DOCSLIB.ORG

I IDENTIFICATION of STRIPE RUST RESISTANCE in WHEAT

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
I IDENTIFICATION of STRIPE RUST RESISTANCE in WHEAT IDENTIFICATION OF STRIPE RUST RESISTANCE IN WHEAT RELATIVES AND LANDRACES By ALEXANDER LOLADZE A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE WASHINGTON STATE UNIVERSITY Department of Crop and Soil Sciences May 2006 © Copyright by ALEXANDER LOLADZE, 2006 All Rights Reserved i © Copyright by ALEXANDER LOLADZE, 2006 All Rights Reserved ii To the Faculty of Washington State University: The members of the Committee appointed to examine the thesis of ALEXANDER LOLADZE find it satisfactory and recommend that it be accepted. ___________________________________ Chair ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ii ACKNOWLEDGMENT I would like to express my special gratitude and appreciation to Dr. Kimberly Garland Campbell for providing me the opportunity to pursue my education at Washington State University and advising me throughout my study. I am also very thankful to the members of my graduate committee: to Dr. Xianming Chen, whose great expertise in stripe rust, made my project possible to accomplish; Dr. Kimberlee Kidwell, for her demanding personality which made me change the way of thinking about science; and Dr. Clarice Coyne for helping me throughout my study and providing with kind words of encouragement. I am thankful to the entire Club Wheat Breeding Lab, especially to Paul Ling and Latha Reddy for teaching me the lab basics and advising. Many thanks to the Spring Wheat Breeding lab, particularly to Dipak Santra, Vic DeMacon and Melissa McClendon for providing me with technical support and advising. Special thanks to my friends: Suzanne Kopan, Carl Walker, Jorgen Abellera and Alicia del Blanco for all their help and friendship throughout my stay in Pullman and to everyone else whom I am unable to thank here. iii IDENTIFICATION OF STRIPE RUST RESISTANCE IN WHEAT RELATIVES AND LANDRACES Abstract by Alexander Loladze, MS. Washington State University May 2006 Chair: Kimberly Garland Campbell Stripe rust, caused by Puccinia striiformis Westend. f. sp. tritici Eriks, is a major disease of wheat (Triticum aestivum L. em Thell.) in regions with a temperate climate. Two types of resistance have been identified, seedling and adult-plant resistance. Seedling, or all- stage, resistance is race specific and is expressed in all stages of plant development. One type of adult plant resistance is high-temperature adult-plant (HTAP) resistance. HTAP resistance is non-race specific and is expressed in adult stages of plant development at higher temperatures and is durable. Selection pressure on the pathogen enhances the prevalence of new virulent races and, as a result, all-stage resistance genes are frequently defeated over time. New sources of durable resistance are needed to protect improved cultivars from this disease. The first objective of this research was to develop a new evaluation technique for all-stage resistance on detached wheat seedling leaves. Detached leaf assays are more efficient then intact seedling assays since the need for greenhouse and dew chamber space is eliminated. A detached leaf assay has not been developed for evaluation of stripe rust resistance due to the long latent period of the pathogen, which iv requires detached wheat leaves to survive on artificial media for extended periods. The goal of this experiment was to create such an assay. The second objective of this research was to evaluate resistance to stripe rust among 164 accessions from nine species of the genus Triticum collected from Georgia, which is considered a center of origin of stripe rust. The germplasm was obtained from U.S. National Small Grain Germplasm Collection. We expected to identify resistant host genotypes from this region that had co-evolved with the pathogen. Field trials for stripe rust evaluation were conducted in 2005 at four locations in Washington, under natural infections. Accessions identified as resistant in the field were tested for all-stage resistance to five races in the seedling stage using the detached leaf assay. The optimum artificial media for prolonging the senescence of the detached leaves for 21-25 days consisted of 0.5% water-agar with 10mg/l kinetin, which was used as a plant senescence retardant, and with pH adjusted to 7. The pathogen produced uredia on the detached leaves 12-15 days after inoculation. Disease ratings from the detached leaf assay corresponded to those from the intact seedling assay. Results of the germplasm evaluation indicated that seventy-four of the164 accessions tested were resistant to stripe rust in the adult stage in the field. Fifty-nine of those had adult plant resistance, since they were susceptible in the seedling stage but resistant in the field. Fifteen accessions had all- stage resistance, since they were resistant in both adult and seedling stages. The adult plant resistance from eight accessions of the species T. dicoccum and four accessions of T. timopheevii was similar to HTAP resistance, since infection types (IT), which rate disease reaction of host genotypes on a 0 (no infection) to 9 (completely susceptible) scale, reached 8 prior to the flowering stage and decreased to 2 after flowering. In conclusion, the v new detached leaf assay for evaluation of all-stage resistance to wheat stripe rust eliminates the need for greenhouse and dew chamber access, and provides reliable results. The majority of the resistant genotypes from the Georgian accessions had adult plant resistance, which may be novel sources of stripe rust resistance for cultivar improvement efforts. vi TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ACKNOWLEDGEMENT...................................................................................................iii ABSTRACT.........................................................................................................................iv LIST OF FIGURES ..........................................................................................................viii LIST OF TABLES ..............................................................................................................xi CHAPTER 1. LITERATURE REVIEW .....................................................................................1 Introduction .....................................................................................................1 Stripe Rust........................................................................................................2 Wheat Genetic Resources ................................................................................8 Literature Cited .............................................................................................15 2. DEVELOPMENT OF A DETACHED LEAF ASSAY FOR STRIPE RUST SCREENING.......................................................................................................29 Abstract .........................................................................................................29 Introduction ...................................................................................................30 Materials and Methods ..................................................................................33 Results ...........................................................................................................37 Discussion .....................................................................................................39 Acknowledgements........................................................................................41 Literature Cited .............................................................................................41 3. IDENTIFICATION OF STRIPE RUST RESISTANCE IN WHEAT RELATIVES AND LANDRACES ...............................................49 Abstract .........................................................................................................49 Introduction ...................................................................................................51 Materials and Methods ..................................................................................53 Results ...........................................................................................................55 Discussion .....................................................................................................57 Acknowledgements........................................................................................59 Literature Cited .............................................................................................59 4. APPENDIX............................................................................................................83 Chapter 2 .......................................................................................................84 Chapter 3 .......................................................................................................86 vii LIST OF FIGURES CHAPTER 2 1. Figure 1. Infection types (IT) for stripe rust differential cultivars of wheat Lemhi (a) and Yr5 (b) to stripe rust race PST-100 race using detached leaf assay. The IT of Lemhi is equal to 8 (susceptible) and the IT of Yr5 is equal to 2 (resistant).………………………………………………………………....…47 CHAPTER 3 1. Figure 1. Number of genotypes with susceptible and resistant reactions to stripe rust among the 88 accessions evaluated from the species T. aestivum subsp. aestivum (A), ten accessions of T. aestivum subsp. macha (B), eleven accessions of T. turgidum subsp. durum (C), two accessions of T. turgidum subsp.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Evaluation of Winter Wheat Germplasm for Resistance To
    EVALUATION OF WINTER WHEAT GERMPLASM FOR RESISTANCE TO STRIPE RUST AND LEAF RUST A Thesis Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the North Dakota State University of Agriculture and Applied Science By ALBERT OKABA KERTHO In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE Major Department: Plant Pathology August 2014 Fargo, North Dakota North Dakota State University Graduate School Title EVALUATION OF WINTER WHEAT GERMPLASM FOR RESISTANCE TO STRIPE RUST AND LEAF RUST By ALBERT OKABA KERTHO The Supervisory Committee certifies that this disquisition complies with North Dakota State University’s regulations and meets the accepted standards for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE SUPERVISORY COMMITTEE: Dr. Maricelis Acevedo Chair Dr. Francois Marais Dr. Liu Zhaohui Dr. Phil McClean Approved: 09/29/2014 Dr. Jack Rasmussen Date Department Chair ABSTRACT Wheat leaf rust, caused by Puccinia triticina (Pt), and wheat stripe rust caused by P. striiformis f. sp. tritici (Pst) are important foliar diseases of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) worldwide. Breeding for disease resistance is the preferred strategy of managing both diseases. The continued emergence of new races of Pt and Pst requires a constant search for new sources of resistance. Winter wheat accessions were evaluated at seedling stage in the greenhouse with races of Pt and Pst that are predominant in the North Central US. Association mapping approach was performed on landrace accessions to identify new or underutilized sources of resistance to Pt and Pst. The majority of the accessions were susceptible to all the five races of Pt and one race of Pst. Association mapping studies identified 29 and two SNP markers associated with seedling resistance to leaf rust and stripe rust, respectively.
