Ornithol Sci 17: 187 – 194 (2018)

ORIGINAL ARTICLE Wintering behavior of a Siberian Grus leucogeranus in Niigata, Japan, with special regard to food, foraging and vocal habits

Akira CHIBA#,*

1-13-11 Terao-Higashi, Niigata 950–2054, Japan

ORNITHOLOGICAL Abstract An immature Grus leucogeranus straggled to Niigata, Japan, in late autumn 2016 and remained over winter in an area of rice fields. In this SCIENCE paper the ’s diet and foraging behavior during winter 2016/2017 are described. © The Ornithological Society During daytime, the crane foraged alone, mostly on post-harvest rice fields where of Japan 2018 it fed almost exclusively on Water Chestnut Eleocharis kuroguwai tubers. Other foods, such as rice grains, earthworms, grasshoppers and fishes, though eaten, were negligible in the bird’s diet. The density of water chestnut tubers in the foraging area was estimated to be 3.1±3.0/m2 and the biomass 2.0±2.1 g/m2. The crane’s foraging behavior generally included removing any superficial covering material, digging into and removing the soil, exploring the food in the and then consuming it with or without rinsing it in groundwater. During foraging, the frequency of food intake varied from 4.8±2.0/10 min to 41.3±9.5/10 min. These results indicate the great significance of water chestnuts in the diet of the Siberian Crane in winter, although further study is necessary for generalization.

Key words Diet, Foraging, Grus leucogeranus, Rice field, Water chestnuts

The Siberian Crane Grus leucogeranus is regarded al. 2017). Such information has contributed to our as a critically endangered by the International understanding of the current situation of the species Union for Conservation of Nature, with a global pop- in the wild, and has promoted further investigation ulation of 3,500 to 4,000 individuals (Bird Life Inter- and conservation. national 2016). In China (its main wintering range) it Currently, the Siberian Crane is an accidental visi- is listed as a category I nationally protected species tor to Japan, where it has strayed as far north as (Li et al. 2012). The natural history of this species has Hokkaido and as far south as Okinawa, although been documented in various handbooks and reviews it was a common winter visitor in Kyushu before (Cramp & Simmons 1980; Flint & Kistchinski 1981; the mid 19th century (Takashima 1953; Brazil 1991, Johnsgard 1983; del Hoyo et al. 1996), which cover 2009; The Ornithological Society of Japan 2012). It a wide range of topics including the species’ distribu- typically occurs on agricultural and reclaimed land, tion, population status, feeding and breeding biology. marshes and mudflats in Japan. Although previous Recent studies, conducted from the perspective of sight records of the Siberian Crane in Japan have conservation biology have added important informa- been collected, behavioral and ecological information tion about food and foraging ecology at migration is very scarce (Moriguchi 1977; Fujii & Fujimura stopover sites and on the wintering ground, particu- 2006; Satoh et al. 2015). When a Siberian Crane was larly at Poyang Lake in China (the most important found in a suburb of Niigata, Japan and reported in wintering ground for the species) (Sun & Huang a local newspaper (Niigata-nippou) on 11 November 2010; Jia et al. 2013; Kong et al. 2013; Burnham et 2016, it provided an opportunity to study the bird’s wintering behavior in habitat far removed from the species’ main flyway (Prentice et al. 2006). Field (Received 18 August 2017; Accepted 14 February 2018) # Corresponding author, E-mail: [email protected] observations were conducted, focusing mainly on * Present address: 1-13-11 Terao-Higashi, Niigata 950-2054, Japan food and foraging behavior, with the aim of extend-

