HIRUNDO 2012
The End of an Era: the Role of Late Republican Women Through the Case Study of Clodia Metelli
³+LVWRU\LVDFRPPHQWDU\RQWKHYDULRXVDQGFRQWLQXLQJLQFDSDELOLWLHVRIPHQ :KDWLVKLVWRU\"+LVWRU\LVZRPHQIROORZLQJEHKLQGZLWKWKHEXFNHW´6RZULWHV$ODQ %HQQHWWLQKLVSOD\The History Boys/DWH5HSXEOLFDQ5RPHZDVDSHULRGRILQFDSDELOLWLHV RQWKHSDUWRIPDQ\EXWLWVHHPVWKDWDOWKRXJKZRPHQSRVVHVVHGWKHZKHUHZLWKDOWRGRVR PHQZRXOGQRWSHUPLWWKHPWRXQGHUWDNHDQ\UHDODFWLYHUROHLQVRFLHW\7KHFDVHRI&ORGLD 0HWHOOLUHYHDOVWKDWXSSHUFODVVZRPHQLQWKH/DWH5HSXEOLFKDGWKHPHDQVE\ZKLFKWR PDNH DQ LPSDFW LQ VRFLHW\ EXW WKHLU PDMRU KLQGUDQFH VWHPPHG IURP WKH VRFLDO VWLJPD SODFHGXSRQVXFKEHKDYLRXUE\WKHDGKHUHQFHRIPDQ\WRRXWGDWHGFRQVHUYDWLYHYDOXHV 7KHPro CaelioRI&LFHURLVHVVHQWLDOO\DEDUUDJHRIDEXVHWRZDUGV&ORGLDDZRPDQ ZKRSOD\HGDPLQRUUROHLQWKHDFWXDOWULDORI&DHOLXV$OWKRXJK&ORGLDZDVDPHUHZLWQHVV WRWKHSURVHFXWLRQZKLFKZDVGHIHQGHGLQSDUWE\KHUEURWKHU&ORGLXV&LFHURGUDZVWKH DXGLHQFH¶VIXOODWWHQWLRQWR&ORGLDPDNLQJKHUWKHIRFXVRIWKHWULDOKLVVSHHFKRGGO\HQRXJK DGGUHVVHVKHUPRUHWKDQLWGRHV&DHOLXV6KHKDVOLWWOHUHDOSODFHLQWKHWULDOJLYHQWKDWRQO\ RQHRIWKH¿YHFKDUJHVSHUWDLQHGWRKHUde veneno in Clodiam parato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¶V\RXQJHVWEURWKHUKLVHQPLW\LVOHJHQGDU\WKHUHIRUH PDNLQJ&ORGLDWUDQVLWLYHO\DQHQHP\RI&LFHURKLPVHOI,Q%&&ORGLXVLQKLVSRVLWLRQ DVWULEXQHRIWKHSOHEHLDQVKDGSDVVHGDELOOWKDWGHPDQGHGH[LOHIRUDQ\ZKRH[HFXWHG D 5RPDQ FLWL]HQ ZLWKRXW DIIRUGLQJ KLP D WULDO WKLV ZDV PHDQW WR EH UHWURVSHFWLYHO\ HIIHFWLYH WRZDUGV &LFHUR ZLWK ZKRP &ORGLXV HQMR\HG QR ERQGV RI IULHQGVKLS IRU KLV GHDOLQJZLWKWKH&DWLOLQDULDQFRQVSLUDWRUVGXULQJKLVFRQVXOVKLS7KLVVHHPVRGGJLYHQ WKDWDWWKHWLPHRI&DWLOLQH¶VFRQVSLUDF\&ORGLXVKDGEHHQRQHRI&LFHUR¶V³IRUZDUGHVW
$ODQ%HQQHWWThe History Boys, 1HZ DVVLVWDQWVDQGSURWHFWRUV´57KHLUDOOLDQFHPHWLWVDEUXSWHQGDW&ORGLXV¶WULDOLQUHVSRQVH WR WKH %RQD 'HD VFDQGDO EXW &LFHUR WKH RQH ZKR FRXOG GHVWUR\ &ORGLXV¶ GHIHQFH GLG VR LQ RUGHU WR DSSHDVH KLV ZLIH ZKR ZDV FRQYLQFHG WKDW &ORGLD ZLVKHG WR PDUU\ &LFHUR )DLOLQJ WR WHVWLI\ DJDLQVW &ORGLXV ZRXOG KDYH DQJHUHG KLV ZLIH 7HUHQWLD EXW GRLQJVRUHVXOWHGLQWKHUXSWXUHRIDQ\ODVWYHVWLJHRIIULHQGO\WLHVEHWZHHQ&LFHURDQG &ORGLXV7KLVKRVWLOLW\SURYHGWKHPDMRUSRLQWRIFRQWHQWLRQEHWZHHQ&LFHURDQG&ORGLD $V NLQVZRPDQ WR &ORGLXV LW ZDV &ORGLD¶V GXW\ DV D JRRG 5RPDQ ZRPDQ WRVXSSRUWKLPSROLWLFDOO\\HWLQGRLQJVRVKHZDVIRUFHGWRRSSRVHKHUKXVEDQG4 