    [Show full text]
  • Proceedings of the First International Workshop on Hulled Wheats, 21-22 July 1995, Castelvecchio Pascoli, Tuscany, Italy
    Proceedings of the First International Workshop on Hulled Wheats 21-22 July 1995 Castelvecchio Pascoli, Tuscany, Italy S. Padulosi, K. Hammer and J. Heller, editors ii HULLED WHEATS The International Plant Genetic Resources Institute (IPGRI) is an autonomous international scientific organization operating under the aegis of the Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR). The international status of IPGRI is conferred under an Establishment Agreement which, by December 1995, had been signed by the Governments of Australia, Belgium, Benin, Bolivia, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, China, Chile, Congo, Costa Rica, Côte d’Ivoire, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Ecuador, Egypt, Greece, Guinea, Hungary, India, Iran, Israel, Italy, Jordan, Kenya, Mauritania, Morocco, Pakistan, Panama, Peru, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Senegal, Slovak Republic, Sudan, Switzerland, Syria, Tunisia, Turkey, Ukraine and Uganda. IPGRI's mandate is to advance the conservation and use of plant genetic resources for the benefit of present and future generations. IPGRI works in partnership with other organizations, undertaking research, training and the provision of scientific and technical advice and information, and has a particularly strong programme link with the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Financial support for the agreed research agenda of IPGRI is provided by the Governments of Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, China, Denmark, France, Germany, India, Italy, Japan, the Republic of Korea, Mexico, the Netherlands, Norway, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, the UK and the USA, and by the Asian Development Bank, IDRC, UNDP and the World Bank. The Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK) is operated as an independent foundation under public law. The foundation statute assigns to IPK the task of conducting basic research in the area of plant genetics and research on cultivated plants.
    [Show full text]
  • Quantification of Genetic Relationships Among a Genomes of Wheats
    297 Quantification of genetic relationships among A genomes of wheats A. Brandolini, P. Vaccino, G. Boggini, H. Özkan, B. Kilian, and F. Salamini Abstract: The genetic relationships of A genomes of Triticum urartu (Au) and Triticum monococcum (Am) in polyploid wheats are explored and quantified by AFLP fingerprinting. Forty-one accessions of A-genome diploid wheats, 3 of AG-genome wheats, 19 of AB-genome wheats, 15 of ABD-genome wheats, and 1 of the D-genome donor Ae. tauschii have been analysed. Based on 7 AFLP primer combinations, 423 bands were identified as potentially A genome spe- cific. The bands were reduced to 239 by eliminating those present in autoradiograms of Ae. tauschii, bands interpreted as common to all wheat genomes. Neighbour-joining analysis separates T. urartu from T. monococcum. Triticum urartu has the closest relationship to polyploid wheats. Triticum turgidum subsp. dicoccum and T. turgidum subsp. durum lines are included in tightly linked clusters. The hexaploid spelts occupy positions in the phylogenetic tree intermediate be- tween bread wheats and T. turgidum. The AG-genome accessions cluster in a position quite distant from both diploid and other polyploid wheats. The estimates of similarity between A genomes of diploid and polyploid wheats indicate that, compared with Am,Au has around 20% higher similarity to the genomes of polyploid wheats. Triticum timo- pheevii AG genome is molecularly equidistant from those of Au and Am wheats. Key words: A genome, Triticum, genetic relationships, AFLP. Résumé : Les relations génétiques entre les espèces à génome A Triticum urartu (Au)etTriticum monococcum (Am)et les blés polyploïdes sont explorées et quantifiées à l’aide de marqueurs AFLP.