187 A. CHIBA ing our knowledge of the Siberian Crane in Japan. standing up alert, preening, or moving. This unit was In this paper, major findings on these subjects, and evaluated based on 180 instances obtained during a miscellaneous notes on external traits and voice, are total of 2.8 hr from 22 December to 20 January 2017. reported. In to elucidate the bird’s potential dietary items, 10 quadrats (each 1 m×1 m) were set ran- domly in one of the foraging fields in early March MATERIALS AND METHODS and food items were searched for and collected from 1) Study sites the quadrats by digging down to a depth of approxi- This study was conducted in two rice farming areas mately 15 cm with a hand rake and a pair of tweezers. in Niigata City, on the coast of the Sea of Japan: The quadrat samples were then rinsed in freshwater Shiotawara (37°49′N, 139°00′E, 1 m above sea level) and kept in plastic bottles for further examination, and Sakai (37°49′N, 139°59′E, 1 m a.s.l.). After the when items were counted, identified and measured. fall rice harvest (about 1.5 months from early Sep- In addition, fallen were collected from the tember to mid-October), the rice fields become dry foraging grounds and macroscopically examined. or partly dry, and are utilized as foraging grounds by wintering Tundra Swans Cygnus columbianus. Some RESULTS rice fields adjacent to residential areas are -deliber ately flooded (one is about 2 ha and another about 1.5 1) External traits ha in area and both, up to 10 cm in depth) to serve The focal bird was identified as an immature as the roost for the swans, which the Siberian Crane Siberian Crane in its second winter, based on external also used as the communal roost. Other species, such . At a glance, the bird had generally white as Grey Heron Ardea cinerea, Great Egret A. alba, plumage, but retained some juvenile characteristics Carrion Crow Corvus corone and Black Kite Milvus such as its feathered forehead and buff or cinnamon migrans are commonly observed in the vicinity. feathers in the wing, tail and uppertail-coverts (Fig. 1). When it stretched its wings, buff feathers were 2) Field observations and sampling methods visible in the alular quill coverts, median primary Field observations were carried out mainly in the coverts, leading edge, outer greater coverts, outer afternoon over 21 days for periods of 0.7–2.3 hr/day secondaries and tertials (Fig. 1A, 1B). The bird occa- during the period from mid November 2016 to early sionally preened at its roost and foraging sites, and March 2017. Observations were made from a vehicle, fallen contour feathers were collected there in early using binoculars (8×) and a telescope (20×). A digi- March. tal camera (EOS 7D, Canon, Tokyo), with a 400 mm lens, was used to record still and video images, which 2) Daily behaviour patterns and foraging were analyzed in combination with field notes. A lin- After its arrival in the farming area of Niigata City ear PCM recorder (LS-7, Olympus, Tokyo) was used in November 2016, the crane continuously inhab- to record audio data, and digital files were converted ited the same area until its departure in early March to sonograms using Raven Lite Ver. 1.0 software 2017. During the winter, it followed a regular pattern (Bioacoustic Research Program, Cornell Laboratory of daily behavior. It left the roost at around sun- of ). rise; flew directly about 0.4–2.2 km to its foraging The frequencies of food intake, excretion, stretch- grounds, where it spent most of the daytime foraging, ing and preening during foraging were recorded for then returned to the roost before sunset (Fig. 2). In a total of 14.2 hours over 10 days from 1 December midwinter, however, this regular pattern was inter- 2016 to 23 February 2017. Food intake was expressed rupted for three consecutive days when snow fell and as the number of items consumed per 10 minutes, covered the ground completely to a depth of about based on a total of 680 min of observations when the 20–30 cm. During this period, the bird remained at bird was actively foraging. The frequency of other the roost throughout the day, apparently in a dormant behaviors (excretion, stretching and preening) was state. Usually, the crane foraged alone throughout the expressed as the number of corresponding behavioral day on post-harvest rice fields, where it fed almost events/hr during the observation time. In addition, exclusively on water chestnut Eleocharis kuroguwai “unit foraging time” was defined as the time spent tubers (Fig. 3, Table 1). The dead stems of water foraging continuously, between other behaviors, e.g., chestnut remaining on the ground surface were some-

188 Feeding and vocal habits of Siberian Crane

Fig. 1. External features of the immature Siberian Crane, which wintered in Niigata City in 2016/2017. A, from behind when landing; B, Dorsal surface of the primaries; C, Ventral surface of the remiges; D, Reddish beak and feathered forehead; E, Reddish foot and leg.

