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A recipe of political page Euro 2012: page A gourmet's page defeat from the government's guide to beer Yulia Tymoshenko 10 cash rush 24 in Ukraine 44

№ 11 (23) december 2011

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|contents briefing focus POLITICS The The Triumph of Yulia Government Subordination Tymoshenko: Breaks Bad: By voting for legitimization A detailed Erasing the of the regime’s polling history of Orange rules, the opposition laid defeat Revolution from the groundwork for its history 4 own demise 6 10 neighbours The Chief and His Tribe: Yanukovych Won’t Stay Long: How the Donbas Boris Nemtsov talks about Yulia social background Tymoshenko’s case and the affects reshuffling of mistakes of Russian democrats government ranks 14 16 economics investigation Crisis of Vision: Till the Cows Come Window Dressing in Top government Home: Tough Kyiv: As it prepares officials political reality for Euro 2012, admit public could shatter the government administration Ukraine’s handsome wastes billions to is ineffective in economic deals build Potemkin Ukraine 19 within the CIS 20 villages 24

The Engorgers The Sky Over of Billions: Kharkiv: Kharkiv’s Soaring costs and headache still too few hotels with airport in Donetsk construction, opaque tenders 26 and corruption 27 society The Mysteries of Lviv: Police vs Football How tons of cash Fans: allocated for its Why the police raid preparations for the football ultras championship are (mis)appropriated 28 29 history culture & arts What the Young Have Andreas Kappeler While My Violin Gently to Say: Students from talks about the Weeps Central and Eastern concept of Europe Why Ukrainian Europe meet in Kyiv and ways to forge classical music is still European identity underground outside 32 34 the country 38 navigator Perfect Harmony on Paper: In Pursuit of Beer: Artist Pavlo Makov Ukraine’s most popular decodes artistic images, folk rock band’s map of symbols and concepts breweries that produce unpasteurized beer 42 44

The Ukrainian Week № 11 (23) December 2011 Mailing address: PO Box 2, Kyiv, 03067 Founder: ECEM Media Ukraine LLC Publisher: The Ukrainian Week LLC Publisher address: vul. Mashynobudivna 37, Kyiv 03067 Ukraine First published in January 2010 E-mail: [email protected], Tel.: (044) 351-1300 State registration certificate 16412-4884P of March 13, 2010 www.ukrainianweek.com Bohdan Andriytsev, Director, ECEM Media Ukraine LLC Print: ТОV SKIMP, TOV ART STUDIYA DRUKU; vul. Boryspilska 15, Kyiv Roman Tsupryk, Chairman of the Editorial Board Ordering number: 851-11. Print run: 15,000 Serhiy Lytvynenko, Editor-in-Chief, The Ukrainian Week Sent to print on November 25, 2011 Natalia Romanec, Editor; Anna Korbut, Translator Free distribution № 11 (23) december 2011|the ukrainian week|3 briefing| 2 November 3 November 14 November President fires the Yet another wave of protests Chornobyl liquidators and victims governors of Lviv stirs in Kyiv and several oblast take over the premises of the Pen- and Zaporizhzhia centers including clashes with sion Fund in Donetsk and go on police in front of parliament hunger strike

Quotes Mykola Azarov makes teachers laugh The Premier states that teachers’ salaries were raised five The Government Breaks Bad times in 2011 at the recent congress of teachers, causing the audience to roar with laughter

Oleksandr Klymenko heads the Tax Administration The 31-year old comes from Donetsk. He has been in the Tax Administration since 2005. In his career, Mr. Klymenko largely focused on inspecting un- earned income

Viktor Yanukovych is ready to take a break The President is ready to “take a break from European integration right now.” Optimis- tically, he says that similar breaks have happened before, too

