U.S. Department of Agriculture & Health Inspection Service Wildlife Services January 2017 Sandhill and

Wildlife Damage Management Technical Series Whooping Cranes

Jeb Barzen Founder Private Lands Conservation, LLC Spring Green,

(Former) Director of Field Ecology International Foundation Baraboo, Wisconsin

Ken Ballinger Vice President of Development Arkion Life Sciences, LLC New Castle, Delaware

Figure 1. An adult ( canadensis) with a 1-week old chick.

Human-Wildlife Conflicts

Quick Links As sandhill crane populations continue to behavioral differences between territorial grow in the , so too does crop Human-Wildlife Conflicts 1 and non-territorial cranes greatly improves damage, property damage to homeowners, the effectiveness of any management Damage Identification 3 and the risk of crane collisions with effort. Management Methods 4 aircraft. populations also continue to grow, but with a global Crops Economics 8 population of about 500 individuals (as of Overview 8 2017), damage is rare and problems often Crop damage is the most common and require different solutions due to the economically significant crane damage Legal Status 13 species’ endangered status. management problem. Cranes eat planted Glossary & Key Words 14 seeds, especially corn. In spring, damage The behavioral characteristics and can be intense, as cranes often gather in Resources 15 needs of sandhill (Figure 1) and whooping germinating cornfields. Cranes do not feed cranes set the stage for conflict between Appendix 16 on seedlings, but rather the planted seeds, these and people. Recognizing which are vulnerable until the endosperm

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is fully metabolized by the plant. The period of vulnerability relatively minor in any one field. Fields planted much depends on soil temperature and typically lasts from earlier or later than the average planting date are more planting to 17 days after germination. Cranes will continue susceptible to damage. This is especially true for late- to forage in these fields on other resources even after the planted fields because cranes conditioned to feeding on are no longer susceptible to damage. planted corn compete for the diminishing supply.

Non-territorial sandhill cranes are unpredictable in their Territorial sandhill cranes seldom cause significant habitat use and can disperse across a landscape of damage because their density is low. They damage field 25,000 acres. Dispersed sandhill cranes can quickly edges located near wetlands where they are nesting. congregate into flocks of 50 to 100 birds and cause Whooping cranes have been seen eating planted corn significant damage in a short time. Non-territorial sandhill seed. Those involved in human conflicts have been cranes cause most of the damage to planted cornfields. territorial birds from reintroduced flocks.

In spring, a crane eats on average about 400 kernels of Landscapes corn per day. Some cranes will not feed in agricultural fields, while other will eat up to 800 corn kernels per day. A Sandhill cranes occasionally damage lawns by digging in flock of 100 cranes foraging in a planted cornfield for 3 the soil for beetle or other larvae (Figure 3). This days can eat about 240,000 kernels or 100 percent of problem most often occurs with newly seeded lawns, about 8 acres. Damage, however, typically is spread out especially w