HIRUNDO 2012 The End of an Era: the Role of Late Republican Women Through the Case Study of Clodia Metelli ³+LVWRU\LVDFRPPHQWDU\RQWKHYDULRXVDQGFRQWLQXLQJLQFDSDELOLWLHVRIPHQ :KDWLVKLVWRU\"+LVWRU\LVZRPHQIROORZLQJEHKLQGZLWKWKHEXFNHW´6RZULWHV$ODQ %HQQHWWLQKLVSOD\The History Boys/DWH5HSXEOLFDQ5RPHZDVDSHULRGRILQFDSDELOLWLHV RQWKHSDUWRIPDQ\EXWLWVHHPVWKDWDOWKRXJKZRPHQSRVVHVVHGWKHZKHUHZLWKDOWRGRVR PHQZRXOGQRWSHUPLWWKHPWRXQGHUWDNHDQ\UHDODFWLYHUROHLQVRFLHW\7KHFDVHRI&ORGLD 0HWHOOLUHYHDOVWKDWXSSHUFODVVZRPHQLQWKH/DWH5HSXEOLFKDGWKHPHDQVE\ZKLFKWR PDNH DQ LPSDFW LQ VRFLHW\ EXW WKHLU PDMRU KLQGUDQFH VWHPPHG IURP WKH VRFLDO VWLJPD SODFHGXSRQVXFKEHKDYLRXUE\WKHDGKHUHQFHRIPDQ\WRRXWGDWHGFRQVHUYDWLYHYDOXHV 7KHPro CaelioRI&LFHURLVHVVHQWLDOO\DEDUUDJHRIDEXVHWRZDUGV&ORGLDDZRPDQ ZKRSOD\HGDPLQRUUROHLQWKHDFWXDOWULDORI&DHOLXV$OWKRXJK&ORGLDZDVDPHUHZLWQHVV WRWKHSURVHFXWLRQZKLFKZDVGHIHQGHGLQSDUWE\KHUEURWKHU&ORGLXV&LFHURGUDZVWKH DXGLHQFH¶VIXOODWWHQWLRQWR&ORGLDPDNLQJKHUWKHIRFXVRIWKHWULDOKLVVSHHFKRGGO\HQRXJK DGGUHVVHVKHUPRUHWKDQLWGRHV&DHOLXV6KHKDVOLWWOHUHDOSODFHLQWKHWULDOJLYHQWKDWRQO\ RQHRIWKH¿YHFKDUJHVSHUWDLQHGWRKHUde veneno in Clodiam parato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¶V\RXQJHVWEURWKHUKLVHQPLW\LVOHJHQGDU\WKHUHIRUH PDNLQJ&ORGLDWUDQVLWLYHO\DQHQHP\RI&LFHURKLPVHOI,Q%&&ORGLXVLQKLVSRVLWLRQ DVWULEXQHRIWKHSOHEHLDQVKDGSDVVHGDELOOWKDWGHPDQGHGH[LOHIRUDQ\ZKRH[HFXWHG D 5RPDQ FLWL]HQ ZLWKRXW DIIRUGLQJ KLP D WULDO WKLV ZDV PHDQW WR EH UHWURVSHFWLYHO\ HIIHFWLYH WRZDUGV &LFHUR ZLWK ZKRP &ORGLXV HQMR\HG QR ERQGV RI IULHQGVKLS IRU KLV GHDOLQJZLWKWKH&DWLOLQDULDQFRQVSLUDWRUVGXULQJKLVFRQVXOVKLS7KLVVHHPVRGGJLYHQ WKDWDWWKHWLPHRI&DWLOLQH¶VFRQVSLUDF\&ORGLXVKDGEHHQRQHRI&LFHUR¶V³IRUZDUGHVW $ODQ%HQQHWWThe History Boys, 1HZ<RUN)DEHUDQG)DEHU,QF 2(+:DUPLQJWRQ,QWURGXFWLRQWRPro CaelioE\&LFHUR &DPEULGJH0$/RHE&ODVVLFDO/L EUDU\ 3:DUPLQJWRQ 43OXWCic