Anatoliy Hrytsenko in opposition to the range Revolution did not teach any- appealed to the court for a ban on any public opposition one anything. Not only does the Gov- events on that day. The appeal was far from His Civic Position party ernment turn a blind eye to people, being democratic, but technically legitimate. leaves the Committee but also demonstratively ignores the The court satisfies the demand, which it has of Resistance to Dic- O tatorship to protest public and the law. Some NGOs had planned the right to do under the letter of the law. The against the opposi- public events in Kyiv on 22 November to cel- police and State Guard Department thought tion’s voting in ebrate the seventh anniversary of the Orange that public events on the Day of Liberty, as favour of the Law Revolution. In accordance with the Constitu- the anniversary is commonly referred to, On Parliamentary tion, they had duly notified the Kyiv City would fuel clashes. Why would they, though? Elections State Administration in advance. The latter Moreover, the rallies at Maidan could get in

The month 4 November 1861 6 November 1951 9 November 1976 in history The first train arrives in Lviv The first Ukrainian televi- Ukrainian NGO to support from Vienna, heralding the sion studio opens at 26 commitment to the Hel- beginning of the history of Khreshchatyk St., but sinki Accords is established the Ukrainian railway Ukrainian television quickly in Kyiv becomes marginalized

4|the ukrainian week|№ 11 (23) december 2011 |briefing 15 November 17 November 22 November All Euro 2012 final- The Verkhovna Rada passes The Day of Freedom: the gov- ists are determined. the new Law On Parliamentary ernment uses all means pos- The group stage Elections.Most opposition mem- sible to hampers any events for draw is scheduled for bers support the government’s the celebration of the anniver- 2 December initiative sary of the Orange Revolution

Party of Regions’ Oleh Kalashnikov turned numbers up at Maidan in the afternoon with his gang, officially known as The Joint Military Union, The Government is going to spend and held a full-scale rally. Brave Berkut, the UAH 4.95mn The Government Breaks Bad troops and undercover officers suddenly suf- to examine how efficiently public fered a memory loss as to why there were funds were spent over 2008-2009 there in the first place: they just stood there when Yulia Tymoshenko was Premier and did not lift a finger to ensure that the court ruling was complied with. Quite on the contrary, they encircled Kalashnikov’s group The upgrade of public utilities in to protect it from the orange supporters. This Ukraine will cost travesty of justice arranged by the government on 22 November was painfully absurd. UAH 700bn, A crime makes sense in cases where millions estimates Anatoliy Blyzniuk, are at stake. But what was the point of Ka- the Minister of Regional Construction lashnikov’s rally and the government’s bla- tant neglect of law on the Day of Liberty? Would this add the 10% to the Party of Re- 60% gions’ popularity that it needs to win the up- of all public procurements in 2010 coming parliamentary election? Quite the and the first six months of 2011 opposite, all Kalashnikov did was to humili- bypass tenders, says Audit Chamber ate the government and especially the Party of Regions. This is showing a curious trend, though. The Verkhovna Rada passes a law The government does something equally allowing goods worth up to stupid and illegal on quite a regular basis. To this day, Mr. Tabacnhyk has not faced EUR 1,000 any punishment for his anti-Ukrainian to be brought into the country duty statements, nor has Mr. Mohyliov for his free anti-Tatar ones. On 9 May, just like on 22 November, provocateurs were delivered to the Honor Monument in Lviv with Victory As of 11 November, gas debt incurred by public heating companies flags despite the court’s ban on any public constitutes events on that day. The police protected the buses. On Independence Day, the police vi- UAH 3.98bn, olated the court’s decision by preventing reports SC Gas of Ukraine the public from marching across Volody- myrska Street in Kyiv. The government can be democratic or not. According to the Center It can be authoritarian or liberal. It can do for the Survey of Judges, only what it wants and make unpopular deci- the way of the cortege of Dalia Grybauskaitė, sions. There is just one thing it cannot do: 9.3% the Lithuanian President, during her visit to break the law. A government that does not of Ukrainian judges believe that the Kyiv on the same day. The authorities honor the law puts its own legitimacy in public trusts them brought in several hundred Berkut officers, question. Yanukovych&Co have offered the internal soldiers and, according to various public a dangerous game without rules. To- estimates, nearly 100 undercover plain- day, they can ignore the law, while tomor- 30% clothes police officers to Independence row, the law can become a superfluous for- of Ukrainians are afraid of the Square. This was also perfectly legitimate, mality for every citizen. police and 57% do not approve of after all, the police was enforcing the court its actions, shows a survey by the ruling. Surprisingly, though, the infamous Andriy Skumin Razumkov Center

