That Was Beyond a Museum

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

That Was Beyond a Museum See Inside Quote of the Week • 2 -Personal Essays • 3 -Personal Story That which does Autobiography not kill us makes us • 4 & 5 - News stronger. • 6 -Star Related • 7 -Literary ~– Friedrich Nietzsche Saturday, May 18, 2019 Vol. 4, No, 97 Star Educational Society® Interstellar (adjective): situated or occurring between the stars; conducted, or existing between two or more stars That was beyond a museum A Report of the Institute Advance level students’ visit of Afghanistan Human Rights and Democracy Organisation by Habil Tabesh, a Star Institute Instructor t was April 8, 2019 when I left Star Institute of World Languages with a group of instructors and students to an unknown destination. It was not clear Ifor me to which destination the bus was heading. Students were talking about their imaginations of that museum to each other. Some of them were thinking that museum of war is a good place and they could have a lot of fun, but when I was thinking of its name song were conspiring together to make tears exhibit all the memorials at the same time, so and violence. “War Museum”, nothing was striking my flow over faces of many visitors. Photo of a they alter the memorials every month. The This museum was not built to make people mind except war and destruction. Unlike my young boy attracted my attention; I could see dialogue was followed by Mr. Ali Reza Yasa’s sad. If we look thoroughly, we can find out expectations, we arrived there in less than ten notebooks and pens inside the box in front speech, the chairman and the founder of Star that such museums can change peoples’ minutes. It did not seem like a museum. The of his photo. For a couple of minutes, I was Educational Society (SES). At first, he thanked beliefs about the ongoing situation in building seemed as simple as other houses pondering about the dreams that he might AHRDO for hosting. Subsequently, two of the Afghansitan. Nowadays, the victims are in first sight. We were warmly welcomed had when he was alive and wanted to achieve audiences shared their short stories with mostly ignored soon after their death. And by employees of that organization. Despite them through education but unfortunately, others. Then, Mr. Rajab Ali Ahmadi, TOEFL according to Hadi Marefat, this program their warm welcomes, I still do not have a he and all his dreams are now buried. and Teacher Training instructor at SES, shared is a cultural project that promotes long good feeling about it. After registering our There was a special place for memos as well. a very emotional and sorrowful story about lasting peace not by marginalizing victims, names, we entered the building. At first, we Visitors wrote their comments and messages his cousin who was killed in one of the recent their memories, and their stories, but by were requested to go to the basement. After and pinned them to the wall so that other attacks. Some of other audiences also shared resuscitating and bringing them to the stepping down some stairs, I heard a very visitors could see them. their stories and remembrances. Some were public place and putting them at the core sorrowful music. That basement had an After visiting the museum, we had an open crying although they knew nothing about the of current nation peace reconciliation extraordinary power to make all the visitors dialogue. At first, Mr. Hadi Marefat, the victims and their families, but they could feel process. Activities of this museum go depressed. head of Afghanistan Human Rights and their pains. After that, I realized that we are not beyond a museum. This organization tries Seeing the names and photos of martyrs, as Democracy Organization (AHRDO), talked living, just we are alive to witness the death of to pave the ground for peace building well as memorials of them kept in small boxes about the history, activities, objectives of this our countrymen. And it is not clear who is the and social injustice through cultural in front of the photos, reading the information organization, and how they gathered all those next prey of this terrible phenomenon. Then and artistic programs, such as, poetry, or short stories about the victims narrated by memorials from all over the Afghanistan. He Mr. Mushtaq Sarwari and Mr. Parwiz Negah storytelling, and most importantly theatre- victims’ relatives, and also listening to the sad added that due to lack of space, they could not performed a very emotional song about war based programs. You New Year My Learning The Deadly Hazaras Introduction Security: can be – A New Experience at Dare Game Gripped by to Level Six Our Prime effective! Set of Star’s Teacher of Life in Religious Need in 2 2 Challenges 3 Training Class 4 Afghanistan 5 Extremism in 6 Tajalla Abedy’s 7 Afghanistan Balochistan Autobiography Personal Essays About the author: Wahed Gholami is a Star alumnus and is currently You can be effective! teaching at Star. He has his Bachelor’s Degree my classmates with reference books in Urban Planning and materials. Therefore, I established Danishaga (university) Bookstore and/ from KPU. He is the or publication when I was a sophomore. chancellor of Danishga I started my work with the money I was book publication in supposed to flee the country with; that amount of money was enough to get Kabul and is planning me to Australia or Europe illegally. But I to pursue his Master›s changed my mind, thinking that I could Degree in the US. not be as effective