0HWHOOXV &HOHU ZKRP VKH UHJDUGHG DV DQ REVWDFOH WR &ORGLXV¶ SROLWLFDO DGYDQFHPHQW 7KLV FKRLFH UHSUHVHQWV D JUHDW VDFUL¿FH RQ WKH SDUW RI &ORGLD DV LW ZRXOG UHVXOW LQ D VWUDLQHG GRPHVWLF UHODWLRQVKLS EXW DV VXFK DOVR VKRZV DFXWH GHYRWLRQ WR KHU EURWKHU +RZHYHU &ORGLD¶V SRVLWLRQ DV WKH ZLIH RI D FRQVXO OHIW KHU ZLWK YDVW UHVRXUFHV ZKLFK XSRQ &HOHU¶V GHDWK LQ ZRXOG IDOO LQWR KHU SRVVHVVLRQ DORQH 7KLVQHZIRXQGZHDOWKDORQHZRXOGWHPSWDQ\\RXQJSROLWLFDOKRSHIXO:HDOWKDQG KLJKSRVLWLRQLQGLFDWHGLQÀXHQFHDQGFHUWDLQO\&ORGLDZDVRIDKLJKHUSROLWLFDOVWDWXVWKDQ WKDWRI&DHOLXVKLPVHOI+HZDVERUQLQWRWKHHTXHVWULDQFODVVEXWWRD³PHDQDQGQLJJDUGO\ IDWKHU´NQRZQIRUKLVXQZLOOLQJQHVVWROHWJRRIDQ\PRQH\VRQRGRXEW&ORGLD¶VSRVLWLRQ KHOGDFHUWDLQDOOXUHWRKLP&DHOLXVKDGDOZD\VOHDQWRQKLVVXSHULRUVDELWKHFRXQWHGRQ&LFHUR WRUHVWRUHKLVVXOOLHGUHSXWDWLRQZKHQKHKDGGULIWHGDZD\IURP&LFHURWRWKHFRQVSLUDWRUVRI &DWLOLQHDOWKRXJKWKHUHZDVQRLQGLFDWLRQRIKLVPRYLQJWRMRLQWKHFRQVSLUDF\LWVHOI%\ KHKDGEHFRPHHVWUDQJHGIURP&LFHURDQGERUHGZLWKKLVKRPHOLIHFDXVLQJKLPWRPRYH IURPKLVIDWKHU¶VKRPHDQGUHQWDKRPHRQWKH3DODWLQH+LOOIURP&ORGLXVDWDPRGHUDWHUHQW QRZPDNLQJKLPDQHLJKERXURI&ORGLD+HUHPDLQHGKRZHYHUXQGHUWKHDXWKRULW\RIKLV IDWKHUZKHQKHHQWHUHGLQWRKLVLQIDPRXVUHODWLRQVKLSZLWK&ORGLDYHU\UHFHQWO\ZLGRZHG $OWKRXJK &DHOLXV LQ IDFW FDPH WR &ORGLD DQG QRW YLFH YHUVD DV ZRXOG VHHP SUREDEOHZHUHVKHWKHSUHGDWRU&LFHURPDNHVKHURXWWREH&LFHURSODFHVDOOEODPHRQ &ORGLD IDPRXVO\ FDOOLQJ KHU D ³0HGHD RI WKH 3DODWLQH´ DQ HSLWKHW WKDW SOD\V KHDYLO\ 53OXWCic 63OXWCic 70DULO\Q%6NLQQHUSexuality in Greek and Roman Culture, 0DOGHQ0$%ODFNZHOO3XEOLVKLQJ 86NLQQHUSexuality, 9&LFCael 10:DUPLQJWRQ 11&LFCael 12&LFCael HIRUNDO 2012 LQWR &LFHUR¶V UKHWRULFDO DSSURDFK WR GHIHQGLQJ &DHOLXV $V IRU &DHOLXV KRZHYHU KH H[FXVHVKLPRQWKHDFFRXQWWKDWPHQZLOOHQJDJHLQVXFKGDOOLDQFHVRIZKLFKRQHPXVW WKLQNQRWKLQJVRORQJDVWKH\GRQRWUXLQWKHKDSSLQHVVRUUHSXWDWLRQRIRWKHUV:KLOH KHVHWVLQWRWKHPLQGRIWKHMXU\WKLVLPDJHRIDQDGXOWHURXVWUHDFKHURXVZRPDQODGHQ ZLWKPRUDOLQIUDFWLRQV&LFHURLQVLVWVWKDW&DHOLXV¶RQO\WUDQVJUHVVLRQLVWKDWRIKLVEHLQJ LQFUHGLEO\KDQGVRPHDIDFWZKLFKKHFOHDUO\FDQQRWKHOS$OWKRXJK&LFHUR¶VDUJXPHQWLV RIFRXUVHVODQWHGLQIDYRXURI&DHOLXVRQHEHJLQVWRVHHKHUHWKHVHWRIYDOXHVSURPLQHQW LQ5RPDQVRFLHW\PHQVRORQJDVWKH\DYRLGHGHOLWHUHVSHFWDEOHZRPHQLQWKHLUVH[XDO HQFRXQWHUVFRXOGHVFDSHSXEOLFVFUXWLQ\ZKHUHDVWKHmatronaGLGQRWHQMR\WKLVÀH[LELOLW\ IRUKHUDQ\DPRURXVUHODWLRQVKLSRXWVLGHRIPDUULDJHZDVVWULFWO\IRUELGGHQ&ORGLD¶V UHODWLRQVKLSZLWK&DHOLXVPLJKWQRWEHGH¿QHGDVDGXOWHURXVJLYHQWKDWKHUKXVEDQGKDG SDVVHGDZD\EHIRUHWKHFRPPHQFHPHQWRIWKHUHODWLRQVKLSEXWVWLOOLWRFFXUUHGRXWVLGH RIWKHERQGRIPDWULPRQ\&LFHURKRZHYHUUHPRYHVDQ\EODPHRIDGXOWHU\IURP&DHOLXV E\ VXJJHVWLQJ WKDW ZKHQ IDFHG ZLWK VXFK D ZDQWRQ KXVV\ IURP D IDPLO\ RI HTXDOO\ LPPRUDO SHRSOH KH FRXOG KDUGO\ EH KHOG UHVSRQVLEOH IRU KLV DFWLRQV Her egregious KHGRQLVPPDNHVKLPQRWDQDGXOWHUHUEXWUHGXFHVKLPWRDPHUHORYHUZLWKQRKDUPIXO LQWHQWLRQVEXWWRVDWLVI\KLVRZQGHVLUH7KHGXDOLW\EHWZHHQWKHSHUFHSWLRQVDQGUROHV RI ZRPHQ DQG PHQ KHUH VKRZV LWVHOI FOHDUO\ EXW WKLV LV D PRVWO\ WUDGLWLRQDOLVWLF YLHZ 7UDGLWLRQSOD\VWKHNH\GDPDJLQJUROHDJDLQVW&ORGLDLQWKHWULDO&LFHURRIWHQ SRUWUD\LQJ KLPVHOI DV D VDYLRXU RI WKH 5HSXEOLF VWDXQFKO\ XSKHOG WKH YLHZ RI 5RPDQ WUDGLWLRQDQGKHNQHZWKDWWKHERDUGRIMXURUVDOUHDG\LUULWDEOHGXHWRPLVVLQJWKHLudi Megalenses (a trial of vis VXFK DV WKDW RI &DHOLXV ZDV FRQVLGHUHG VHYHUH HQRXJK WR EH KHOGGXULQJWLPHVRIIHVWLYDOZKHUHDVRWKHUVZRXOGEHSRVWSRQHG ZRXOGVKDUHKLVYLHZ 5RPH¶VSDWULDUFKDOYDOXHVVKLQHWKURXJKLQWKLVUHVSHFWZKHQZRPHQDUHJLYHQSRZHU WKH\JDLQIUHHGRPDQGDVVXFKWKH\FDQQRWEHWUXVWHG0RUHDFFXUDWHO\WKRXJK&ORGLD¶V OLDLVRQVZHUHDVLJQRIWKHWLPHVVKHZDVDPHPEHURIDQHZHPDQFLSDWHGFODVVRIHOLWH ZRPHQDPRQJVWZKRPDWWKLVWLPHDGXOWHU\KDSSHQHGIUHTXHQWO\7KHQHZIRXQGIUHHGRP 13&LFCael 14&LFCael 15(YH'¶$PEUDRoman Women 1HZ RIZRPHQUHYHDOHGLWVHOIKRZHYHUQRWRQO\LQWKHSROLWLFDODUHQDEXWLQKRPHOLIHDVZHOO LWZDVQRZPRUHDSSURSULDWHIRUZRPHQWRHQMR\DSOHDVXUDEOHORYH&LFHURPDQLSXODWHV WKLV DVSHFW RI &ORGLD¶V FODVV RI ZRPHQ DORQJ ZLWK &ORGLD¶V UHSXWDWLRQ IRU EHLQJ YHU\ RSHQZLWKYDULRXVPHQLQRUGHUWRSRUWUD\KHUDVDPHUHWUL[*HIIFNHQLQKHUDQDO\VLV RIWKHVSHHFKZULWHVWKDW³REVFHQHKXPRXU«LVRULJLQDOO\GLUHFWHGWRZDUGZRPHQ´DQG &ORGLDDVDQXQFRQYHQWLRQDOmatronaZDVWKHSHUIHFWWDUJHW%\NLQGOLQJWKHDXGLHQFH¶V LQWHUHVWLQKHUVH[OLIHKHGLVWUDFWVWKHPIURPWKHWUXHVXEMHFWRIWKHWULDO&DHOLXV7KH UHODWLRQVKLS LWVHOI ZDV QRW QHFHVVDULO\ LQDSSURSULDWH IRU WKH WLPH KRZHYHU WKH K\SHU WUDGLWLRQDOOLJKWFDVWXSRQLWE\&LFHURFHUWDLQO\PDGHLWDSSHDUDEXQGDQWO\VFDQGDORXV 7KHPDWWHURI&ORGLD¶VKDYLQJOHQWPRQH\WR&DHOLXVDOVRLVREVHUYHGXQGHUD FRQVHUYDWLYHOHQV7KHWUDQVDFWLRQRIIXQGVIURPDZRPDQWRDPDQZDVQRWLQDQGRILWVHOI XQDFFHSWDEOH LW GLG KRZHYHU OHDYH D EDG LPSUHVVLRQ XSRQ WKH PDQ &LFHUR ERUURZHG PRQH\IURPDZRPDQFDOOHG&DHUHOOLDIROORZLQJWKH¿QDQFLDOUXLQUHVXOWDQWIURPKLVH[LOH EXWZDVFDXWLRQHGDJDLQVWLWE\$WWLFXVRQWKHJURXQGVWKDWIRUDPDQRIKLVVWDWXUHWRERUURZ PRQH\IURPDZRPDQZRXOGPDUKLVLPDJH7KLVLQFLGHQWZRXOGODWHUOHDG)X¿XV&DOHQXV WRDFFXVH&LFHURLQWKHVHQDWHRIVH[XDOUHODWLRQVZLWK&DHUHOOLD)URPWKLVLWVHHPVORJLFDO to conclude that a man from a lower social class could feel no shame in borrowing money IURPDZRPDQZLWKPHDQVEXWIRUDPDQRIKLJKVRFLHW\WRDFFHSWDORDQIURPDZRPDQZKR PLJKWEHSHUFHLYHGDVDSRWHQWLDOVH[XDOSDUWQHUZRXOGKDYHSURYHQXWWHUO\HPEDUUDVVLQJ DVZHOODVLQDSSURSULDWH,QWKHFDVHRI&LFHUR&DHUHOOLDVHHPHGDYLDEOHVRXUFHIRUDORDQ DVKHVDZKHUDVEHLQJWRRDGYDQFHGLQ\HDUVIRUWKHSXEOLFWRPLVFRQVWUXHWKHLUGHDOLQJVDV SRVVHVVLQJDQXQGHUO\LQJVH[XDOPRWLYH 7KHVWLJPDVXUURXQGLQJWKHERUURZLQJRIIXQGVE\ DPDQIURPDZRPDQPRVWSUREDEO\UHVXOWHGIURPWKHWUDGLWLRQDO5RPDQYLHZRIWKHZRPDQ DVWDNLQJKHUSODFHLQWKHdomusZKHUHVKHOLYHGPRGHVWO\LQDSRVLWLRQOHVVSXEOLFO\YLVLEOH WRPHQ,WZDVKHUVSKHUHZKHUHDVKLVPLJKWEHLQWKHIRUXPLWV\PEROLVHGKHUVXEVHUYLHQFH $ ZRPDQ ZRXOG PRVW DSSURSULDWHO\ FRQGXFW KHUVHOI ZLWK H\HV GRZQFDVW DQG LQ VLOHQFH WZR JHVWXUHV ZKLFK SHUIHFWO\ HPERGLHG pudicitia VH[XDO PRGHVW\ It is NQRZQKRZHYHUWKDW&ORGLDZHQWDERXWZLWKÀDJUDQWLDRFXORUXP³ÀDPLQJH\HV´DWUDLW 219DVVLOLV)\QWLNRJORX³&DHFXV&ORGLD0HWHOOXV7KHDWUHDQG3ROLWLFVLQPro Caelio´Collec- tion Latomus 272: Studies in Latin Literature and Roman History XIHG&DUO'HURX[ %UXVVHOV 8QLYHUVD 22*HIIFNHQ 236X]DQQH'L[RQReading Romen Women /RQGRQ'XFNZRUWK 24&DVV'LR 25 Rebecca Langlands, Sexual Morality in Ancient Rome &DPEULGJH&DPEULGJH8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV HIRUNDO 2012 IRUZKLFKVKHZDVZHOONQRZQDQGRQHWKDWGLUHFWO\EHWUD\HGWKHYDOXHVRIpudicitia &LFHURKLPVHOILQKLVOHWWHUVWR$WWLFXVUHIHUVWRKHUE\DQLFNQDPHKHGHYHORSHGIRUKHU± ³2[(\HV´±VXJJHVWLQJDEUD]HQVWUHQJWKDQGPDVFXOLQLW\XQFKDUDFWHULVWLFRIDPRGHVW ZRPDQ DQG UHLQIRUFHV KHU SXEOLF SHUFHSWLRQ RI FDVWLQJ FKDVWH YDOXHV E\ WKH URDGVLGH DQGSUHVHQWLQJKHUVHOIZLWKDQXQSUHFHGHQWHGVHOIDXWRQRP\7KHVHGHVFULSWLRQVVHUYHWR VKRZ&ORGLD¶VLQGHSHQGHQFHDQGIRUZDUGQHVVIRUZKLFKVKHZDVZHOOQRWHGDQGZKLFK VHUYHG&LFHURLQKLVGHIHQFHSURYLQJRQO\WREHDWRROLQKLVFRPSOHWHGHIDPDWLRQRIKHU $V QRWHG HDUOLHU VH[XDO OLFHQWLRXVQHVV ZDV D FRPPRQ FKDUJH DJDLQVW ZRPHQ +HPHOULMN VWDWHV WKDW ³ZHOOHGXFDWHG DQG VRFLDOO\ SURPLQHQW ZRPHQ DUH DOO DEXVHG IRU ORRVHPRUDOVZKLFKDUHSUHVHQWHGDVLQVRPHZD\FRQQHFWHGZLWKWKHLUVRSKLVWLFDWLRQDQG VWDWXV´&LFHURFHUWDLQO\WDNHVDGYDQWDJHRIWKLVLQKLVVSHHFKEXWKHDOVRFXWV&ORGLDGRZQ IURPWKHRSSRVLWHHQGRIWKHVSHFWUXPKHGHVH[XDOLVHVKHUSODFLQJKHULQDPDOHUROH:KHQ KHUHOD\VWKHHYHQWVWKDWWRRNSODFHLQWKH6HQLDQ%DWKVKHSDLQWVKHUDVDQ³imperatrix´D “dux femina´OHDGLQJKHUWURRSRIVODYHVLQWRDERWFKHGEDWWOH7KLVLV&LFHUR¶VPHWDSKRU DOVRIRU&ORGLD¶VUROHLQSROLWLFV:KHQHYHUDZRPDQGDEEOHGLQSXEOLFOLIHVKHZDVWUHDGLQJ RQGDQJHURXVJURXQGWKLVZDVDPDQ¶VWHUULWRU\RQHWKDWHPERGLHGQRQHRIWKHWUDGLWLRQDO IHPLQLQHYDOXHVDQGWRWKHWUDGLWLRQDOLVW¶VSRLQWRIYLHZVKHGLGQRWEHORQJWKHUH$VVXFK VKHZRXOGKDYHWRZDWFKKHUVWHS7KHPRVWSURPLQHQWUHDVRQIRUWKHXQVXUHUROHRIZRPHQ LQSROLWLFVVWHPVIURPWKHDPELJXLW\VXUURXQGLQJWKHSUDFWLFH,WZDVW\SLFDOO\FRQVLGHUHG the arena of men, and therefore women should not tread there, but at the same time women ZHUHWUDGLWLRQDOO\HQFRXUDJHGWRSOD\ZKDWUROHWKH\FRXOGLQIXUWKHULQJWKHFDUHHURID PDOHUHODWLYH$VVKHZDVHQJDJLQJLQDPDQ¶VDFWLYLW\&LFHURSRUWUD\HGKHUDVVXFKDQG KHUIDUFLFDOIDLOXUHWRDWWDLQWKHYLFWRU\WKDWDSURSHU5RPDQPDOHJHQHUDOZRXOGKDYHGRQH GHPRQVWUDWHVKLVFRQVHUYDWLYHYLHZWKDWZRPHQFDQQRWVXFFHHGLQWKHSURYLQFHRIPHQ ,Q KLV VSHHFK&LFHURIDVKLRQV KLPVHOIDV D SOD\ZULJKWVXPPRQLQJFKDUDFWHUV DQG HQJDJLQJ WKHP LQ D GLGDFWLF PRUDOLVWLF SURVRSRSRHLD +H FDOOV XS WKH LPDJH RI $SSLXV&ODXGLXV&DHFXVDQDQFHVWRURI&ORGLD¶VDQGDSURPLQHQW¿JXUHLQWKHKLVWRU\ RIWKH5HSXEOLFZKRP&LFHURXVHVWRGHFU\&ORGLD¶VEHKDYLRXULQFRQWUDVWWRKLVRZQ KHUVLVGHWULPHQWDOWRWKHUHSXEOLFKLVKDGRQO\VHUYHGLW(YHU\WKLQJ$SSLXV&ODXGLXV 26*HIIFNHQ 27&LFAtt. 28(PLO\+HPHOULMNMatrona Docta: Educated Women in the Roman Elite from Cornelia to Julia Domna /RQGRQ5RXWOHGJH 29*HIIFNHQ 30+HPHOULMN 31'L[RQ Jacqueline McGoldrick Late Republican Women KDGGRQHIRUWKHUHSXEOLFVKHQRZGHIDPHGDVLQKHURSHQO\JDOOLYDQWLQJDERXWZLWKPHQ LQWKH9LD$SSLDWKDW&DHFXVKLPVHOIKDGFRQVWUXFWHG)RU&LFHURLQKLVVSHHFK&ORGLD HPERGLHVHYHU\WKLQJWKDWLVQRQUHSXEOLFDQDQGPRFNVWKHYDOXHVRI5RPH7KHPHWDSKRU RI WKH VWDJH WKDW KH FUHDWHV IXUWKHU GHJUDGHV &ORGLD IRU DV SRLQWHG RXW E\ +HPHOULMN WKH SRRU UHSXWDWLRQ RI WKH VWDJH ZRXOG UXE RII RQ &ORGLD OHDYLQJ &LFHUR¶V DXGLHQFH ZLWK D GLUWLHG FRPPRQ LPDJH RI &ORGLD %XW &LFHUR¶V HODERUDWH RUDWRU\ DQG WDFWLFDO UKHWRULFDOGHYLFHVPHUHO\VHUYHWRGLVWUDFWWKHMXU\IURPWKHIDFWWKDWKHKDVYHU\OLWWOH WR VD\ DJDLQVW &ORGLD +LV