15 November 1939 17 November 1994 22 November 1801 1 December 1991 The Ukrainian SSR Supreme The Verkhovna Vladimir Dal, Russian lexi- 92% of Ukrainians vote Council passes a law to Rada of Ukraine cographer, folklore expert, for independence in the annex Western Ukraine to cancels the Decla- Turkologist and writer, referendum the Ukrainian SSR at the ration of Crimean is born in Luhansk 3rd extraordinary session Sovereignty

№ 11 (23) december 2011|the ukrainian week|5 focus|Opposition The Triumph of Subordination By voting for legitimization of the regime’s polling rules, the opposition laid the groundwork for its own demise

Authors: this means winning half of the Andriy Duda, parliamentary seats in by simple Rostyslav Pavlenko plurality vote for specific candidates, enabling loyal people to be n November 17, 2011, elected by means of administra- Ukraine’s Election of Na- tive and financial resources—a sit- tional Deputies law was uation analogous to the 2002 par- Opassed. Both the ruling liamentary election and factions as well as the opposition 2010 local elections. It’s no voted for it, including 62 MPs wonder the Venice Com- from Yulia Tymoshenko’s Bloc mission insisted that un- (ByuT) and 32 MPs from the Our der current conditions, Ukraine – People’s Self-Defense Ukraine’s mixed system bloc (NU–NS). Having achieved jeopardizes election fair- its goal, the regime is satisfied. ness. The opposition was able to bar- Secondly, de- gain for some procedural im- spite the campaign provements, but in practice these promises of virtu- will be of little help to them. ally every major party, the revised THE MYTH OF VICTORY law retains the Despite assurances by opposition use of so-called members that the passing of this closed candi- law involved consensus and com- date lists, i.e. promise, there are good reasons to those formed believe that the regime has won an by political outright victory in the fight for leaders. This election rules. The text of the bill means that was handed out to MPs right be- seats will fore the vote, which was finished in record time—less than an hour—leaving virtually no time to analyze the final version. Thus, given our parliament’s long-last- ing traditions, we can ascertain that a political choice was made behind the scenes by certain opposition members following negotiations with top government officials. The gains from this decision were distributed accordingly. Of course, the ruling regime got the lion’s share. The law preserves chief provisions upon which they will rely in achieving a majority in the next parliament. First of all, 6|the ukrainian week|№ 11 (23) december 2011 Opposition|Focus QUOTE OF THE continue to be sold. Those who members of an election commit- gime, coercion, and result rigging WEEK: buy such tickets to parliament will tee? This doesn’t happen automat- will lead to a disproportionate “We are wit- nessing the feel free from any obligations to ically: the party has to appeal to presence of pro-regime forces in death of the old their “own” party. Thus, the next the relevant committee to recall its the parliament. opposition” convocation of the Verkhovna representative. Yet at any stage of Viktor Rada will see more faction defec- the election process, a higher level THE OPPOSITION’S Nebozhenko, tions. committee has the right to super- USUAL PROBLEMS director, Raising the election threshold sede a lower one. Thus, the Cen- Given these obvious issues, why Ukrainian in addition to banning blocs would tral Election Committee (CEC) can then did some opposition forces Barometer social not merely curb the number of po- act on behalf of a district commit- (namely, BYuT, paralyzed after research service litical forces that can be elected to tee, while a district committee can Yulia Tymoshenko’s incarceration, Parliament. The higher the thresh- supersede a local committee. This and Arseniy Yatseniuk’s Front for old, the more seats can be distrib- means that higher-level commit- Change) agree to such collabora- uted as bonuses among the parties tees can delay decisions concern- tion? The answer partly lies in the that successfully get past. This is ing replacement of election com- “big parties vs. little parties” con- just another reason that the No- mittee members following an ap- spiracy. vember 17 vote for the election law peal by an opposition party. However, many of the oppo- is being labeled “a conspiracy And what about the medical sition MPs and faction leaders against small parties.” certificates required in order to are veteran politicians. This Finally, the regime has won vote from home? Medical institu- “conspiracy” appears too inade- an important moral victory. The tions are totally subordinate to quate a deal for them to collabo- new election law, approved by state and local governments, mak- rate with the regime. Thus what 366 MPs, does not appear to have ing the procurement of limitless remains is a kind of private been imposed by the majority. In certificates as easy as pie. agreement between Tymoshen- fact, by supporting it, the opposi- Thus, the 2010 local elections, ko’s bloc, the Front for Change tion legitimized in advance both based on the same model, demon- and the