Technische Universität München Institut für Photogrammetrie und Kartographie Lehrstuhl für Kartographie Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing. Liqiu Meng Visual reconstruction of archaeological data of the Sanctuary of Diana at Nemi, Italy Mariana Danielová Master Thesis Editing time: 1.04.2014 – 30.09.2014 Course of study: Master of Science in Cartography Supervisors: Dr. -Ing. Holger Kumke Dipl. -Ing. Stefan Peters Cooperation: Archaeologist Dr. Francesca Diosono 2014 declaration of authorship I, Mariana Danielová, hereby declare that the thesis submitted is my own unaided work. All direct or indirect sources used are acknowledged as references. I am aware that the thesis in digital form can be examined for the use of unauthorized aid and in order to determine whether the thesis as a whole or parts incorporated in it may be deemed as plagiarism. For the comparison of my work with existing sources I agree that it shall be entered in a database where it shall also remain after examination, to enable comparison with future theses submitted. Further rights of reproduction and usage, however, are not granted here. This paper was not previously presented to another examination board and has not been published. Place and date Signature I abstract The archaeological virtual reconstructions have recently gained large attention from different fields of science. With increasing interests in creating 3D model, deficiencies are appearing and thus the amount of special requirements from the archaeological field is growing. These demands are listed in two major documents: the London Charter and the Seville Charter. Moreover, procedural modeling approach appears as a suitable method for handling the virtual reconstruction together with the archaeological requirements. The main aim of this thesis is generation of the 3D reconstruction of the Sanctuary of Diana at Nemi, Italy. However with respect to the archaeological requirements, the second aim is expression of the uncertainty of available archaeological knowledge. Firstly, the 3D model is created based on different types of data: the exact geodetic measurements carried out by research group from Technische Universtität München; the archaeological interpretation of the excavation of the temple; and literature sources used to get familiar with the Roman architecture. The entire reconstruction is generated using procedural modeling techniques in the CityEngine software. Next, fuzzy logic theory is introduced in order to quantify the uncertainty which is than visualised combining several visualising methods compatible with procedural modeling and CityEngine environment. Finally, the reconstruction results are published and they are accompanied with necessary project documentation. II contents 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Visualisation of cultural heritage ............................ 1 1.1.1 London Charter................................. 1 1.1.2 Seville Charter.................................. 2 1.1.3 Tension between veridical and photo-realistic modelling ............ 3 1.2 Possible approaches of modelling ............................ 4 1.2.1 Computer Aided-Design (CAD) ......................... 4 1.2.2 Building Information Modeling (BIM) ..................... 4 1.2.3 Procedural modeling .............................. 5 1.3 Fuzzy logic ........................................ 5 1.3.1 Fuzzy logic approach in archaeological virtual reconstruction . 6 1.4 Motivation, Challenges ................................. 7 2 Recent studies 8 2.1 Archaeological reconstruction using procedural modeling ............... 8 2.2 Quantifying the uncertainty using fuzzy logic ...................... 9 2.3 Visualizing the uncertainty ............................... 10 3 Methodology 15 3.1 Description of archaeological site in Nemi ....................... 15 3.2 Available archaeological knowledge ........................... 16 3.2.1 General description of Roman temple architecture . 16 3.2.2 Technical data about excavation in Nemi ................... 18 3.2.3 Information about the Sanctuary of Diana ................... 18 3.3 Procedural modelling in archaeology .......................... 21 3.3.1 Description of the CityEngine .......................... 21 3.3.2 Workflow for visual reconstruction of cultural heritage . 22 3.4 Handling uncertainty and reliability of the 3D model using fuzzy logic . 23 3.4.1 Method for calculation of uncertainty ..................... 24 3.4.2 Uncertainty visualization techniques ...................... 26 4 Visual reconstruction of the Sanctuary of Diana in Nemi 28 4.1 Generation of the 3D model ............................... 28 4.1.1 Analysis of design and temple’s parameters . 28 4.1.2 Modeling of terminate shapes .......................... 