person anywhere else as I could be in my own country. I thought if I go to any foreign country, I will have no choice but to work as hard as I could especially when I have a poor family. Even though I could not supply Five years ago, after I succeeded in my classmates with urban planning Kabul Polytechnic University to pursue my reference books the way I was planning education as an urban planning engineer, I to, I am happy that I am working towards found everything weird for the first time; 72 the enlightenment of my society. After students in one class, totally different and four years, Danishga is among the famous in many ways. My classmates were from book publications in Afghanistan. Every different provinces of Afghanistan, and it day it provides tens of students from looked like we were from different countries; different majors with great and updated Diversity should have been the first and the books, we are going to print out the 35th most important property of our class as long book with Danishga publication logo as I remember. Different beliefs, cultures, their classmates everyday just because of year, I noticed that most of my classmates soon, and we always warmly welcome languages, clothings, and hair styles even those who can write and read. Thus, we and so on. Like every one of my classmates having different thoughts and beliefs. Such don’t read books at all. Neither do they a disappointing feeling! No one even thinks study reference books of our studying field strongly believe that only books have the experiencing urban life style for the first ability to change a society fundamentally. time, me too, didn’t know the proper way of the feedback of those hatreds that can nor do they study something else, novels be the strongest reason of the nation’s gaps at least. Some ridiculing chapters prepared If we want to be a different and powerful of behaving with those classmates having society, we ourselves have to write and different religious beliefs. I noticed that the and social separations. I believe the root by the university’s Pohands were the of hatreds is ignorance and only ignorant only things my classmates used to use as read. Considering these beliefs, I love teachers used to differentiate among students what I do and most importantly, I enjoy according to their nation and religious people can hate each other. studying materials. Unfortunately, no one was willing to think of some changes as it being with books; only few knows the beliefs. So sad. As a result, the first thing that Facing this situation, I used to be sad and was obvious that we would know nothing feeling behind being the reason for I learned at university in theory and then hopeless as I thought I could not do anything when we graduate studying only those someone to start reading a book. Such started practicing was discrimination. I don’t to help change the situation; one year passed chapters. So I decided to provide at least a pure and amazing feeling it is! know how many people experience hating and nothing changed. Beginning the second New Year – A New Set of Challenges Remind yourself when his focus and is you have to change your mindset now that give you confidence and motive to get greater concern was trying to hunt animals to feed if I talk about challenge, it does not mean of them. You have to strengthen your inner himself. He did not think about clothing, that you are in trouble or I make trouble for machine from your achievements. Because your living and civilizing. By the time, his focus you. Challenge means to screen its contains body should recognize that you have done and and concern widened and broadened. He whatever it is, get rid of its badness and you can do its greater, as well. The base of every not only thought about himself, but he failures, and grab its goodness and success.
Recommended publications
  • Public Sector Development Programme 2019-20 (Original)
    GOVERNMENT OF BALOCHISTAN PLANNING & DEVELOPMENT DEPARTMENT PUBLIC SECTOR DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME 2019-20 (ORIGINAL) Table of Contents S.No. Sector Page No. 1. Agriculture……………………………………………………………………… 2 2. Livestock………………………………………………………………………… 8 3. Forestry………………………………………………………………………….. 11 4. Fisheries…………………………………………………………………………. 13 5. Food……………………………………………………………………………….. 15 6. Population welfare………………………………………………………….. 16 7. Industries………………………………………………………………………... 18 8. Minerals………………………………………………………………………….. 21 9. Manpower………………………………………………………………………. 23 10. Sports……………………………………………………………………………… 25 11. Culture……………………………………………………………………………. 30 12. Tourism…………………………………………………………………………... 33 13. PP&H………………………………………………………………………………. 36 14. Communication………………………………………………………………. 46 15. Water……………………………………………………………………………… 86 16. Information Technology…………………………………………………... 105 17. Education. ………………………………………………………………………. 107 18. Health……………………………………………………………………………... 133 19. Public Health Engineering……………………………………………….. 144 20. Social Welfare…………………………………………………………………. 183 21. Environment…………………………………………………………………… 188 22. Local Government ………………………………………………………….. 189 23. Women Development……………………………………………………… 198 24. Urban Planning and Development……………………………………. 200 25. Power…………………………………………………………………………….. 206 26. Other Schemes………………………………………………………………… 212 27. List of Schemes to be reassessed for Socio-Economic Viability 2-32 PREFACE Agro-pastoral economy of Balochistan, periodically affected by spells of droughts, has shrunk livelihood opportunities.