regime. Illustrative in this document and the violations strated that the combination of this respect are reports of lively it allows. Thus, Europe’s future legislative preference for the re- consultations on the bill held by claims concerning foul play in campaigning and elections will be voided by an iron argument: the opposition itself supported this election legislation. This is exactly why its active partici- pation in the vote was needed. The majority alone would have had the minimum 226 votes necessary to pass the law, but its legitimacy would have been less certain without minority support. Ultimately, the “barri- ers against violations” supposedly included in the law by the opposition will be easily evaded. Even though the procedure for forming election committees has changed, the Party of Regions can easily secure a loyal majority in the committees by reanimating various puppet political projects. After all, representatives of Batkivshchyna, NU–NS, and other opposition forces are very likely to change their political orientation once they are appointed to the committees. The arsenal of coercion is well- known – administrative resources, graft, and intimidation. All this will effectively whittle down the “democratic amend- ments” to the election law. What’s the use of the parties’ right to revoke defecting № 11 (23) december 2011|the ukrainian week|7 focus|Opposition Vice-Premier Andriy Kliuyev. More details concerning these arrangements will become evi- dent in the near future: as the state turns a blind eye to the activities of certain companies as- sociated with the BYuT and Front for Change; as these political forces launch their campaigns in territories which will serve as a springboard to the Verkhovna Rada; or as active negotiations resume between various groups in the government and opposition (for example, between Rinat Akhmetov and Yatseniuk, as the media have reported). By taking part in such arrangements to secure personal benefits, opposition leaders have effectively agreed to a secondary, subordinate role and risk suffer- ing a strategic defeat. Such subordination, the perhaps uncon- scious need for a senior partner who is at once a target for criti- cism but also a source of benefits in exchange for certain services, has long plagued our opposition. The developments of recent years have somewhat obscured certain servile moves by the Our Ukraine party, a faction of which is now attracted to Yatseniuk’s party. For instance, Our Ukraine voted for Yanukovych’s government program in April 2003, giving then prime minister Yanukovych an additional 335 votes and allowing him to claim the support of a “constitutional majority” and ignore the opposition’s demands cynical but viable practical expla- Here, the crucial issue is the for legislative support. Another nation. formation of electoral committees. more vivid example is the vote A true opposition should coordi- that led to the privatization of the DO YOUR BEST nate its effort to man committees UkrRudProm mining association Thanks to this new legislation, it is (on both district and local levels) in April 2004. Only Our Ukraine’s now virtually impossible to pre- with competent, experienced indi- support allowed that decision to vent mass election rigging. But viduals with good reputations and get the necessary 226 votes. As a this does not mean that the oppo- aversions to bribery and rigging. result, metallurgy was monopo- sition has to resort to its favorite Such people are far more effective lized by several oligarchs who pastimes of infighting and be- than so-called “experts in electoral now sponsor the Party of Re- moaning lost opportunities. Re- procedures.” It is already high gions, among them Akhmetov. cent statements indicate that a time to start registering and train- Tymoshenko’s bloc is also fraction of the opposition will ing the people who will be dele- given to backstage deals. Before never collaborate with the regime. gated to election committees. It her incarceration, Tymoshenko Thus, there is a force that should would be sensible to create a spe- always pursued her own policies ensure maximum transparency of cial coordination center for this and at least did not allow her fac- the election process. Or, to put it among true opposition forces. tion to be used as a pawn. With- more precisely, reduce violations Such a center could also train out its leader, however, the BYuT to a minimum and carefully re- and coordinate the activities of ob- can become a source of votes for cord episodes of fraud. Such re- servers and other individuals who the regime’s dubious initiatives, cords can provide support for have the right to be present at in exchange for favors for other well-grounded conclusions about election committee sessions and leaders who are still free. In this the illegitimacy of elections – if polling stations, such as candidate context, the imprisonment of the the opposition is even motivated MPs, their proxies, authorized former prime minister, despite enough to defend the actual will of party representatives, and jour- protests from the West, gains a voters. nalists. The next key issue for the 8|the ukrainian week|№ 11 (23) december 2011 Opposition|Focus