    [Show full text]
  • Detection of Ancient Genome Duplications in Several Flowering Plant
    DETECTION OF ANCIENT GENOME DUPLICATIONS IN SEVERAL FLOWERING PLANT LINEAGES AND SYNTE-MOLECULAR COMPARISON OF HOMOLOGOUS REGIONS by JINGPING LI (Under the Direction of Andrew H. Paterson) ABSTRACT Flowering plants have evolved through repeated ancient genome duplications (or paleo- polyploidies) for ~200 million years, a character distinct from other eukaryotic lineages. Paleo-duplicated genomes returned to diploid heredity by means of extensive sequence loss and rearrangement. Therefore repeated paleo-polyploidies have left multiple homeologs (paralogs produced in genome duplication) and complex networks of homeology in modern flowering plant genomes. In the first part of my research three paleo-polyploidy events are discussed. The Solanaceae “T” event was a hexaploidy making extant Solanaceae species rare as having derived from two successive paleo-hexaploidies. The Gossypium “C” event was the first paleo-(do)decaploidy identified. The sacred lotus (Nelumbo nucifera) was the first sequenced basal eudicot, which has a lineage-specific “λ” paleo-tetraploidy and one of the slowest lineage evolutionary rates. In the second part I describe a generalized method, GeDupMap, to simultaneously infer multiple paleo-polyploidy events on a phylogeny of multiple lineages. Based on such inferences the program systematically organizes homeologous regions between pairs of genomes into groups of orthologous regions, enabling synte-molecular analyses (molecular comparison on synteny backbone) and graph representation. Using 8 selected eudicot and monocot
    [Show full text]
  • Hulled Wheats 21-22 July 1995 Castelvecchio Pascoli, Tuscany, Italy
    Proceedings of the First International Workshop on Hulled Wheats 21-22 July 1995 Castelvecchio Pascoli, Tuscany, Italy S. Padulosi, K. Hammer and J. Heller, editors ii HULLED WHEATS The International Plant Genetic Resources Institute (IPGRI) is an autonomous international scientific organization operating under the aegis of the Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR). The international status of IPGRI is conferred under an Establishment Agreement which, by December 1995, had been signed by the Governments of Australia, Belgium, Benin, Bolivia, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, China, Chile, Congo, Costa Rica, Côte d’Ivoire, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Ecuador, Egypt, Greece, Guinea, Hungary, India, Iran, Israel, Italy, Jordan, Kenya, Mauritania, Morocco, Pakistan, Panama, Peru, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Senegal, Slovak Republic, Sudan, Switzerland, Syria, Tunisia, Turkey, Ukraine and Uganda. IPGRI's mandate is to advance the conservation and use of plant genetic resources for the benefit of present and future generations. IPGRI works in partnership with other organizations, undertaking research, training and the provision of scientific and technical advice and information, and has a particularly strong programme link with the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Financial support for the agreed research agenda of IPGRI is provided by the Governments of Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, China, Denmark, France, Germany, India, Italy, Japan, the Republic of Korea, Mexico, the Netherlands, Norway, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, the UK and the USA, and by the Asian Development Bank, IDRC, UNDP and the World Bank. The Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK) is operated as an independent foundation under public law. The foundation statute assigns to IPK the task of conducting basic research in the area of plant genetics and research on cultivated plants.
