Basidiomycota: AGARICACEAE) De Cultivares Leveduriformes Na Ilha De Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brasil

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Basidiomycota: AGARICACEAE) De Cultivares Leveduriformes Na Ilha De Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brasil Débora Thaís de Andrade Leucocoprinus (Basidiomycota: AGARICACEAE) de cultivares leveduriformes na Ilha de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brasil Trabalho de Conclusão do Curso de Graduação do Centro de Ciências Biológicas da Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina como requisito para a obtenção do Título de Bacharel em Ciências Biológicas Orientadora: Profa. Dra. Maria Alice Neves Florianópolis 2019 2 3 Débora Thaís de Andrade LEUCOCOPRINUS (BASIDIOMYCOTA: AGARICACEAE) DE CULTIVARES LEVEDURIFORMES NA ILHA DE SANTA CATARINA, FLORIANOPÓLIS, BRASIL Esta monografia foi julgada adequada para obtenção do Grau de “Bacharel em Ciências Biológicas”, e aprovada em sua forma final pelo Curso de Graduação em Ciências Biológicas da Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina. Florianópolis, 28 de Junho de 2019. ________________________ Prof. Dr. Carlos Roberto Zanetti Coordenador do Curso de Ciências Biológicas Banca Examinadora: ________________________ Prof.ª Dr.ª Maria Alice Neves Orientadora Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina ________________________ Ms. Ariadne Nóbrega Marinho Furtado Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina ________________________ Ms. Celeste Heisecke Cabrera Instituto de Pesquisa Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro 4 AGRADECIMENTOS Agradeço aos meus pais, Cecília Inês Duz de Andrade e Valmir Antônio de Andrade, pelo imenso amor, carinho, apoio e atenção dedicados a mim durante toda minha jornada como estudante, da escola até a universidade. Gratidão por sempre estarem dispostos a fazer o possível e o impossível para me ver feliz e realizada, independente das minhas escolhas. A minha irmã Sheila Patrícia de Andrade, por sempre estar presente, cuidando de mim e me auxiliando nos momentos de dúvida, sendo uma parceira para conversas banais até discussões político-filosóficas. Agradeço à minha família por ter me proporcionado essa formação crítica, ensinando valores, virtudes e consciência para a boa convivência em sociedade. Aos professores desta instituição, os quais dedicam boa parte de suas vidas lecionando, além de realizarem pesquisa e extensão. Agradeço especialmente aos professores que gentilmente me receberam em seus laboratórios, professor Benedito Cortês Lopes e, minha querida orientadora, professora Maria Alice Neves, por terem me ensinado, além do conhecimento de suas áreas, virtudes que levo para vida. Aos amigos que fiz no MICOLAB, por todas as conversas e risadas nos dias de trabalho de laboratório, pelos ensinamentos de taxonomia de fungos, as saídas de campo, enfim, por todo conhecimento compartilhado. Agradeço especialmente a Maria Eduarda de Andrade Borges por ter sido, além de uma grande amiga, minha mentora no laboratório, me ensinando técnicas de como trabalhar com fungos. Aos colegas da graduação com os quais eu pude conviver e me relacionar ao longo de cinco anos, especialmente aos amigos e amigas da turma 2014.2, Caio, Elisa, Karen, Luisa, Nicolas e Pâmela. Ao Frederico Rottgers Marcineiro por ter sido uma pessoa muito importante, companheiro de laboratório, sempre me apoiando e me ajudando durante boa parte da minha formação na universidade. A Celeste Heisecke Cabrera e Ariadne Nóbrega Marinho Furtado pelo auxílio na elaboração do projeto que originou este trabalho, bem como por gentilmente terem aceito compor a banca examinadora. Meu agradecimento especial a Salomé Urrea-Valencia por gentilmente ter cedido seus dados e pelo apoio durante a elaboração do projeto e do presente trabalho. Sou grata por sempre que solicitado terem sido muito prestativas e atenciosas comigo. 5 Ao Herbário FLOR pela oportunidade de estágio, além da presteza de ceder empréstimos quando solicitados. As minhas amizades da vida que estão em Xaxim, por todas as conversas e momentos que deixaram essa caminhada mais leve e mais rica. A todos que se empenharam e aos que continuam construindo uma universidade pública de qualidade, de todos para todos. Agradeço a quem, de alguma maneira, contribuíu nessa minha jornada no curso de graduação e na realização deste trabalho. Muito obrigada! 