opposition is ensuring expert position must now begin looking should not be a small-scale, ama- training for observers and their for competent speakers of foreign teurish “parallel count” by one even distribution among election languages among its supporters. party. Rather, it should be a large committees and polling stations. Special attention should be collaborative multi-party project The presence of international given to the counting of ballots at carried out by the opposition’s observers at the 2012 election polling stations. We cannot rule “Central Election Committee” on should become a special concern out the possibility of using this the basis of reports issued to local for the opposition parties. Inter- practice when election committees election committee members, with national monitoring of polling sta- ban candidate MPs, their proxies, replicas issued to observers. Maxi- tions and election committee ses- and official observers from polling mum transparency of the parallel sions, with the possibility of photo station premises on the grounds of vote count and media involvement and video records, is a serious fac- alleged “illegal interference” with in the process can reduce the risk of tor in reducing election fraud. the session. With witnesses re- electoral fraud at polling stations. That is why the opposition should moved, the pro-regime committee The opposition parties must, send a collective appeal to the EU, can easily void ballots cast for op- on one hand, ensure the transpar- Council of Europe, OSCE, and position candidates, or rig the vote ency of their election campaign other international organizations in other ways. To prevent this, the and, on the other, persist in coun- and democratic powers requesting true opposition should place sup- teracting violations on the part of them to consider sending official porters outside polling stations af- the regime. In doing so, they will observers to monitor the upcom- ter voting ends at 10pm, and also have to overcome hurdles which ing parliamentary election in create a reserve pool of accredited they themselves helped to build by Ukraine. Monitoring will only be journalists and official observers supporting the election bill. If the effective if there are at least five to with the right to be present at poll- opposition fails to do this, its ac- six thousand international observ- ing stations. tivities in Ukraine will be largely ers in this country. In order to Another item on the agenda is marginalized after the parliamen- provide interpreters, the true op- the parallel counting of votes. This tary elections in October 2012. № 11 (23) december 2011|the ukrainian week|9 POLITICS|THE BURDEN OF OLD MISTAKES YULIA TYMOSHENKO: A HISTORY OF DEFEAT