    [Show full text]
  • Phenotyping for Drought Adaptation in Wheat Using Physiological Traits
    METHODS ARTICLE published: 16 November 2012 doi: 10.3389/fphys.2012.00429 Phenotyping for drought adaptation in wheat using physiological traits Philippe Monneveux 1*, Ruilian Jing 2 and Satish C. Misra 3 1 International Potato Center, Lima, Peru 2 Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China 3 Agharkar Research Institute, Pune, India Edited by: Wheat (Triticum spp) is one of the first domesticated food crops. It represents the Jean-Marcel Ribaut, Generation first source of calories (after rice) and an important source of proteins in developing Challenge Programme, Mexico countries. As a result of the Green Revolution, wheat yield sharply increased due to Reviewed by: the use of improved varieties, irrigation, pesticides, and fertilizers. The rate of increase Uener Kolukisaoglu, University of Tuebingen, Germany in world wheat production, however, slowed after 1980, except in China, India, and Larry Butler, Generation Challenge Pakistan. Being adapted to a wide range of moisture conditions, wheat is grown on Program, Mexico more land area worldwide than any other crop, including in drought prone areas. In *Correspondence: these marginal rain-fed environments where at least 60 m ha of wheat is grown, Philippe Monneveux, Research amount and distribution of rainfall are the predominant factors influencing yield variability. Management Officer, International Potato Center, Apartado 1558, Intensive work has been carried out in the area of drought adaptation over the last Lima 12, Peru. decades. Breeding strategies for drought tolerance improvement include: definition of the e-mail: [email protected] target environment, choice and characterization of the testing environment, water stress management and characterization, and use of phenotyping traits with high heritability.
    [Show full text]
  • Genomic Mapping of Leaf Rust and Stem Rust Resistance Loci in Durum
    GENOMIC MAPPING OF LEAF RUST AND STEM RUST RESISTANCE LOCI IN DURUM WHEAT AND USE OF RAD-GENOTYPE BY SEQUENCING FOR THE STUDY OF POPULATION GENETICS IN PUCCINIA TRITICINA A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the North Dakota State University of Agriculture and Applied Science By Meriem Aoun In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Major Department Plant Pathology November 2016 Fargo, North Dakota North Dakota State University Graduate School Title GENOMIC MAPPING OF LEAF RUST AND STEM RUST RESISTANCE LOCI IN DURUM WHEAT AND USE OF RAD-GENOTYPE BY SEQUENCING FOR THE STUDY OF POPULATION GENETICS IN PUCCINIA TRITICINA By Meriem Aoun The Supervisory Committee certifies that this disquisition complies with North Dakota State University’s regulations and meets the accepted standards for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY SUPERVISORY COMMITTEE: Dr. Maricelis Acevedo Chair Dr. James A. Kolmer Dr. Elias Elias Dr. Robert Brueggeman Dr. Zhaohui Liu Approved: 11/09/16 Dr. Jack Rasmussen Date Department Chair ABSTRACT Leaf rust, caused by Puccinia triticina Erikss. (Pt), and stem rust, caused by Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici Erikss. and E. Henn (Pgt), are among the most devastating diseases of durum wheat (Triticum turgidum L. var. durum). This study focused on the identification of Lr and Sr loci using association mapping (AM) and bi-parental population mapping. From the AM conducted on the USDA-National Small Grain Collection (NSGC), 37 loci associated with leaf rust response were identified, of which 14 were previously uncharacterized. Inheritance study and bulked segregant analysis on bi-parental populations developed from eight leaf rust resistance accessions from the USDA-NSGC showed that five of these accessions carry single dominant Lr genes on chromosomes 2B, 4A, 6BS, and 6BL.
