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Studies on New and Old World Leishmaniases and World Studies on New and Old Studies on New and Old World Leishmaniases and their Transmission, with Particular Reference to Ecuador, Peru, Argentina and Pakistan their Transmission, with Particular Reference to Ecuador, Peru, Argentina and Pakistan Argentina Peru, with Particular Reference to Ecuador, Transmission, their 2007 2007 Research Report Series No. ８ (Formerly “ Studies on New World Leishmaniasis and its Transmission, with Particular Reference to Ecuador”) Studies on New and Old World Leishmaniases and their Transmission, with Particular Reference to Ecuador, Peru, Argentina and Pakistan Edited by Yoshihisa Hashiguchi Representative of an Overseas Scientific Research Program Funded by the Ministry of Education, Science, Culture, Sports & Technology (MEXT), Japan Printed by Kyowa Printing & Co. Ltd., Kochi City, Kochi, Japan 2007 This project was financially supported by Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador; Departamento a grant under the International Scientific de Microbiologia, Facultad de Ciencias, Research Program, Grant-in-Aid for Univesidad Nacional de Trujillo, Trujillo, Scientific Research (A), the Ministry of Peru; the Instituto Nacional de Salud, Education, Science, Culture, Sports and Lima, Peru; the Instituto de Patologia Technology (MEXT), Japan (Research Experimental, Facultad de Ciencias Grant Nos. 14256002 and 18256004) de la Salud, Universidad Nacional de and Japan Society for the Promotion of Salta, Salta, Argentina; the Instituto de Science (JSPS), with the cooperation Enfermedades Tropicales, Sede Regional of different foreign institutions: the Oran, Universidad Nacional de Salta, Oran, Instituto Nacional de Higiene y Medicina Argentina; the Laboratory of Leishmaniasis, Tropical, and the Servicio Nacional de Sandflies, Mosquitos and Other Blood Erradicacion de la Malaria (Programa Sucking Insects, Department of Zoology, Nacional de Oncocercosis), the Ministry University of Balochistan, Quetta, Pakistan; of Health, Ecuador; the Departamento de the Department of Dermatology and Medicina Tropical, Facultad de Medicina, Leprosy Unit at Chandka Medical College Universidad Catolica de Santiago de Hospital, Larkana, Sindh, Pakistan; and the Guayaquil, Guayaquil, Ecuador; the Unidad Leishmaniasis Office of Executive District de Inmunologia, Medicina Tropical, Centro Officer-Health, Larkana, Sindh, Pakistan. de Biomedicina, Universidad Central del The present issue reports on the data and materials collected and analyzed during the period from 2005 to 2007 in Ecuador, Peru, Argentina and Pakistan More than 12 million people in 88 countries and other species are emerging, especially in are known to be infected with leishmaniasis, but association with HIV/AIDS. Thirty species of the true burden remains largely hidden. Two sandfly have been incriminated in transmission million new cases -1.5 million of cutaneous of the disease. In some areas, leishmaniasis is leishmaniasis, 500 000 of the visceral form of a zoonotic infection involving various animal the disease- occur annually, but declaration of reservoirs, while in other areas humans the disease is compulsory in only 32 countries are the sole reservoir of infection, making and a substantial number of cases are never vector and reservoir control costly and often recorded. Leishmaniasis is a disease of poverty, impractical...... It is planned to eliminate and its victims are among the poorest. In India, visceral leishmaniasis (i.e. to eliminate the a country with a high leishmaniasis burden, disease as a public health problem) from the 88% of leishmaniasis patients have a daily Indian subcontinent by 2015. The tools under income of less than US$2, poor socioeconomic discussion for this include vector control environment and low educational level; they (by insecticide spraying and impregnated live in either remote rural areas or poor bednets), rapid diagnostic tests for active case suburbs. There is social stigma associated detection, and the new drugs miltefosine and with the deformities and disfiguring scars paromomycin. A vaccine for leishmaniasis caused by some forms of leishmaniasis, and would also be a boon for global disease disease related disabilities impose a great control, but no effective vaccine is yet on the social burden, hampering productivity and market........... (Making health research work socioeconomic development....... More than for poor people: Leishmaniasis. TDR 2005, 17th 20 species of Leishmania can infect humans, Programme: Report Progress 2003-2004). LifeLife cycle of Leishmania spspp. 