    [Show full text]
  • Multilocus Enzyme Electrophoresis And
    Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg., 75(2), 2006, pp. 261–266 Copyright © 2006 by The American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene MULTILOCUS ENZYME ELECTROPHORESIS AND CYTOCHROME B GENE SEQUENCING–BASED IDENTIFICATION OF LEISHMANIA ISOLATES FROM DIFFERENT FOCI OF CUTANEOUS LEISHMANIASIS IN PAKISTAN JORGE D. MARCO,* ABDUL M. BHUTTO, FAROOQ R. SOOMRO, JAVED H. BALOCH, PAOLA A. BARROSO, HIROTOMO KATO, HIROSHI UEZATO, KEN KATAKURA, MASATAKA KORENAGA, SHIGEO NONAKA, AND YOSHIHISA HASHIGUCHI Department of Parasitology, Kochi Medical School, Kochi University, Kochi, Japan; Instituto de Patología Experimental, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Nacional de Salta/Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Salta, Argentina; Department of Dermatology and Incharge Leprosy Unit, Chandka Medical College/Hospital Larkana, Sindh, Pakistan; Department of Veterinary Hygiene, Faculty of Agriculture, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, Japan; Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan; Laboratory of Parasitology, Department of Disease Control, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan Abstract. Seventeen Leishmania stocks isolated from cutaneous lesions of Pakistani patients were studied by multi- locus enzyme electrophoresis and by polymerase chain reaction amplification and sequencing of the cytochrome b (Cyt b) gene. Eleven stocks that expressed nine zymodemes were assigned to L. (Leishmania) major. All of them were isolated from patients in the lowlands of Larkana district and Sibi city in Sindh and Balochistan provinces, respectively. The remaining six, distributed in two zymodemes (five and one), isolated from the highland of Quetta city, Balochistan, were identified as L. (L.) tropica. The same result at species level was obtained by the Cyt b sequencing for all the stocks examined.
    [Show full text]
  • International Activity Report 2017
    INTERNATIONAL ACTIVITY REPORT 2017 www.msf.org THE MÉDECINS SANS FRONTIÈRES CHARTER Médecins Sans Frontières is a private international association. The association is made up mainly of doctors and health sector workers, and is also open to all other professions which might help in achieving its aims. All of its members agree to honour the following principles: Médecins Sans Frontières provides assistance to populations in distress, to victims of natural or man-made disasters and to victims of armed conflict. They do so irrespective of race, religion, creed or political convictions. Médecins Sans Frontières observes neutrality and impartiality in the name of universal medical ethics and the right to humanitarian assistance, and claims full and unhindered freedom in the exercise of its functions. Members undertake to respect their professional code of ethics and to maintain complete independence from all political, economic or religious powers. As volunteers, members understand the risks and dangers of the missions they carry out and make no claim for themselves or their assigns for any form of compensation other than that which the association might be able to afford them. The country texts in this report provide descriptive overviews of MSF’s operational activities throughout the world between January and December 2017. Staffing figures represent the total full-time equivalent employees per country across the 12 months, for the purposes of comparisons. Country summaries are representational and, owing to space considerations, may not be comprehensive. For more information on our activities in other languages, please visit one of the websites listed on p. 100. The place names and boundaries used in this report do not reflect any position by MSF on their legal status.
    [Show full text]
  • Issues of Hazara Community and Sectarianism in Quetta (Pakistan)
    IMPACT: Journal of Modern Developments in Social Sciences Research (IMPACT: JMDSSR) Vol. 1, Issue 1, Jun 2017, 45-54 © Impact Journals ISSUES OF HAZARA COMMUNITY AND SECTARIANISM IN QUETTA (PAKISTAN) RAB NAWAZ 1 & NAVEED UL HASSAN 2 1Research Scholar, School of Politics and International Relations, Quaid-I-Azam University Islamabad, Pakistan 2Research Scholar, University of Peshawar, Pakistan ABSTRACT Almost 500,000 to 550,000 people of Hazara community of Quetta, Baluchistan are facing sectarianism. Historically the people of Hazara community are peace loving, law abiding and hard working citizens of Pakistan. They are loyal with Pakistan and are serving different departments of Pakistan. The well known banned terrorist organization named Lashkar e Jhangvi claims public responsibility of Hazara Shia killing in Quetta and profess it as a major objective of their organization until annihilation of the Hazara Shia people from Pakistan. Similarly Hazara community facing many other serious problems to protect themselves from terrorism: Inability of Pakistani state to take legal actions against terrorist who does sectarian killings, different government’s tendency to support militant and terrorist organizations and individuals also for so called strategic objectives. Many families migrated not only in other cities of Pakistan like Peshawar and Karachi but also from Pakistan to Australia and other countries. In this situation the Hazara Shia community must do something for self protection and advocacy for their safety with governmental help. In last ten years they had done many efforts through lawful file suits, media awareness for their rights and through other legal tactics. This document focused some incidents of terrorist activities against Hazara Shia community in Quetta.