Fig. 2. Map indicating the study area (black dot in inset) and aerial photograph showing roosts (R1 and R2) and foraging sites (F1 and F2) of the Siberian Crane. White dots in circle F1 indicate active foraging sites. times visible and the tubers found underground were The foraging behavior of the bird included vari- connected with the main plant body by the root (Fig. ous movements, which included removing superficial 4A1, A2). The parenchyma of the tuber was filled covering materials (straw on the ground), digging with starch reserves (Fig. 4A2). Other foods were into and removing the soil, exploring food with the rarely consumed, e.g., rice grains (5 times), earth- beak and consuming food items with or without rins- worms (twice), grasshoppers (once) and fishes (once) ing them in groundwater (Fig. 3A–3D). The water during the observation. chestnut tubers were manipulated individually using

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Fig. 3. Aspects of the foraging behavior of the Siberian Crane showing digging and removing soil (A a–c; the asterisk indicates soil mass), digging and exploring (B a–c), exploring food with the beak (C a–c) and taking a water chestnut tuber in the beak (D a–c). Broken arrows indicate the movements of the beak and squares indicate enlarged views of the tip of the beak.

Table 1. Summary of feeding activity and other behaviors of the Siberian Crane in Niigata City, 1 Dec 2016 to 23 Feb 2017

Snow fall Frequency of food intake Behaviors and frequency (number/hr) Date Time (hr) Weather (cm) time/10 min (sample number) Excretion Stretching Preening 1 Dec 2016 1030–1130 (1.0) cloudy 0 41.3±9.5 (n=3) 2.0 2.0 1.0 2 Dec 1455–1605 (1.2) cloudy 0 21.2±5.6 (n=6) 0.8 0.8 2.5 8 Jan 2017 1430–1610 (1.7) cloudy 0 13.3±4.6 (n=6) 1.9 1.2 3.5 12 Jan 1420–1525 (1.1) cloudy 6> 4.8±2.0 (n=6) 0.9 0.0 1.8 23 Jan 1615–1710 (0.9) snowy 7~10 9.7±3.2 (n=3) 1.1 0.0 0.0 31 Jan 0940–1155 (2.3) cloudy 7> 5.4±3.2 (n=12) 5.0 0.0 2.2 2 Feb 1305–1525 (2.3) cloudy 2> 5.7±3.5 (n=12) 2.2 0.0 2.2 12 Feb 1410–1500 (0.8) rainy 0 24.8±7.1 (n=4) 2.5 0.0 1.3 22 Feb 1430–1510 (0.7) cloudy 0 11.0±6.5 (n=4) 1.4 0.0 14.3 23 Feb 1400–1610 (2.2) rainy 0 13.0±6.0 (n=12) 4.5 1.4 3.2 total (14.2) m±SD 15.0±11.4 (n=68) 2.2±1.4 0.5±0.8 3.2±4.0

the beak and tongue before being swallowed and the mum) on 12 January to 41.3±9.5 (maximum) on 1 root was sometimes removed; they were picked up, December (Table 1), whereas the unit foraging time tossed, caught in the space between the upper and fluctuated less, ranging from 15.4±8.9 sec (min) to lower mandibles, held on the tongue and then passed 19.5±7.1 sec (max) (Table 2). The frequency of food toward the throat. At that moment, the tongue was intake tended to reduce on snowy days in midwinter slightly concave in the central portion, in order to (Table 1), i.e., 6.4±3.0 times/10 min on the days hold the tuber, then retracted caudally by marked with snow (N=4), whereas 20.7±6.5 times/10 min contraction of the hyoid apparatus (Fig. 4B). During on days without snow (N=6). Examination of ten foraging, the average frequency of food intake was quadrats showed that the density of water chestnut 15.0±11.4 times/10 min (mean±SD, N=68) dur- tubers in the foraging area was 3.1±3.0/m2 (range ing 10 survey days, fluctuating from 4.8±2.0 (mini- 0–8, N=10), while the biomass (wet weight) was

190 Feeding and vocal habits of Siberian Crane

Fig. 4. Water chestnut tubers, a major dietary component of the Siberian Crane: A1 in the soil; A2 in an exami- nation tray and B a~c manipulated by the bird’s beak and tongue. Details of water chestnuts (root (r), stem (st), tuber (t)) are shown in A1 and A2. The inset in A2 shows the tuber’s (t) starch reserve. The broken white arrow (B) indicates the tuber while the solid black arrows show the marked retraction of the hyoid apparatus.

