted by IIebrews, Hellenes, Latins, Iberians. Looking to the terminations in N, P, or v, S, TH, it is most likely they represent the two Caucasian plurals, and the locative and dative cases. SIl as a radical and ternlinal is represented by sand z. It is foune:} as z in Shebah (Zobia), Bashan (Bizana), Eshean (Azenia), &c. As SH has no character in Hellenic and Latin, it appears to have been specially represented in Greek and Latin by SS, or s with a vowel,.

in about twenty-five cases, as Kadesh (Kudissos), Hadashah (Hudissap Edessa), Bashan (Abassos), Haresh (Keressos), Lachish (Leugasia),. Gaash (Kissa), Mashal (Massilia), Shaarim (Siarum), Ashen (Osiana). It, is conceivable that SI would be convertible into SH, but the ss must. have had a like property in some Hellenic dialects. Another noticeable transliteration is the representations of su by BK, KS, of which we have about twenty examples, such as Ashnah (Sakoena), Skhoincus (Aixone), Mareshah (Morosgi), Shalom (Aske- lum), Asban (Oxynia), She1Jal'illl (Skarpha). Z is transliterated by z in several examples, as-Zela (Zela), Azem (Zama), Gizon (Gazene). In all the forms of transliteration, the first vowcl is occasionally transposed and made the initial letter, as in Eshtaol (Astale). Ishto1> (Astapa), Suzah (A.ssessos), Aznoth (Sunnada), Nimrah (Anemurium). A peculiarity in Canaanite town names, that of alliteration, is to be found in the other transliterations. Thus Madmenah and Sansannah, neighbouring and assonant names, arc paralleled by Methymna, Sani-

Downloaded by [Monash University Library] at 09:54 02 July 2016 seni, Sanisera, Nazianzene, Susonnia. So Hazazen, Hukkok, Gudgodah, Zaanim, Halhul, Elealah, are paralleled by Assissium, Snessula, Sisa- raka, Akkatnki, PCl-perina, Pompelon, Alala. It is worth while to reO'al·dsome of the names, which are common to Palestine and the other l~gions, and some of which are familiar enough. In Greece we sec- Athens Sicyon Chalcis lEmathia Phocis Elcusis Ithome Argos ~Iaratholl Mcssapia PharsaJus Myccna Methonc Pharsalus Pydna Corinth Mantincia Leuctra Pelle 194 O~ THE RELATIONS OF CANAANITE EXPLORATION

Cyllene Idomene :Mregam Salamis Dodona Rhamnus Sparta Tegea Perga Lacedemon Plate a Calydoll Cyparissa }lessellc Pallenc Nemea Cherollrea Tanagra Abdera Elis Hermione Pisa lEgina Ambracia 'In Asia we find~ Amida Trallcs Chimrem Ephesus Ancyra :Methymna Smyrna Ikonium Rithymna Patara Miletus Priene Cnidos Mygdala Phocea Abydos Azani :Mytilenc Gortyna Adana Rhodes Colophon' Coroana Amathus Tarsos Amasia Idalrea We recognise in Italy- Camerinum Roma Gabii Tusculum Croton Pisa Veii rrelam0 Misenum Sena Tarquinii Crere Arretia Parma Catana Aquileia Cannre Verona :Mazara Lavinium UegilluDl Syracusa Ancona Genua Capua Nuceria Ariminium Caudium Mantua Cremona Bel'gomum Eugube ])lutina Assissium Fidenre Reate Bononia Patavium Nomentum Clusium :l\1assa Cortona Amiternum Narnia Luna Sybaris Stabire Putcoli In Spain we may select- Gades :Mentesa Equabolla Vergiliulll Hispalis BarcillC rfelobis Subur Hippo Cm'bula Egclasta Araceli Bretulo Salamantilm Ossonoba Olcades Carthago Lamillium Collippo - Gebala Carteia Astapa Talanliua Salada Tarraga Toletu11l Turbula Spartavi:L Onoba Downloaded by [Monash University Library] at 09:54 02 July 2016 ~Iago M:yrtilis R.oboretum Castulo Basilippo Scalabis Dedunia Gerunda Nardinium Thus the most ancient seats of civilisation, and many great cities of this day, are included in our list. If the Canaanite serves as a test for the other regions, it enables us to ascertain what were radicals and what terminals, and to decide on the essential characteristics. It follows, on the converse, that the other transliterations give the like aid for Canaanite. Thus the names of Etruria, Armenia, or Hellas, become criteria for Palestine-to decide what is Caucasian and Canaanite, and what is Hebrew. TO PRE-HISTORIC CLASSIC ARCHlEOLOGY.