DUJXPHQWV DUH UHSHWLWLYH DQG QRQGLYHUVH +H H[KDXVWV WKH XQHWKLFDOEHKDYLRXURI&ORGLDDVDWRSLFDQGLJQRUHVDQ\JRRGWUDLWVRIKHUV*UDQWHGKH PXVWGRWKLVWRVSHDNLQIDYRXURIWKHSURVHFXWLRQZRXOGEHWRWKURZDZD\WKHFDVHDVKH GHVLJQVWRVZD\WKHMXU\,WFDQEHFRQFOXGHGIURP&LFHUR¶VRUQDPHQWHGDQGHQJDJLQJEXW XOWLPDWHO\YDFDQW ZLWKUHJDUGWRFRQWHQW UKHWRULFFHQWHULQJRQWKHXQVXLWDEOHUHODWLRQV EHWZHHQ&DHOLXVDQG&ORGLDWKDWWKHUHZDVLQIDFWOLWWOHGLVFHUQLEO\ZURQJZLWKWKHDIIDLU ,Q VWDUN FRQWUDVW WR WKH Pro Caelio &ORGLD¶V UROH LQ ZKLFK 6NLQQHU GHVFULEHV DV ³VLQLVWHU DQG H[DJJHUDWHG´ DUH WKH OHWWHUV RI &LFHUR ,Q D OHWWHU WR 0HWHOOXV &HOHU &ORGLD¶V RZQ KXVEDQG &LFHUR DGPLWV WKDW KH KDG DVNHG &ORGLD DQG 0XFLD 3RPSH\¶V ZLIH WR LQWHUYHQH RQ KLV EHKDOI LQ D GLVDJUHHPHQW EHWZHHQ KLPVHOI DQG 1HSRV :KLOH 1HSRV PRVWO\ LJQRUHG WKH ZRPHQ WKH FRQVHQVXV RI WKH SXEOLF ZDV WKDW 1HSRV KDG EHHQ ZURQJ LQ VR GRLQJ DQG VKRXOG KDYH XSKHOG WKHLU UHTXHVW7KLV LQGLFDWHV WKDW ZRPHQRIWKHHOLWHFODVVFRPPDQGHGHQRXJKUHVSHFWLQWKHH\HRIWKHSRSXODFHWRKDYH WKHLU SHWLWLRQV KHHGHG DQG REH\HG ,Q UHTXHVWLQJ DVVLVWDQFH IURP WKHVH ZRPHQ &LFHUR was treating them as surrogates or substitutes for their husbands, both considerably SRZHUIXO PHQ 6LQFH &LFHUR ZDV DOUHDG\ RQ GXELRXV WHUUDLQ ZLWK WKHLU KXVEDQGV RQH PXVW DVVXPH WKDW KH ZRXOG QRW KDYH DVNHG IRU WKHLU DLG LI KH GLG QRW WKLQN WKDW WKHLU LQÀXHQFHZRXOGSURYHEHQH¿FLDOWRKLPDQGWKDWWKHLULQWHUFHVVLRQZRXOGEHVXFFHVVIXO &ORGLD¶VVH[XDOUROHLVOHVVGLUHFWO\DGGUHVVHGLQWKHOHWWHUV$WRQHSRLQWDV&LFHUR UHOD\V WR$WWLFXV KH ZDV ZDONLQJ ZLWK &ORGLXV ZKR FRPSODLQHG WKDW KLV VLVWHU LQ KHU SRVLWLRQDVFRQVXO¶VZLIHZDVQRWDIIRUGLQJKLPDVPXFKKHOSDVKHZRXOGKDYHZLVKHG 6KH KDG WKH SRZHU WR DOORW VRPH VHDWV DW WKH JODGLDWRULDO JDPHV DQG DV VXFK &ORGLXV 32&LFCael. 33+HPHOULMN 34(65DPDJH³&ORGLDLQ&LFHUR¶VPro Caelio´Classical Texts and their TraditionsHG'DYLG) %ULJKWDQG(GZLQ65DPDJH &KLFR&$6FKRODUV3UHVV 356NLQQHU³&ORGLD0HWHOOL´ 36&LFFam 376NLQQHU³&ORGLD0HWHOOL´ HIRUNDO 2012 FRPSODLQV³µKDVGLVFUHWLRQRYHUWKHFRQVXODUHQFORVXUH>EXW@LVDOORZLQJPHRQHPHDVO\ IRRW¶´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ÀXHQFHDQGDOVRSOD\VRQWKHZLGHO\SURPXOJDWHGLGHDRI&ORGLDDV DZRPDQRIORRVHPRUDOV&LFHURGRHVH[SUHVVVRPHGLVGDLQWRZDUGV&ORGLDKRZHYHU GXH WR KHU FRQVWDQW TXDUUHOV ZLWK KHU KXVEDQG 7KLV FRQWHPSW VHHPV WR UHFDOO WKH