Table 2. Unit foraging time* of the Siberian Crane in rice fields in Niigata City, 2016/2017

Unit foraging time (sec) Date Time (hr) Weather m±SD (range, sample number) 22 Dec 2016 1234–1315 (0.7) cloudy 15.4±8.9 (2.3–56.3, N=100) 9 Jan 2017 1525–1630 (0.9) cloudy 19.5±7.1 (5.6–44.3, N=30) 12 Jan 2017 1530–1640 (1.2) cloudy 18.5±11.3 (5.8–54.0, N=50)

* defined as the time spent continuously foraging, between other behaviors such as standing alert, preening, or moving.

2.0±2.1 g/m2 (range 0.0–5.1 g/m2, N=10) (Table 3). sonogram and ranged between 1 kHz and 8 kHz (Fig. The freshwater Tadpole Snail Physa acuta resembles 5). The short call, lasting about 0.2 sec, was usually a water chestnut tuber in external appearance, but given immediately prior to take off from the roosting was scarce in the quadrats, with only two individuals site or foraging ground and was sometimes repeated. found in the entire quadrats, and no other snail spe- The sonogram profile was ladder-like with -a fre cies were found (Table 3). The density of rice grains quency of 1–7 kHz (Fig. 5A). The long call, lasting remaining under dead straw on the fields varied con- about 0.3 sec, was heard in response to the proximity siderably, 9–192 grains (Table 3). of people, crows Corvus spp., or raptors. The sono- gram of this call appeared barcode-like, consisting of 3) Vocalization 4 or 5 short syllables with a frequency of 1–8 kHz Although essentially silent, the bird uttered two (Fig. 5B). These two calls are hereafter referred to as different calls: a short khah and a longer kharara- pre-flight calls (Fig. 5A) and alarm calls (Fig. 5B). rarah. These calls were characterized as distinct by

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Table 3. Summary of quadrat (1 m×1 m) samples from the foraging area of the Siberian Crane

Plants

1) 2) 3) 4) 5) Quadrat Water chestnut tubers Rice grains Spiders Insects Isopods Annelids Molluscs (number) (wet weight, g) (number) (number) 1 0 0.0 23 0 1 020 2 8 5.1 11 00000 3 3 0.7 9 1 0000 4 3 1.5 83 00000 5 0 0.0 41 00000 6 0 0.0 97 1 0000 7 0 0.0 192 1 0000 8 5 3.7 148 00003 9 6 4.7 75 00 110 10 6 3.9 32 1 0000 total or m±SD 3.1±3.0/m2 2.0±2.1 g/m2 71.1±61.1 4 1133

1) all Dolomedes spp; 2) a Carabidae ground beetle; 3) Armadillidium vulgare 4) all oligochaetes (earthworms); 5) two were Physa acuta one was an unidentified slug

Fig. 5. Sonograms of the Siberian Crane’s short Khah (A) and long Khararararah (B) calls.

DISCUSSION 1980; Flint & Kistchinski 1981; Johnsgard 1983; del Hoyo et al. 1996). Sedges (Cyperaceae) seem to be The Siberian Crane is generally described as a common and preferred food of the Siberian Crane omnivorous, feeding on both and plant matter, throughout the year, but recent research at China’s depending on the season, its life stage and its habitat. Poyang Lake has revealed a change in the species’ A wide range of food items has been documented, winter feeding habits and main diet from Eel Grass and its diet is considered to be broad during sum- Vallisneria spiralis tubers to the cinquefoil Poten- mer, consisting primarily of roots, rhizomes, seeds, tilla limprichtii following large-scale wetland habi- sprouts of sedges and other plant materials, but also tat loss as a consequence of the construction of a including insects, fish, rodents, and other small ani- giant dam (Jia et al. 2013). In the case of the bird mals (del Hoyo et al. 1996). During winter or the wintering in Niigata, it fed almost exclusively on non-breeding season, it feeds mainly on roots, bulbs, water chestnut tubers obtained in fallow rice fields. tubers (especially of sedges), rhizomes, sprouts and Food items except for water chestnut tubers, i.e., rice stems of aquatic plants, and sometimes on aquatic grains, earthworms, grasshoppers and fishes, were animals (if readily available) (Cramp & Simmons negligible in the bird’s winter diet in this location.