1. Ingestion of amastigote Sand fly 2. Transformation into promastigote 3. Colonization at hind? and mid-gut ● ● ● ● 4 4. Migration to anterior part 2 ● 5. Transmission to mammalian host 3 ● 6. Infection into host macrophage ● 7. Transformation into amastigote 8. Multiplication by binary fission 1 5 ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● Macrophage 6 Mammal 8 ● ● ● ● ● ● 7 Schematic life cycle of the genus Leishmania parasites (prepared by Hirotomo Kato). Ultra-structure of Leishmania (Leishmania) major-infected mouse macrophage (Balb/c, J774). The cell with large parasitophorous vacuole containing many (around 10) different-sized Leishmania amastigotes (Khan et al., 2004; Res. Rep. Ser. No. 7, 132-139). CONTENTS Foreword ....................................................................................................................................... xiv Preface ........................................................................................................................................... xvi Member of the research project .................................................................................................... xviii Other contributors ......................................................................................................................... xx Acknowledgements ....................................................................................................................... xxiii Introduction ................................................................................................................................... 2 An overview of the research progress in the present project ....................................................... 6 Chapter I. Molecular Parasitology ................................................................................................ 11 1. Polymorphisms of cytochrome b gene in Leishmania parasites and their relation to types of cutaneous leishmaniasis-lesions in Pakistan .............. 12 2. A phylogenic analysis of the Genus Leishmania by cytochrome b gene sequencing ..................................................................... 28 3. Zymodeme characterization of Leishmania species, with special reference to Leishmania (Leishmania) major-like, isolated from Ecuador ......................................................................................... 39 Chapter II. Vector entomology ..................................................................................................... 45 1. Establishment of a mass screening method of Leishmania infection within individual sandflies .................................................................. 47 2. Molecular typing of sandfly species from areas endemic for leishmaniasis in Ecuador by PCR-RFLP of 18S ribosomal RNA gene ............. 60 3. Morphological study of the wings, palps, antennal flagellum and ascoids of the sandflies of the subgenus Phlebotomus Rondani and Berti, 1840 (Diptera: Psychodidae) ............................................... 73 4. Lutzomyia spp., at Llauncano valley, Chota Province, Cajamarca Department, Peru, an area endemic for cutaneous leishmaniasis ........................................... 82 Chapter III. Experimental aspects - diagnostics and therapeutics - ........................................... 95 1. The contribution of a multiple PCR assay to the diagnosis of American tegumentary leishmaniasis and the rapid identification of Leishmania species involved ............................. 96 2. Anti-leishmanial activity of green tea (Camellia sinensis) catechins against Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis and L. (Viannia) braziliensis .............................................................................. 104 i Chapter IV. Epidemiological and clinical aspects ........................................................................ 111 1. Why are there so many differences in “Uta” between Peruvian and Ecuadorian regions of the Andes ? - a brief bibliographic review and comments - .................................................. 112 2. A brief review of leishmaniasis in Pakistan - Is the case spreading gradually in the country ? ........................................... 133 3. Identification of Leishmania species from patient’s cutaneous lesions and sandfly specimens by molecular biological methods - application of FTA card for field researches on leishmaniasis - ..................... 142 4. Visceral leishmaniasis in Ecuador: seroepidemiological survey of human and canine infection in the Ecuadorian Amazon - a pilot study - ......... 157 5. A case report of cutaneous leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania (Viannia) guyanensis, resistant to antimonial chemotherapy but cured with later cryosurgery in Ecuador .............................. 163 6. An adult case report of cutaneous Andean leishmaniasis “Ecuadorian uta” usually affects lower age groups in Ecuador, caused by Leishmania (Leishmania) mexicana parasites .......................................................................
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