33 4.1.3 Colors and textures ............................... 40 4.1.4 Reconstruction rules ............................... 41 4.1.5 Implementation of levels of detail (LoD) .................... 49 4.2 Modeling uncertainty of the 3D reconstruction ..................... 50 4.2.1 Calculation of uncertainty ............................ 50 4.2.2 Visualization of uncertainty ........................... 52 4.3 Results of the reconstruction .............................. 56 4.3.1 Publishing the model online ........................... 58 5 Discussion 62 6 Conclusion 65 Acknowledgement 67 References 68 Appendix 72 III a Values of the parameters used for the generation of the 3D model . 72 b List of texture used for the reconstruction ....................... 74 IV list of figures Figure 1 Illustrations of the project Rome Reborn 2.0 ................. 8 Figure 2 Previews of the 3D reconstruction of the ancient city Pompeii . 9 Figure 3 Detailed reconstruction of one of the highly ornamented buildings in Xkipché 9 Figure 4 Visualization of the uncertainty using pseudocoloring and transparency . 11 Figure 5 Visualization of the uncertainty using pseudocoloring, chessboard texture, and intensity of a noise ............................ 11 Figure 6 Mapping an attribute value into the 2D circular textures and 3D solid textures 12 Figure 7 Visualizing uncertainty by variation of edge saturation and edge sketchiness 12 Figure 8 Visualizations of different results of the archaeological reconstruction of the chapel in Vojvodina .............................. 13 Figure 9 Side by side illustration of the uncertainty modeling generated in CityEngine 13 Figure 10 Visualizing temporal uncertainty using animation . 13 Figure 11 Visualization of the uncertainty using extrinsic visual variables . 14 Figure 12 Visualizing an attribute value using spherical, vector, and line glyphs . 14 Figure 13 Location of the excavations of the Sanctuary of Diana at Nemi, Italy . 15 Figure 14 Photograph of the excavations of the Sanctuary of Diana, taken in 2013 . 16 Figure 15 Vitruvius’s illustration of the dimension of the Ionic column . 17 Figure 16 Sketch of the excavation area situated in Nemi, Italy . 18 Figure 17 Detailed sketch of the excavations of the Sanctuary of Diana at Nemi, Italy 19 Figure 18 Depiction of the different construction phases of the Sanctuary of Diana . 19 Figure 19 Five consecutive steps of the temple generation using procedural modeling . 22 Figure 20 Workflow for a typical architectural procedural modeling project . 23 Figure 21 Example of CGA shape workflow of temple . 24 Figure 22 Legend for Green-Yellow-Red scheme and Opaque-Transparent scheme ex- pressing the uncertainty ............................ 27 Figure 23 Sketches of the temple’s model, and podium dimensions . 29 Figure 24 Characteristics of staircase and dimensions of temple’s cellas . 30 Figure 25 Distribution of walls and explanation of the calculation of the column’s height 30 Figure 26 Division of the roof types and demonstration of the pediment structure . 32 Figure 27 Structure of the podium and its components . 33 Figure 28 Examples of the podium structures that are adjusted to the inner and outer corners ..................................... 34 Figure 29 Archaeological data for the properties of the column’s shaft . 34 Figure 30 Properties of the column shaft element created in SketchUp . 35 Figure 31 Structures of the column’s capital and base components . 35 Figure 32 Properties of the cornice, the uppermost part of the entablature . 36 Figure 33 Models of entablature including the corner’s structures . 36 Figure 34 Representation of the pediment elements ................... 37 Figure 35 Adaptation of the slanting sides of geison in pediment . 37 Figure 36 Depiction of the bronze roof tiles ....................... 38 Figure 37 Terminate shapes of door and window .................... 38 Figure 38 Statues decorating the pediment ....................... 39 Figure 39 Terminate shapes of antefix and altar ..................... 39 Figure 40 Donated statue placed behind the temple and its elements . 40 Figure 41 Examples of the textures used for the temple reconstruction . 41 Figure 42 Reconstruction of the statue of goddess Diana . 41 V Figure 43 Pavement reconstruction with and without rotation of the texture tiles . 48 Figure 44 Demonstration of low and medium LoD .................... 49 Figure 45 Presentation of the high LoD ......................... 50 Figure 46 Variations of final temple models with their reliability values . 51 Figure 47 Uncertainty of parts of the temple expressed by different visualization schemes 53 Figure 48 Swipe tool in CityEngine Web Viewer comparing uncertainty of parts of the temple illustrated by different visualization schemes . 53 Figure 49 Visualization of different variations of the Diana