Jacqueline McGoldrick Late Republican Women DVVLVWDQWVDQGSURWHFWRUV´57KHLUDOOLDQFHPHWLWVDEUXSWHQGDW&ORGLXV¶WULDOLQUHVSRQVH WR WKH %RQD 'HD VFDQGDO EXW &LFHUR WKH RQH ZKR FRXOG GHVWUR\ &ORGLXV¶ GHIHQFH GLG VR LQ RUGHU WR DSSHDVH KLV ZLIH ZKR ZDV FRQYLQFHG WKDW &ORGLD ZLVKHG WR PDUU\ &LFHUR )DLOLQJ WR WHVWLI\ DJDLQVW &ORGLXV ZRXOG KDYH DQJHUHG KLV ZLIH 7HUHQWLD EXW GRLQJVRUHVXOWHGLQWKHUXSWXUHRIDQ\ODVWYHVWLJHRIIULHQGO\WLHVEHWZHHQ&LFHURDQG &ORGLXV7KLVKRVWLOLW\SURYHGWKHPDMRUSRLQWRIFRQWHQWLRQEHWZHHQ&LFHURDQG&ORGLD $V NLQVZRPDQ WR &ORGLXV LW ZDV &ORGLD¶V GXW\ DV D JRRG 5RPDQ ZRPDQ WRVXSSRUWKLPSROLWLFDOO\\HWLQGRLQJVRVKHZDVIRUFHGWRRSSRVHKHUKXVEDQG4 0HWHOOXV &HOHU ZKRP VKH UHJDUGHG DV DQ REVWDFOH WR &ORGLXV¶ SROLWLFDO DGYDQFHPHQW 7KLV FKRLFH UHSUHVHQWV D JUHDW VDFUL¿FH RQ WKH SDUW RI &ORGLD DV LW ZRXOG UHVXOW LQ D VWUDLQHG GRPHVWLF UHODWLRQVKLS EXW DV VXFK DOVR VKRZV DFXWH GHYRWLRQ WR KHU EURWKHU +RZHYHU &ORGLD¶V SRVLWLRQ DV WKH ZLIH RI D FRQVXO OHIW KHU ZLWK YDVW UHVRXUFHV ZKLFK XSRQ &HOHU¶V GHDWK LQ ZRXOG IDOO LQWR KHU SRVVHVVLRQ DORQH 7KLVQHZIRXQGZHDOWKDORQHZRXOGWHPSWDQ\\RXQJSROLWLFDOKRSHIXO:HDOWKDQG KLJKSRVLWLRQLQGLFDWHGLQÀXHQFHDQGFHUWDLQO\&ORGLDZDVRIDKLJKHUSROLWLFDOVWDWXVWKDQ WKDWRI&DHOLXVKLPVHOI+HZDVERUQLQWRWKHHTXHVWULDQFODVVEXWWRD³PHDQDQGQLJJDUGO\ IDWKHU´NQRZQIRUKLVXQZLOOLQJQHVVWROHWJRRIDQ\PRQH\VRQRGRXEW&ORGLD¶VSRVLWLRQ KHOGDFHUWDLQDOOXUHWRKLP&DHOLXVKDGDOZD\VOHDQWRQKLVVXSHULRUVDELWKHFRXQWHGRQ&LFHUR WRUHVWRUHKLVVXOOLHGUHSXWDWLRQZKHQKHKDGGULIWHGDZD\IURP&LFHURWRWKHFRQVSLUDWRUVRI &DWLOLQHDOWKRXJKWKHUHZDVQRLQGLFDWLRQRIKLVPRYLQJWRMRLQWKHFRQVSLUDF\LWVHOI%\ KHKDGEHFRPHHVWUDQJHGIURP&LFHURDQGERUHGZLWKKLVKRPHOLIHFDXVLQJKLPWRPRYH IURPKLVIDWKHU¶VKRPHDQGUHQWDKRPHRQWKH3DODWLQH+LOOIURP&ORGLXVDWDPRGHUDWHUHQW QRZPDNLQJKLPDQHLJKERXURI&ORGLD+HUHPDLQHGKRZHYHUXQGHUWKHDXWKRULW\RIKLV IDWKHUZKHQKHHQWHUHGLQWRKLVLQIDPRXVUHODWLRQVKLSZLWK&ORGLDYHU\UHFHQWO\ZLGRZHG $OWKRXJK &DHOLXV LQ IDFW FDPH WR &ORGLD DQG QRW YLFH YHUVD DV ZRXOG VHHP SUREDEOHZHUHVKHWKHSUHGDWRU&LFHURPDNHVKHURXWWREH&LFHURSODFHVDOOEODPHRQ &ORGLD IDPRXVO\ FDOOLQJ KHU D ³0HGHD RI WKH 3DODWLQH´ DQ HSLWKHW WKDW SOD\V KHDYLO\ 53OXWCic 63OXWCic 70DULO\Q%6NLQQHUSexuality in Greek and Roman Culture, 0DOGHQ0$%ODFNZHOO3XEOLVKLQJ 86NLQQHUSexuality, 9&LFCael 10:DUPLQJWRQ 11&LFCael 12&LFCael HIRUNDO 2012 LQWR &LFHUR¶V UKHWRULFDO DSSURDFK WR GHIHQGLQJ &DHOLXV $V IRU &DHOLXV KRZHYHU KH H[FXVHVKLPRQWKHDFFRXQWWKDWPHQZLOOHQJDJHLQVXFKGDOOLDQFHVRIZKLFKRQHPXVW WKLQNQRWKLQJVRORQJDVWKH\GRQRWUXLQWKHKDSSLQHVVRUUHSXWDWLRQRIRWKHUV:KLOH KHVHWVLQWRWKHPLQGRIWKHMXU\WKLVLPDJHRIDQDGXOWHURXVWUHDFKHURXVZRPDQODGHQ ZLWKPRUDOLQIUDFWLRQV&LFHURLQVLVWVWKDW&DHOLXV¶RQO\WUDQVJUHVVLRQLVWKDWRIKLVEHLQJ LQFUHGLEO\KDQGVRPHDIDFWZKLFKKHFOHDUO\FDQQRWKHOS$OWKRXJK&LFHUR¶VDUJXPHQWLV RIFRXUVHVODQWHGLQIDYRXURI&DHOLXVRQHEHJLQVWRVHHKHUHWKHVHWRIYDOXHVSURPLQHQW LQ5RPDQVRFLHW\PHQVRORQJDVWKH\DYRLGHGHOLWHUHVSHFWDEOHZRPHQLQWKHLUVH[XDO HQFRXQWHUVFRXOGHVFDSHSXEOLFVFUXWLQ\ZKHUHDVWKHmatronaGLGQRWHQMR\WKLVÀH[LELOLW\ IRUKHUDQ\DPRURXVUHODWLRQVKLSRXWVLGHRIPDUULDJHZDVVWULFWO\IRUELGGHQ&ORGLD¶V UHODWLRQVKLSZLWK&DHOLXVPLJKWQRWEHGH¿QHGDVDGXOWHURXVJLYHQWKDWKHUKXVEDQGKDG SDVVHGDZD\EHIRUHWKHFRPPHQFHPHQWRIWKHUHODWLRQVKLSEXWVWLOOLWRFFXUUHGRXWVLGH RIWKHERQGRIPDWULPRQ\&LFHURKRZHYHUUHPRYHVDQ\EODPHRIDGXOWHU\IURP&DHOLXV E\ VXJJHVWLQJ WKDW ZKHQ IDFHG ZLWK VXFK D ZDQWRQ KXVV\ IURP D IDPLO\ RI HTXDOO\ LPPRUDO SHRSOH KH FRXOG KDUGO\ EH KHOG UHVSRQVLEOH IRU KLV DFWLRQV Her egregious KHGRQLVPPDNHVKLPQRWDQDGXOWHUHUEXWUHGXFHVKLPWRDPHUHORYHUZLWKQRKDUPIXO LQWHQWLRQVEXWWRVDWLVI\KLVRZQGHVLUH7KHGXDOLW\EHWZHHQWKHSHUFHSWLRQVDQGUROHV RI ZRPHQ DQG PHQ KHUH VKRZV LWVHOI FOHDUO\ EXW WKLV LV D PRVWO\ WUDGLWLRQDOLVWLF YLHZ 7UDGLWLRQSOD\VWKHNH\GDPDJLQJUROHDJDLQVW&ORGLDLQWKHWULDO&LFHURRIWHQ SRUWUD\LQJ KLPVHOI DV D VDYLRXU RI WKH 5HSXEOLF VWDXQFKO\ XSKHOG WKH YLHZ RI 5RPDQ WUDGLWLRQDQGKHNQHZWKDWWKHERDUGRIMXURUVDOUHDG\LUULWDEOHGXHWRPLVVLQJWKHLudi Megalenses (a trial of vis VXFK DV WKDW RI &DHOLXV ZDV FRQVLGHUHG VHYHUH HQRXJK WR EH KHOGGXULQJWLPHVRIIHVWLYDOZKHUHDVRWKHUVZRXOGEHSRVWSRQHG ZRXOGVKDUHKLVYLHZ 5RPH¶VSDWULDUFKDOYDOXHVVKLQHWKURXJKLQWKLVUHVSHFWZKHQZRPHQDUHJLYHQSRZHU WKH\JDLQIUHHGRPDQGDVVXFKWKH\FDQQRWEHWUXVWHG0RUHDFFXUDWHO\WKRXJK&ORGLD¶V OLDLVRQVZHUHDVLJQRIWKHWLPHVVKHZDVDPHPEHURIDQHZHPDQFLSDWHGFODVVRIHOLWH ZRPHQDPRQJVWZKRPDWWKLVWLPHDGXOWHU\KDSSHQHGIUHTXHQWO\7KHQHZIRXQGIUHHGRP 13&LFCael 14&LFCael 15(YH'¶$PEUDRoman Women 1HZ<RUN&DPEULGJH8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV 16&LFCael. 17&LFCael 18.DWKHULQH$*HIIFNHQComedy in the 3UR&DHOLR /HLGHQ(-%ULOO 190DULO\Q%6NLQQHU³&ORGLD0HWHOOL´Transactions of the American Philological Association 9RO 206NLQQHU³&ORGLD0HWHOOL´ Jacqueline McGoldrick Late Republican Women RIZRPHQUHYHDOHGLWVHOIKRZHYHUQRWRQO\LQWKHSROLWLFDODUHQDEXWLQKRPHOLIHDVZHOO LWZDVQRZPRUHDSSURSULDWHIRUZRPHQWRHQMR\DSOHDVXUDEOHORYH&LFHURPDQLSXODWHV WKLV DVSHFW RI &ORGLD¶V FODVV RI ZRPHQ DORQJ ZLWK &ORGLD¶V UHSXWDWLRQ IRU EHLQJ YHU\ RSHQZLWKYDULRXVPHQLQRUGHUWRSRUWUD\KHUDVDPHUHWUL[*HIIFNHQLQKHUDQDO\VLV RIWKHVSHHFKZULWHVWKDW³REVFHQHKXPRXU«LVRULJLQDOO\GLUHFWHGWRZDUGZRPHQ´DQG &ORGLDDVDQXQFRQYHQWLRQDOmatronaZDVWKHSHUIHFWWDUJHW%\NLQGOLQJWKHDXGLHQFH¶V LQWHUHVWLQKHUVH[OLIHKHGLVWUDFWVWKHPIURPWKHWUXHVXEMHFWRIWKHWULDO&DHOLXV7KH UHODWLRQVKLS LWVHOI ZDV QRW QHFHVVDULO\ LQDSSURSULDWH IRU WKH WLPH KRZHYHU WKH K\SHU WUDGLWLRQDOOLJKWFDVWXSRQLWE\&LFHURFHUWDLQO\PDGHLWDSSHDUDEXQGDQWO\VFDQGDORXV 7KHPDWWHURI&ORGLD¶VKDYLQJOHQWPRQH\WR&DHOLXVDOVRLVREVHUYHGXQGHUD FRQVHUYDWLYHOHQV7KHWUDQVDFWLRQRIIXQGVIURPDZRPDQWRDPDQZDVQRWLQDQGRILWVHOI XQDFFHSWDEOH LW GLG KRZHYHU OHDYH D EDG LPSUHVVLRQ XSRQ WKH PDQ &LFHUR ERUURZHG PRQH\IURPDZRPDQFDOOHG&DHUHOOLDIROORZLQJWKH¿QDQFLDOUXLQUHVXOWDQWIURPKLVH[LOH EXWZDVFDXWLRQHGDJDLQVWLWE\$WWLFXVRQWKHJURXQGVWKDWIRUDPDQRIKLVVWDWXUHWRERUURZ PRQH\IURPDZRPDQZRXOGPDUKLVLPDJH7KLVLQFLGHQWZRXOGODWHUOHDG)X¿XV&DOHQXV WRDFFXVH&LFHURLQWKHVHQDWHRIVH[XDOUHODWLRQVZLWK&DHUHOOLD)URPWKLVLWVHHPVORJLFDO to conclude that a man from a lower social class could feel no shame in borrowing money IURPDZRPDQZLWKPHDQVEXWIRUDPDQRIKLJKVRFLHW\WRDFFHSWDORDQIURPDZRPDQZKR PLJKWEHSHUFHLYHGDVDSRWHQWLDOVH[XDOSDUWQHUZRXOGKDYHSURYHQXWWHUO\HPEDUUDVVLQJ DVZHOODVLQDSSURSULDWH,QWKHFDVHRI&LFHUR&DHUHOOLDVHHPHGDYLDEOHVRXUFHIRUDORDQ DVKHVDZKHUDVEHLQJWRRDGYDQFHGLQ\HDUVIRUWKHSXEOLFWRPLVFRQVWUXHWKHLUGHDOLQJVDV SRVVHVVLQJDQXQGHUO\LQJVH[XDOPRWLYH 7KHVWLJPDVXUURXQGLQJWKHERUURZLQJRIIXQGVE\ DPDQIURPDZRPDQPRVWSUREDEO\UHVXOWHGIURPWKHWUDGLWLRQDO5RPDQYLHZRIWKHZRPDQ DVWDNLQJKHUSODFHLQWKHdomusZKHUHVKHOLYHGPRGHVWO\LQDSRVLWLRQOHVVSXEOLFO\YLVLEOH WRPHQ,WZDVKHUVSKHUHZKHUHDVKLVPLJKWEHLQWKHIRUXPLWV\PEROLVHGKHUVXEVHUYLHQFH $ ZRPDQ ZRXOG PRVW DSSURSULDWHO\ FRQGXFW KHUVHOI ZLWK H\HV GRZQFDVW DQG LQ VLOHQFH WZR JHVWXUHV ZKLFK SHUIHFWO\ HPERGLHG pudicitia VH[XDO PRGHVW\ It is NQRZQKRZHYHUWKDW&ORGLDZHQWDERXWZLWKÀDJUDQWLDRFXORUXP³ÀDPLQJH\HV´DWUDLW 219DVVLOLV)\QWLNRJORX³&DHFXV&ORGLD0HWHOOXV7KHDWUHDQG3ROLWLFVLQPro Caelio´Collec- tion Latomus 272: Studies in Latin Literature and Roman History XIHG&DUO'HURX[ %UXVVHOV 8QLYHUVD 22*HIIFNHQ 236X]DQQH'L[RQReading Romen Women /RQGRQ'XFNZRUWK 24&DVV'LR 25 Rebecca Langlands, Sexual Morality in Ancient Rome &DPEULGJH&DPEULGJH8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV HIRUNDO 2012 IRUZKLFKVKHZDVZHOONQRZQDQGRQHWKDWGLUHFWO\EHWUD\HGWKHYDOXHVRIpudicitia &LFHURKLPVHOILQKLVOHWWHUVWR$WWLFXVUHIHUVWRKHUE\DQLFNQDPHKHGHYHORSHGIRUKHU± ³2[(\HV´±VXJJHVWLQJDEUD]HQVWUHQJWKDQGPDVFXOLQLW\XQFKDUDFWHULVWLFRIDPRGHVW