    [Show full text]
  • Genes Encoding Plastid Acetyl-Coa Carboxylase and 3-Phosphoglycerate Kinase of the Triticum͞aegilops Complex and the Evolutionary History of Polyploid Wheat
    Genes encoding plastid acetyl-CoA carboxylase and 3-phosphoglycerate kinase of the Triticum͞Aegilops complex and the evolutionary history of polyploid wheat Shaoxing Huang*†, Anchalee Sirikhachornkit*, Xiujuan Su*, Justin Faris‡§, Bikram Gill‡, Robert Haselkorn*, and Piotr Gornicki*¶ *Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637; and ‡Department of Plant Pathology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506 Contributed by Robert Haselkorn, April 12, 2002 The classic wheat evolutionary history is one of adaptive radiation of at the diploid level from a common diploid ancestor and conver- the diploid Triticum͞Aegilops species (A, S, D), genome convergence gence at the polyploid level involving the diverged diploid genomes and divergence of the tetraploid (Triticum turgidum AABB, and (2). Various Aegilops species contributed significantly to the genetic Triticum timopheevii AAGG) and hexaploid (Triticum aestivum, makeup of the polyploid wheats. Extensive classical analyses and AABBDD) species. We analyzed Acc-1 (plastid acetyl-CoA carboxylase) more recent molecular studies have provided information on the and Pgk-1 (plastid 3-phosphoglycerate kinase) genes to determine identity of donors and some of the patterns of genome evolution of phylogenetic relationships among Triticum and Aegilops species of the Triticum͞Aegilops species (3). A review of Triticum and Aegilops the wheat lineage and to establish the timeline of wheat evolution taxonomy and related literature is available from the Wheat based on gene sequence comparisons. Triticum urartu was confirmed Genetic Resource Center at ksu.edu͞wgrc. as the A genome donor of tetraploid and hexaploid wheat. The A The Triticum and Aegilops genera contain 13 diploid and 18 genome of polyploid wheat diverged from T.
    [Show full text]
  • The 'Wheat Puzzle' and Kartvelians Route to the Caucasus
    The ‘Wheat Puzzle’ and Kartvelians route to the Caucasus Tengiz Beridze Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution An International Journal ISSN 0925-9864 Genet Resour Crop Evol DOI 10.1007/s10722-019-00759-9 1 23 Your article is protected by copyright and all rights are held exclusively by Springer Nature B.V.. This e-offprint is for personal use only and shall not be self-archived in electronic repositories. If you wish to self-archive your article, please use the accepted manuscript version for posting on your own website. You may further deposit the accepted manuscript version in any repository, provided it is only made publicly available 12 months after official publication or later and provided acknowledgement is given to the original source of publication and a link is inserted to the published article on Springer's website. The link must be accompanied by the following text: "The final publication is available at link.springer.com”. 1 23 Author's personal copy Genet Resour Crop Evol https://doi.org/10.1007/s10722-019-00759-9 (0123456789().,-volV)( 0123456789().,-volV) RESEARCH ARTICLE The ‘Wheat Puzzle’ and Kartvelians route to the Caucasus Tengiz Beridze Received: 4 October 2018 / Accepted: 21 February 2019 Ó Springer Nature B.V. 2019 Abstract Wheat (Triticum L.) originated in the Introduction Fertile Crescent approximately 10 kya BP and has since spread worldwide. The ‘Wheat Puzzle’ was South Caucasus (notably Georgia) and their earlier termed the observation that wild predecessors of five residents played an important role in wheat formation. Georgian endemic wheat subspecies are found in 17 domesticated species and subspecies of Triticum Fertile crescent quite far from the South Caucasus.
    [Show full text]
  • Taxonomy and Molecular Phylogeny of Natural and Artificial Wheat Species
    Breeding Science 59: 492–498 (2009) Review Taxonomy and molecular phylogeny of natural and artificial wheat species Nikolay P. Goncharov*, Kseniya A. Golovnina and Elena Ya. Kondratenko Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 10 Lavrentyev ave., Novosibirsk 630090, Russia The effective use of wheat biodiversity in breeding programs is dependent on a sound conservation strategy for sources of biodiversity, and on appropriate techniques of incorporation into modern cultivars. Produc- ing artificial wheat amphiploids using genomes of related species is an effective way to increase the avail- able gene pool. However, artificial amphiploids should be given botanic names and positions within genus Triticum classification to ensure effective collection and preservation in gene banks. In this review, an at- tempt to integrate the results of molecular-genetic analyses of natural and artificial wheats with their taxono- my has been made. The correspondence of earlier evolutionary and taxonomic specifications to phylogenetic relationships within Triticum has been estimated using chloroplast and nuclear DNA sequence data. The results indicated close relationships between all artificial and natural species. Based on the data, all wild and cultivated diploid wheat species were united in a separate section, Monococcon. Different variants of nuclear Acc-1, Pgk-1, and Vrn-1 genes have been detected in diploid A genome species. Detailed analysis of the genes showed that one of these variants was a progenitor for all A genomes of polyploid wheats except for that in Triticum zhukovskyi and some of the artificial amphiploids. Key Words: Triticum, artificial and natural species, biodiversity, taxonomy, molecular analysis.