    [Show full text]
  • A Historical Account of Sectarianism in Pakistan and Persecution of Shia Hazara Community of Quetta in Balochistan
    Pakistan Social Sciences Review P-ISSN 2664-0422 March 2021, Vol. 5, No. I [380-392] O-ISSN 2664-0430 RESEARCH PAPER A Historical Account of Sectarianism in Pakistan and Persecution of Shia Hazara Community of Quetta in Balochistan Dr. Gulshan Majeed* Assistant Professor, Department of Political Science , University of the Punjab, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan PAPER INFO ABSTRACT Received: Pakistan represents a society which is plural in nature with January 23, 2021 different ethnic, religious, cultural and linguistic identities. Accepted: Since its inception Pakistan has been facing a number of March 01, 2021 Online: issues but the issue to manage various religious and ethnic March 15, 2021 minorities emerged as more significant and intricate one. Keywords: After independence ruling authority started to assert Islam Persecution in such a way that religious minorities started to feel Plural, themselves insecure in Pakistan. Shia Hazara community is Religious Minorities, also one among those religious minorities which have been Sectarian Conflicts facing various sectarian conflicting situations. The main *Corresponding objective of this paper is to explain comprehensive historical Author account of sectarianism in Pakistan and reasons of persecution of Shia Hazara community of Quetta. This article is a constructive addition in the existing knowledge related to sectarianism and its impact on society of Pakistan. Researcher has conducted this research by using the gulshan_99@hot historical and descriptive research methods to analyze the mail.com issue and to draw a conclusion. Introduction The emergent orthodoxy with reference to the traditional Islam in Pakistan is closely linked with the rise of militancy, sectarian tendencies and religious othering.
    [Show full text]
  • The Multi-Layered Minority: Exploring the Intersection of Gender, Class and Religious-Ethnic Affiliation in the Marginalisation of Hazara Women in Pakistan
    CREID INTERSECTIONS SERIES Religious Inequalities and Gender The Multi-Layered Minority: Exploring the Intersection of Gender, Class and Religious-Ethnic Affiliation in the Marginalisation of Hazara Women in Pakistan Sadiqa Sultan, Maryam Kanwer and Jaffer Abbas Mirza December 2020 Part of the CREID Intersection Series Collection on Violence and Discrimination Against Women of Religious Minority Backgrounds in Pakistan About CREID The Coalition for Religious Equality and Inclusive Development (CREID) provides research evidence and delivers practical programmes which aim to redress poverty, hardship, and exclusion resulting from discrimination on the grounds of religion or belief. CREID is an international consortium led by the Institute of Development Studies (IDS) and funded by UK aid from the UK Government. Key partners include Al-Khoei Foundation, Minority Rights Group (MRG), and Refcemi. Find out more: www.ids.ac.uk/creid. © Institute of Development Studies 2020 Front cover image credit: Surian Soosay CC BY-2.0 ISBN: 978-1-78118-728-9 DOI: 10.19088/CREID.2020.005 This is an Open Access paper distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International licence (CC BY), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original authors and source are credited and any modifications or adaptations are indicated. Available from: Coalition for Religious Equality and Inclusive Development (CREID), Institute of Development Studies (IDS), Brighton BN1 9RE, UK Tel: +44(0) 1273 915704
    [Show full text]
  • Issues of Shia Hazara Community of Quetta, Balochistan: an Overview Dr
    2021 Majeed. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons‐Attribution‐ Noncommercial‐Share Alike License 4.0 International (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly attributed, not used for commercial purposes, and, if transformed, the resulting work is redistributed under the same or similar license to this one. Journal of Political Studies Vol. 28, No. 1, January–June, Summer 2021, pp. 77– 88 Issues of Shia Hazara Community of Quetta, Balochistan: An Overview Dr. Gulshan Majeed Assistant Professor, Department of Political Science, University of the Punjab, Lahore. Correspondence: [email protected] ABSTRACT The issue of Hazara community living in Quetta has become vulnerable in the contemporary era. It has been observed that a major number of people from Shia Hazara community have been killed in different suicide attacks, particularly in Quetta and generally in other areas of the province. The contribution of Hazara community has remained positive in the development of Balochistan particularly and overall in the development of country. They did contribute in Bureaucracy, military, education, health and in different other administrative departments. Economically this community is perceived as a prosperous community but during past many years they have faced different sectarian incidents which have created a negative impact on the development of this community. They have been facing different problems in the field of education, health and in earning their livelihood. In this article researcher will critically evaluate various problems of this community and provide recommendations to address their actual grievances.