192 Feeding and vocal habits of Siberian Crane

Previous papers (Moriguchi 1977; Fujii & Fujimura (1981), who characterized the ages of Siberian Crane 2006; Satoh et al. 2015) have reported aspects of the using plumage color and other external traits, there diet of the Siberian Crane while a vagrant to other are four age classes: 1st year (juvenile, from the sum- districts of Japan, these food items include various mer of hatching through fledging and the first win- organisms common in rice fields, e.g. (Weather Loach ter), 2nd year (immature, from the summer following Misgurnus anguillicaudatus, earthworms Lumbric- hatching through the second winter), 3rd year (sub- idae sp., Autumn Darter Sympetrum frequens, Red adult, from two summers following hatching through Swamp Crayfish Procambarus clarkii, River Snail the third winter) and 4th year or older (adult). If we Ciangopaludina chinensis malleata, Mole Cricket adopt their criteria, the Niigata bird was either two Gryllotalpa africana) and plants (arrowhead Saggi- or three years old in 2016/2017. However, the details taria sp. and horsetail Equisetum sp.), but the water of the plumage characteristics of the Niigata bird did chestnut has not previously been included. This plant not fully accord with those described by Flint and belongs to the family Cyperaceae (generally known Kistchinski (1981), probably due to individual varia- as sedges). In Japan and Korea, it is also known as tion related to the timing of molt. Therefore, further a principal weed occurring at the edge of ponds, in examination based on more data, especially on molt- diches and in rice fields. The tubers develop mainly ing, is necessary for accurate age assessment of the in the upper 10 cm of the soil, but some can occur Siberian Crane. down to 20 cm or below, from which depth they can Various calls uttered by the Siberian Crane have readily emerge (Kim et al. 1997). Kim et al. (2012) been expressed using a phonetic alphabet. Flint and reported that water chestnut tubers have high starch Kistchinski (1981) mention a unique disyllabic call contents (85.6% by dry weight basis), making them uttered during display and a krrroum call given as an suitably nutritious for cranes. The bird in Niigata was alarm signal in flight, while Brazil (2009) describes probably able to survive the winter by depending on adult Siberian Cranes in winter as uttering rolling water chestnut tubers as its main source of nutri- kuru kuruu kuru kuruu calls and soft musical koonk tion, because the bird seemed to have left Niigata in koonk calls in flight. Unfortunately, none of these early March in accordance with the natural schedule calls have been analyzed using sonograms, making for spring migration of this species (Johnsgard 1983; precise comparison between the previous and pres- Bird Life International 2016). Other findings reported ent data difficult, although the khararararah call of here, such as those on foraging behaviors, frequency this immature or sub-adult bird resembles the krr- of food intake, and quantitative data on the availabil- roum call described by Flint and Kistchinski (1981). ity of water chestnuts, add supplementary informa- Dependent young Siberian Cranes in their first winter tion to that described previously (Flint & Kistchinski give thin, high down-slurred whistles tchyu tchyu 1981; Sun & Huang 2010; Jia et al. 2013; Burham tchyu (Brazil 2009), but these whistles are clearly et al. 2017), and contribute to our understanding of different from the khah call recorded from the older the feeding biology of the Siberian Crane. The coex- bird during this research. Furthermore, studies using istence and proximity of suitable roosting site and sonograms have characterized sexual and individual feeding grounds may have been key factors allowing variability in vocal repertoires (Bragina & Beme the crane to winter in the Niigata area, as the simul- 2007) and have pointed to the role of vocal signals taneous provision of safety and food availability is in creating and maintaining a pair bond (Bragina & essential for wildlife. Beme 2010). In order to elucidate the vocal character The present data on the crane’s external traits may and biological significance of the calls of the Siberian prove useful in estimating the bird’s age, for plumage Crane, further samples of various vocalizations are progression in relation to age assessment has not been required for study using modern methods. conclusively established in this species (Flint and Kistchinski 1981). In general, three age classes (juve- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS nile, immature and adult) have been distinguished in cranes; if available molting data were incorporated, I am grateful to Mr H. Takatsuji for his help during it might provide more precise criteria for age assess- field study, and give many thanks to Dr. K. Ozaki of ment, as is the case for (Nesbitt & Yamashina Institute for Ornithology, for exchanging Schwickert 2005, 2008) and for information about the Siberian Crane in winter in (Folk et al. 2008). Based on Flint and Kistchinski Japan. I would also like to thank Mark Brazil, Scien-

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