6 “Por que se apressar sobre coisas bonitas? Por que não relaxar e apreciá-las?” Clara Schumann 7 8 Resumo Segundo dados atuais, Leucocoprinus Pat. (Agaricaceae) faz parte de um clado juntamente com Leucoagaricus (Locq.) ex Singer e estão inclusos na tribo Leucocoprineae, com base na morfologia. Macroscopicamente, os basidiomas apresentam o píleo de margem estriada, himenóforo com lamelas próximas e livres e estipe central, com presença de anel ou remanescente. Microscopicamente, destaca-se a reação metacromática do endósporo. A maioria dos fungos cultivados por formigas pertence ao clado Leucoagaricus/Leucocoprinus, cuja interação mutualística se dá com formigas da tribo Attini, e que aparecem em dois clados distintos. Embora tradicionalmente se assuma que tais fungos cultivados não apresentam uma forma de vida livre, trabalhos com sequenciamento de DNA já demonstraram a existência de fungos correspondentes de cultivares existindo fora da associação mutualística. Há cinco modelos de cultivo de fungos por formigas, sendo um deles a agricultura de leveduras, praticada exclusivamente por formigas do gênero Cyphomyrmex Mayr “grupo rimosus”. Esse tipo de cultivo é considerado um caso de coadaptação ou domesticação. Estudos recentes com filogenias moleculares revelaram a presença de fungos leucocoprináceos de vida livre em clados que compreendem os cultivares leveduriformes, considerando assim a existência desses correspondentes de vida livre. O presente trabalho buscou analisar as relações filogenéticas entre os fungos de vida livre de Leucocoprinus coletados na Ilha de Santa Catarina e cultivares leveduriformes de ninho registrados para o Brasil, baseando-se em sequências de DNA. Foi utilizado o marcador ITS para reconstrução filogenética através da análise de Máxima Verossimilhança. Além disto, 13 novos materiais do gênero Leucocoprinus foram coletados e identificados a nível de espécie, bem como foram descritos macro e micromorfologicamente, utilizando-se guias e métodos tradicionais em micologia, ampliando o conhecimento sobre o gênero na Ilha de Santa Catarina. Palavras chave: filogenia molecular; macrofungos; mutualismo; taxonomia. 9 Abstract According to recent data Leucocoprinus Pat. (Agaricaceae) combinated with Leucoagaricus (Locq.) ex Singer constitute a clade inside the tribe Leucocoprineae, based on morphology characteristics. Macroscopically, the basidiocarps present the striated margin, the hymenophore with close and free lamellae, and central stipe with ring or remnant presence. Microscopically, the metachromatic reaction of the endospores stands out. Most of the fungi cultivated by ants belong to the clade Leucoagaricus/Leucocoprinus, whose mutual interaction occurs with ants of the Attini tribe, and that appear in two distinct clades. There are five models of fungus cultivation by ants, one of which is the yeast agriculture, practiced exclusively by ants of the genus Cyphomyrmex Mayr "rimosus group", being this type of growth a case of coadaptation or domestication. Although traditionally it is assumed that such cultivated fungi do not present a free-living form, reserches with DNA sequencing have already demonstrated the existence of corresponding fungi of cultivars living outside the mutualistic association. Recent studies with molecular phylogenies have revealed the presence of free-living of Leucocoprinus fungi in clades that comprise yeast cultures, considering them as a free-living species for fungi grown in the form of yeast. The objective of this work was to analyze the phylogenetic relationships between Leucocoprinus free-living fungi collected on the Island of Santa Catarina and yeast cultivars, based on DNA sequences, using the Maximum Likelihood analysis with ITS marker for phylogenetic reconstruction, demonstrated the possible existence of free-living correspondents of yeast cultivars registered for Brazil. In addition, 13 new materials of the genus Leucocoprinus were collected and identified at the species level, as well as described macro and micromorphologically, using traditional methods and guides in mycology, increasing the understanding of the genus. Key words: macrofungi; molecular phylogeny; mutualism; taxonomy. 10 11 Lista de Figuras Figura 1 – Ponto de coleta dos basidiomas na Trilha do Morro do Assopro, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brasil .............................................................................................................. 25 Figura 2 – Basidiomas de Leucocoprinus cf. cepistipes ........................................................ 32 Figura 3 – Estruturas microscópicas de Leucocoprinus cf. cepistipes ................................... 33 Figura 4 – Basidiomas de Leucocoprinus cf. brebissonii ...................................................... 35 Figura 5 – Estruturas microscópicas de Leucocoprinus cf. brebissonii ................................. 36 Figura 6 – Basidiomas de Leucocoprinus cretaceus .............................................................. 39 Figura 7 – Estruturas microscópicas de Leucocoprinus cretaceus ........................................ 40 Figura 8 – Árvore filogenética que relaciona sequências de fungos leveduriformes cultivados por formigas e fungos leucocoprináceos de vida livre por meio de análise de Máxima Verossimilhança, utilizando marcador ITS ............................................................................. 41 Figura 9 – Hifas da superfície do píleo com estruturas globulares ........................................ 43
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