    [Show full text]
  • Ancient Georgian Wheats
    Emir. J. Food Agric. 2014. 26 (2): 192-202 doi: 10.9755/ejfa.v26i2.17522 http://www.ejfa.info/ REGULAR ARTICLE The ancient wheats of Georgiaand their traditional use in the southern part of the country M. Jorjadze*, T. Berishvili and E. Shatberashvili Biological Farming Association Elkana, 16, Gazapkhuli str., Tbilisi, Georgia Abstract Georgia represents a biodiversity hotspot for wheat with high levels of endemism. Many local variations of wheat are found in the country due to its variable climatic, edaphic, socio-economic and cultural landscape. Local variations of seven free-threshing and seven hulled wheat landraces and old varieties are found in the country, along with wheat utilization and the different traditional uses, are described in this paper. Despite the diversity and significance of Georgian wheats, their role in the wheat phylogenesis has not been thoroughly studied and the general public is not well informed on the subject. This article aims to promote Georgian wheat landraces and underline the necessity of carrying out a detailed systematic inventory of the wild and cultivated plants in Georgia order to get more information on the state of this national heritage and of the measures to be taken for its conservation. Key words: Ancient wheat, Traditional use, Georgia, South Caucasus, Samtskhe-Javakheti, Ethnography Introduction Georgia is one of the centres of the origin of The soft wheat variety name that is firstly wheat within the Near-East centre of origin of mentioned in Georgian literature is ‘Ipkli’; which is cultivated plants. Out of about 20 wheat species a winter bearded soft wheat species.
    [Show full text]
  • Genome-Wide Association Mapping of Host Resistance to Stem Rust
    GENOME-WIDE ASSOCIATION ANALYSIS OF HOST RESISTANCE TO STEM RUST, LEAF RUST, TAN SPOT, AND SEPTORIA NODORUM BLOTCH IN EMMER WHEAT A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the North Dakota State University of Agriculture and Applied Science By Qun Sun In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Major Program: Genomics and Bioinformatics April 2015 Fargo, North Dakota North Dakota State University Graduate School Title GENOME-WIDE ASSOCIATION ANALYSIS OF HOST RESISTANCE TO STEM RUST, LEAF RUST, TAN SPOT, AND SEPTORIA NODORUM BLOTCH IN EMMER WHEAT By Qun Sun The Supervisory Committee certifies that this disquisition complies with North Dakota State University’s regulations and meets the accepted standards for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY SUPERVISORY COMMITTEE: Steven S. Xu Chair Phillip E. McClean Xiwen Cai Justin D. Faris Marion O. Harris Approved: 4/7/2015 Phillip E. McClean Date Department Chair ABSTRACT Cultivated emmer wheat (Triticum turgidum ssp. dicoccum) is a good source of genes for resistance to several major diseases of wheat. The objectives of this study were to use genome- wide association analysis to detect genomic regions in cultivated emmer germplasm harboring novel resistance genes to four wheat diseases: stem rust, leaf rust, tan spot, and Septoria nodorum blotch (SNB). A natural population including 180 cultivated emmer accessions with a high level of geographic diversity was assembled as the association-mapping panel. This cultivated emmer panel was evaluated phenotypically by scoring reactions to stem rust, leaf rust, tan spot, and SNB and was genotyped using a 9K SNP Infinium array.
    [Show full text]