WUDGLWLRQDOUHSXEOLFDQYDOXHVZKHUHLQDZRPDQRXJKWQHYHUWRRSSRVHKHUKXVEDQGWR ZKLFK &LFHUR DGKHUHV UHVROXWHO\ DOWKRXJK WKH\ DUH VRPHZKDW RXWGDWHG ZLWK WKH WLPHV $IWHU WKH WULDO &ORGLD GLVDSSHDUV IURP &LFHUR¶V OHWWHUV XQWLO %& ZKHQ KLV FRUUHVSRQGHQFHWR$WWLFXVUHYHDOVKLVGHVLUHWRSXUFKDVHVRPHSURSHUW\XSRQZKLFKWROLYH RXWWKHUHVWRIKLVOLIHDQGWRFRQVWUXFWDVKULQHWRKLVGDXJKWHU2QHRIWKHSURSHUWLHVWKDWKH FRQVLGHUVSXUFKDVLQJLVWKDWRI&ORGLDRQWKH3DODWLQH+LOO7KHIDFWWKDWKHFRQVLGHUVWKLV ORFDWLRQZKLFKDGHFDGHEHIRUHKHKDGGHQRXQFHGDVWKHVLWHRIXQVSHDNDEOHGHEDXFKHU\ LPSOLHVWKDW&LFHURGRHVQRWDFWXDOO\VHH&ORGLDDVWKHGHJHQHUDWHDQGGHSUDYHG³0HGHD´ DV KH KDG FRQVWUXFWHG KHU LQ KLV VSHHFK7R FRQGXFW EXVLQHVV ZLWK D FRXUWHVDQ DQG D PXUGHUHU IRUUXPRXUKDGLWWKDWVKHKDGSRLVRQHGKHURZQKXVEDQG ZRXOGQRWUHÀHFW IDYRXUDEO\XSRQKLPWKHUHIRUHKHPXVWQRWKDYHDGKHUHGWRWKHEHOLHIWKDWVKHZDVJXLOW\ RIWKHVHPRUDOPLVGHPHDQRXUV7KHdomusLVW\SLFDOO\DVVRFLDWHGZLWKDQHOLWHLQGLYLGXDO¶V SXEOLFLPDJHDQGZRPHQZHUHHQFRXUDJHGWRGLVSOD\FKDVWLW\DQGWREHOHVVYLVLEOHWR WKHSRSXODFHWKDQPHQ,WLVWKHHPERGLPHQWRI5RPDQYDOXHVDQGLI&LFHURWUXO\YLHZHG &ORGLDDVWKHDSSDOOLQJYLRODWRURIDOOWKDW5RPDQWUDGLWLRQKHOGGHDUKHZRXOGQRWKDYH HQWHUWDLQHGWKHQRWLRQRIUHVLGLQJLQKHUKRPHPXFKOHVVGHHPLWDGHVLUDEOHORFDWLRQ $V /HHQZULWHVDWWKHWLPHRI&LFHURWKHKRXVHUHIHUUHGWR³WKHSK\VLFDODQGDUFKLWHFWXUDO VSDFH«DVZHOODVWKHKLVWRULFDODQGVRFLDOXQLWFRQVLVWLQJRIWKHLPPHGLDWHDQGH[WHQGHG 38&LFAtt 39,ELG 40,ELG 41 Ibid. 426NLQQHU³&ORGLD0HWHOOL´ 43$QQH/HHQ³&ORGLD2SSXJQDWUL[7KH'RPXV0RWLILQ&LFHUR¶Vµ3UR&DHOLR¶´The Classical Journal9RO1R Jacqueline McGoldrick Late Republican Women IDPLO\ZKHWKHUOLYLQJLQWKDWKRXVHRUQRW´/LYLQJLQ&ORGLD¶VKRXVHZRXOGKDYHVRFLDOO\ FRQQHFWHG&LFHURWRKHUDIDWHKHPXVWQRWKDYHPLQGHG7KLVGHVFULSWLRQRIWKHUROHRIWKH domusDOVRVXJJHVWVWKDW&LFHURDQG&ORGLDPD\KDYHPDGHSHDFHDQGPD\EHHYHQVRPHRI WKHKRVWLOLW\EHWZHHQ&ORGLXVDQG&LFHURKDGGLVVLSDWHGJLYHQWKDWWKHdomusHQFRPSDVVHG DOVRH[WHQGHGIDPLO\DQG&ORGLXVZDVHYHQFORVHUWKDQWKDWWR&ORGLD,WUHPDLQVGLI¿FXOW WRVD\GXHWRDODFNRIVRXUFHV$OWHUQDWHO\SHUKDSV&LFHURKDGQHYHUEHOLHYHGZKDWKHKDG VDLGDERXWKHUDQGLWZDVDOOIXOO\VHQVDWLRQDOLVHGWRKXUW&ORGLXVDQGWRZLQWKHFDVH%XW PRUHWKDQDSSDUHQWIRUJLYHQHVVRI&ORGLD¶VPRUDOWUDQVJUHVVLRQVWKLVOHWWHUUHYHDOVDVSHFWV RI&ORGLD¶VSULYDWHOLIH)LUVW&LFHURH[SUHVVHVGRXEWWKDW&ORGLDZLOOVHOODWDOOLPSO\LQJ WKDW&ORGLDHQMR\VLPPHQVH¿QDQFLDOVHFXULW\DQGKDVQRQHHGRIWKHIXQGVVKHZRXOGJDLQ IURPWKHVDOH6KRUWO\WKHUHDIWHUKHJRHVRQWRDFNQRZOHGJHKHUEXVLQHVVVDYY\VWDWLQJWKDW ³WKHUH¶VVRPHKRSHRIJHWWLQJLWIURPKHUGLUHFWO\«EHFDXVHLW¶VDORWFKHDSHUDQG«,¶OOEH VXUH,FDQSD\HYHQLQFDVK´&LFHURNQRZVWKDW&ORGLDKDVWKHFRPPHUFLDODFXPHQWRFDUU\ RXWWKHWUDQVDFWLRQGLUHFWO\ZLWKRXWDPLGGOHPDQZKLFKGHQRWHVDFHUWDLQGHJUHHRIUHVSHFW WRZDUGVKHURQKLVSDUW+HUHFRJQLVHVKHULQGHSHQGHQFHLQPDQDJLQJKHURZQPDWWHUVWKDW VKHUHSUHVHQWVDQHPHUJLQJEUHHGRIZRPDQRQHZKRFDQNHHSKHURZQDIIDLUVLQRUGHU 8OWLPDWHO\WKHVRXUFHVH[WDQW IRUWKHPRVWSDUW&LFHUR¶VZULWLQJV DUHEDVHGRQ UHFRUGHGUHSUHVHQWDWLRQV:\NHDUJXHVWKDW&LFHUR¶VLPSUHVVLRQRI&ORGLDDVDmeretrix and 0HGHDKDVFDXVHGVXEVHTXHQWFKURQLFOHUVWRIRUFH&ORGLDLQWRWKHVHDUFKHW\SDOUROHV He FUHDWHGDSDUDGLJPDURXQGZKLFKWKHLPDJHRI&ORGLDKDVEHHQVKDSHG&LFHUR¶VRUDWLRQV DUHRIWKHOLWHUDU\JHQUHDQGDVVXFKFDQQRWQHFHVVDULO\JLYHDJRRGLPDJHRIWKHKLVWRULFDO &ORGLD6LQFHKLVUKHWRULFFDQQRWEHWDNHQDWIDFHYDOXHLWVHHPVWKDWKLVOHWWHUVZRXOGGHOLYHU WKHPRVWUHOLDEOHDFFRXQW+LVZRUGVKRZHYHUGRHQGRZPRGHUQLW\ZLWKDVXEVWDQWLDOLGHD RIWKHYDOXHVRIWKHWLPHDQGKRZYDULRXVDFWLRQVZHUHUHFHLYHGE\WKHSXEOLF7KH\ZHUH SRRUO\UHFHLYHGIRUWKHPRVWSDUWDQGZULWWHQRIIDVODVFLYLRXVRUPDQO\3DUNHUZULWHV WKDW³DQ\ZRPDQZKRHQMR\VVH[LVE\GH¿QLWLRQDEQRUPDODQGPDVFXOLQH7KHVH[XDOO\ DFWLYHZRPDQLVWKHSURVWLWXWHRUWKHDGXOWHUHVVZKRLQYHUWVWKHYDOXHVRIWKHVRFLHW\´ 7KLVLV&LFHUR¶V&ORGLD6KHWXUQVWKHWUDGLWLRQDO5RPDQVFKHPDRIYDOXHVRQLWVKHDGDQG EROGO\VWHSVIRUWKOLEHUDWHGWDNLQJRQDFRQYHQWLRQDOO\PDVFXOLQHUROH%XWWKLVLVZKHUH 44/HHQ 45&LFAtt. 46&LFAtt. 470:\NH³0LVWUHVVDQG0HWDSKRULQ$XJXVWDQ(OHJ\´Sexuality and Gender in the Classical World: Readings and Sources,HG/DXUD.0F&OXUH 0DOGHQ0$%ODFNZHOO3XEOLVKLQJ 48+ROW13DUNHU³7KH7HUDWRJHQLF*ULG´Roman Sexualities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ÀH[LYHUHDFWLRQWRUHVLVWWKLVFKDQJHLQSULQFLSOHV:RPHQKDGWKH SRWHQWLDOWRWDNHRQDPRUHDFWLYHUROHLQSROLWLFVWKHSUDFWLFHRIZKLFKZDVQRWOHJDOO\ XQDFFHSWDEOHEXWWUDGLWLRQDOYDOXHVPDGHLWXQVHHPO\DQGWKXVEDUUHGPDQ\ZRPHQIURP WDNLQJSDUWDQGYLOL¿HGWKRVHVXFKDV&ORGLD0HWHOOLZKRH[HUFLVHGSHUVRQDODXWRQRP\ Jacqueline McGoldrick Late Republican Women Bibliography Primary Sources: &LFHUR0DUFXV7XOOLXVPro Caelio; De Provinciis Consularibus; Pro Balbo7UDQV5 *DUGQHU&DPEULGJH0$+DUYDUG8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV 3OXWDUFKLives7UDQVODWHGE\-RKQ'U\GHQ(GLWHGE\$UWKXU+XJK&ORXJK1HZ Secondary Sources: %HQQHWW$ODQThe History Boys. 1HZ