    [Show full text]
  • International Activity Report 2016
    INTERNATIONAL ACTIVITY REPORT 2016 www.msf.org THE MÉDECINS SANS FRONTIÈRES CHARTER Médecins Sans Frontières is a private international association. The association is made up mainly of doctors and health sector workers, and is also open to all other professions which might help in achieving its aims. All of its members agree to honour the following principles: Médecins Sans Frontières provides assistance to populations in distress, to victims of natural or man-made disasters and to victims of armed conflict. They do so irrespective of race, religion, creed or political convictions. Médecins Sans Frontières observes neutrality and impartiality in the name of universal medical ethics and the right to humanitarian assistance, and claims full and unhindered freedom in the exercise of its functions. Members undertake to respect their professional code of ethics and to maintain complete independence from all political, economic or religious powers. As volunteers, members understand the risks and dangers of the missions they carry out and make no claim for themselves or their assigns for any form of compensation other than that which the association might be able to afford them. The country texts in this report provide descriptive overviews of MSF’s operational activities throughout the world between January and December 2016. Staffing figures represent the total full-time equivalent positions per country in 2016. Country summaries are representational and, owing to space considerations, may not be comprehensive. For more information on our activities in other languages, please visit one of the websites listed on p. 96. The place names and boundaries used in this report do not reflect any position by MSF on their legal status.
    [Show full text]
  • Francea Grisot “La Rete Transazionale Di Migrazione Afghana” Tesi Di Dottorato
    Dottorato di ricerca in Lingue e Culture e Società Scuola di dottorato in Lingue e Culture e Società Ciclo XXIV (A.A. 2010 - 2011) La rete transnazionale di migrazione afghana: il caso dei minorenni non accompagnati richiedenti asilo nel Comune di Venezia e le seconde generazioni afghane di Iran e Pakistan SETTORE SCIENTIFICO DISCIPLINARE DI AFFERENZA: L-OR/10 Tesi di dottorato di Francesca Grisot, matricola 955656 Coordinatore del Dottorato Tutore del dottorando Prof. Attilio Andreini Prof. Gian Giuseppe Filippi Francesca Grisot La rete transnazionale di migrazione afghana Sommario Introduzione........................................................................................................... I Criteri di Trascrizione ........................................................................................... IX TAVOLA DI TRASCRIZIONE ................................................................................ X Capitolo 1 .............................................................................................................. 2 Linee di ricerca ...................................................................................................... 2 CAPITOLO 2 ......................................................................................................... 11 Contesto storico e culturale ............................................................................... 11 Afghanistan: il Paese del Grande Gioco .......................................................... 11 Afghanistan: un mosaico di popoli ................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • 11883696000 HEALTH SECTOR Primary Health
    671 BC12218(218) HEALTH DEPARTMENT Rs Charged: ______________ Voted: 11,883,696,000 ______________ Total: 11,883,696,000 ______________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________ HEALTH SECTOR ______________________________________________________________________________________________ Primary Health Care ______________________________________________________________________________________________ P./ADP DDO Functional-Cum-Object Classification & Budget Revised Budget NO. NO. Particular Of Scheme Estimates Estimates Estimates 2020-2021 2020-2021 2021-2022 ______________________________________________________________________________________________ Rs Rs Rs 07 HEALTH 074 PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICES 0741 PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICES 074120 OTHERS(OTHER HEALTH FACILITIES & PREVENT AW7933 