If the na.mes of Etruria or Attica are taken, the Canaanite canon will assist in their decipherment, as they in return throw light on names of Canaan. The. proofs above give~ are purely philological, but they point to materIal results. If, for Instance, there was at one time a population in Canaan, a population in Kholkis, one in Lydia, another in Bceotia one in Etruria, and a population in Lusitania, using the same Ian: guage in the same way for naming their towns, then there must in all these regions have been populations using not only the same language~ but the same mythology and the same arts. Their rude stone monu- ments, their castles, their citadels, their town walls, 'gates, foundations, sewers,tombs, arms, utensils, would present points of resemblance and comparison as assured as those to be found in the community of words. Thus the exploration of Palestine under the auspices of the Palestine Exploration Fund, if pushed far enough and deep enough, and if adequately supported by contributions,' must throw the greatest light on the archreology of Asia and Europe, The 'Bible tells us that the Israelites invaded a scttled population having walled cities, and, as it is here proved those cities were built by the same ruling race as that which raised the walled cities of Caria, Attica, and Latium, so will the exploration of Palestine be effectually a classic exploration as well as sacred, and as much as if conducted in situ in Caria, Arcadia, Apulia, or Hispania Tarraconensis. In the case of Hellenic exploration, we are confused as to what is Cyclopean, Pelasgian, or Hcllenic. In Etruria we hardly know what is indigenous and what is posterior. In megalithic monuments we look for the Druidic ; but in Palestine we are free from these sources of confusion. There we shall not be disturbed by Leleges, Pelasgi, Hellenes, Sabini, Iberi, Celtiberi, or Druids. We have one danger- that of distinguishing between what is Phrenician of the Caucasian period and what is Phcenician of the Semitic period; but altogether we have in Palestine the fairest field as yet open to us for testing the earliest and most important points in archreology and pre •.historic studies. Although in this paper comparisons have been made with the West, that is not their limit, they equally apply to the East. The same

Downloaded by [Monash University Library] at 09:54 02 July 2016 evidence of language here given is available for Mesopotamia: Persia, and India. Thus exploration in Palestine will lay the foundatIon for a better investigation of sites in those regions, as yet imperfectly examined, or which have not been approached. Palestine is, too, a boundary land for that epoch of archreology. From Egypt there is a sharply- marked-out line, beyond which the Caucasian area does not advance. The influence of Egypt within the Caucasian limits is ~ikewise muc~ less than the ignorance of Herodotus has led u~ io believe: so also IS the influence of the Phcenicians. On all these pOInts the SOlIof Pales- tine promises to give us materials in aid and in elucidation of the ancient text, exhibiting that text not merely as a local and personal 196 ON THE ELATIOKS OF CANAAlo'lTE EXPLORATION

history' of the israelites, but as our oldest and best exponent for the history of the ancient world and the early dawn of civilisation. With the new light which we have acquired as to the relations of Palestine, it is impossible to tell what departments of history may be affected by the results. Thus, with regard to Spain, it is alread~r evident that the conclusions of William von Humboldt with regard to the Iberians must be materially modified. The important discovery ()f that philosopher of the relation between ancient local names in Spain and modern Basque gave U~ a Turanian population as an element in ancient Europe; but the value of that element was exag- gerated by himself and by others, and, among these, by myself, in my paper on the Iberians in Asia Minor.. It appeared to follow from Von Hunlboldt's discovery, that all which was not apparently Celtic or presumedly Phrenician or Carlhaginian in Spain, must be Iberian. One serious consequence of this assunIption was that names in Italy. Hella.s, &c.; resembling those in Spain were held to be Iberian, and evidence of an Iberian population in those countries. It also followed that the ancient civilisation was considered to be Iberian. From the Canaanite test it appears that terms in Spain having Basque affinities .are not Iberian, and many others supposed to be Iberian are not so. Astura, a name found in Spain and Italy, is one of the strong points -of the system of Von Humboldt (see his " Researche~ on the Primitive Inhabitants of Spain ,:), and yet his derivation of Astura, from asta, rock, and ura, water, as signifying" rock water," is nlost suspicious. Astura is, however, by all linguistic evidence, the analogue of Ash. teroth and Beeshterah in ,Palestine, and consequently not only of Astura in Latium, of Astura in Mystra, but of a dozen names of allied form scattered over the ancient world. Astura, too, as a river name,is not. dependent on the Basque 'ltra, water, but is formed from a radical D R 8, as the town names are. Asta, another key of his system, is not fornled from asia, a rock, but is a recognisable Caucasian town name. It is Palestine which affords the touchstone in these cases. We may pause as to Astura and Asta in the European peninsulas, but we have no Basque influence to disturb our opinions in Palestine. It follows,as a remote consequence, even with regard to the population of Britain, that besides the Iberian element which has been recognised in the ·Silures and in Western Ireland, there must have been an anterior Downloaded by [Monash University Library] at 09:54 02 July 2016 population of the same alliance as the Canaanite. It is thus the connection of archreological science, as of physical .science, and of all sciences, extends to the remotest consequences, and -the displacement of one atom will immediately and ultimately affect -others. Indeed, so far as concerns ourselves, it is within the limits of probability that the present expedition to Palestine may throw a light on t.~e me?,alithic monuments of Britain and on the gold ornaments of Hlbernla. Earlier inscriptions in characters as yet unrecognised may yet reward the explorer, and consolidate and harmonise the relics of ancient history. HYDE CLARKE.