ADP No : AW20100773 AW20100773 BOUNDARY WALL BHU SHANDI RFT 700 10,000,000 5,000,000 A03942 Cost of Other Stores 10,000,000 5,000,000 AW7933 ADP No : Z2020.0773 AW20200773 BOUNDARY WALL BHU SHANDI RFT 700 5,000,000 A03942 Cost of Other Stores 5,000,000 AW7933 ADP No : Z2021.0797 AW20210797 Const: of BHU Shaheed Imam Bakhsh Bizenjo 13,250,000 Bazar Nandaro Julonti A03942 Cost of Other Stores 13,250,000 AW7933 ADP No : Z2021.0798 AW20210798 Purchase of Ambulance for BHU Shandi Tehsil 8,500,000 Jahoo, District Awaran A03942 Cost of Other Stores 8,500,000 AW7933 ADP No : Z2021.0799 AW20210799 Const: of BHU at Teertaj Bazar Awaran 13,250,000 A03942 Cost of Other Stores 13,250,000 672 BC12218(218) HEALTH DEPARTMENT (Capital)
    [Show full text]
  • Local Councils/Governments Balochistan Audit Year 2017-18
    AUDIT REPORT ON THE ACCOUNTS OF QUETTA WATER AND SANITATION AUTHORITY (QWASA) & LOCAL COUNCILS/GOVERNMENTS BALOCHISTAN AUDIT YEAR 2017-18 AUDITOR GENERAL OF PAKISTAN TABLE OF CONTENTS ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS i PREFACE iii EXECUTIVE SUMMARY iv SUMMARY TABLES AND CHARTS viii I. Audit Work Statistics viii II. Audit Observations Classified by Categories viii III. Outcome Statistics ix IV. Irregularities Pointed Out x V. Cost-Benefit Ratio x CHAPTER-1 QUETTA WATER AND SANITATION AUTHORITY Introduction and Functions 1 Comments on Budget and Accounts 2 Comments on the Status of Compliance with PAC Directives 3 1. Quetta Water and Sanitation Authority -Audit Paras 4 CHAPTER-2 LOCAL COUNCILS Introduction and Functions 15 Comments on Budget and Accounts 17 Comments on the Status of Compliance with PAC Directives 19 2. Quetta Metropolitan Corporation-Audit Paras 20 3. Municipal Corporations-Audit Paras 49 4. Municipal Committees - Audit Paras 59 5. District Councils - Audit Paras 80 6. Union Councils - Audit Paras 97 CHAPTER-3 LOCAL GOVERNMENTS Introduction and Functions 104 Comments on Budget and Accounts 106 Comments on the Status of Compliance with PAC Directives 108 7. Assistant Director Local Government -Audit Paras 109 MFDAC PARAS (ANNEXURE-1) 117 ANNEXURES (2- 65) 135-382 ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS ADs Assistant Directors AIR Audit and inspection Report BLGA Balochistan Local Government Act 2010 BLG Board Balochistan Local Government Board BPPRA Balochistan Public Procurement Regulatory Authority BPS Basic Pay Scale BT Black Top CNIC Computerized
    [Show full text]
  • University of Bradford Ethesis
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Bradford Scholars University of Bradford eThesis This thesis is hosted in Bradford Scholars – The University of Bradford Open Access repository. Visit the repository for full metadata or to contact the repository team © University of Bradford. This work is licenced for reuse under a Creative Commons Licence. Beyond the Sipahs, Jaishs and Lashkars Sectarian Violence in Pakistan as Reproduction of Exclusivist Sectarian Discourse Katja RIIKONEN Submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Department of Peace Studies University of Bradford 2012 ABSTRACT Katja Riikonen Beyond the Sipahs, Jaishs and Lashkars - Sectarian violence in Pakistan as reproduction of exclusivist Sectarian Discourse Keywords: Pakistan, sectarianism, sectarian violence, identity politics, sectarian discourse, religious violence This research project examines sectarianism and sectarian violence in Pakistan between 1996-2005. It represents a departure from the security- focused research on sectarianism and provides contemporary analysis of sectarian violence by contextualising it. This thesis distinguishes sectarianism as an analytical concept from sectarianism as a phenomenon in Pakistan. The existing literature on sectarianism and sectarianism in the Pakistani context is critically examined, and this research is located within that body of knowledge. In this thesis, sectarian violence is understood as being conducted to reproduce and reinforce exclusivist sectarian discourse. This premise is analysed through the framework of identity formation and identity politics, and spatial understandings of identities. The study examines the locations of sectarian violence in Pakistan, and analyses the spaces where sectarian identity discourse is enforced and maintained through violence. Consequently, the concept of sacred space and sacred time are analysed as locations of sectarian violence.
    [Show full text]