prison instead of the top office at Bankova St. “The only man in Ukrainian politics” This has become the cliché for Ms. Tymoshenko’s role in Ukraine’s political establishment. It reflects her ability to act decisively without half-hearted moves or undertones, a quality that many Ukrainian politicians lack. She was persistent enough in 2000 to break down barter scams on the energy market, confident enough in 2004 to become the “power of the Maidan”, and convincing enough in 2007 to secure an early election and return as Premier. Yulia Tymoshenko’s career has always been a spectacle, whether on the crest of the wave in top offices, running ambitious projects and putting on huge shows for the voters, or persecuted and impris- oned. This soap opera is crystal clear and easily understood by voters. It’s the struggle between light and dark, good and evil, her against them. A simple story is always the best way to communicate with the widest audience possible, to gain sympathy and support. In addition to the circuses, Ty- moshenko was always concerned about the bread. Throughout her term as Premier, she always kept social benefits, salaries and pen-

photo: unian photo: sions in mind. This ate up proceeds from privatization and interna- Author: ulia Tymoshenko who was withstand the test of political de- tional loans but none of her oppo- Ivan realistically potentially the feat, prevent destruction and nents would dare to publicly accuse Halaichenko next president of Ukraine guarantee revenge in the future. her of the “inefficient use of funds”. Yhas become a prisoner. To- For both Ms. Tymoshenko, whose This approach seemed efficient in day, neither she, nor her political hopes for a happy ending in this Ukrainian politics, boosting her bloc can do anything for her re- slew of repression fade with every popularity over 2001-2010. Even- lease or her continued activity in new case reopened by the SBU or tually, Ms. Tymoshenko took any politics. A mere two years ago, the Prosecutor General, and other opportunity to strengthen her posi- the project had virtually looked Ukrainian politicians trying to tion or created them where none like the greatest political success gain public support, it would be were available (see Victories and in Ukraine. It now appears that worthwhile to closely examine Defeats). there was no foundation under the mistakes that led Yulia Ty- The above-mentioned image the shiny wrapper that could moshenko to the Lukianivska of “the only man in Ukrainian pol- 10|the ukrainian week|№ 11 (23) december 2011 THE BURDEN OF OLD MISTAKES|POLITICS VICTORIES AND DEFEATS itics” was adorned with elaborate image boosters. Ms. Since their first days in politics in the mid-1990s,M s. Tymoshenko and her party Tymoshenko’s team buzzed with legends of her as a have been progressing, turning threats and failures to their benefit.M eanwhile, workaholic. She would give interviews late at night they have been accumulating internal problems, which were the cause of the and hold meetings that lasted several hours. Her defeat in 2010 with which BYuT was unable to cope other virtue was the ability to learn. She transformed from a provincial businesswoman who had given POLITICAL SYNDROME movingly naïve interviews back in the mid-1990s into December 1996–1999. Yulia Tymoshenko is a People’s a charismatic orator; from a Dnipropetrovsk-born Deputy and in an interview, confesses to “being infected Russian-speaker into an essentially Ukrainian-speak- with politics”. ing politician. December 1999 – January 2001. Vice Premier for the Fuel and Yulia Tymoshenko had it all to win any political Power Complex in Viktor Yushchenko’s Cabinet. The Government race, from self-confidence to an enormous ability to implements reforms on the energy market and makes consider- work and good intuition. The skillful manipulation of able efforts to break barter schemes. It also channels proceeds from selling fuels to these qualities made her an invincible opponent in po- the budget. At this time, Ms. Tymoshenko gains dangerous political enemies litical battles. Even her opponents recognize her as a OPPOSITION-COALITION-OPPOSITION brilliant tactician. But this was not enough for true 9 July 1999. Former activists of Hromada (Com- success. The form should have been underpinned by munity) who left the party together with Pavlo the essence and a well-thought logical plan of action, as Lazarenko, more specifically Yulia Tymoshenko a result of which, all Ukrainians would understand ex- and Oleksandr Turchynov, establish Bat- actly how the shiny promises were to be fulfilled. kivshchyna (Homeland). In 2000, Bat- kivshchyna joins the pro-Kuchma majority in Long-distance races and strategic victories require the Verkhovna Rada. The struggle against their more from a politician: in-depth and systemic knowl- opponents in the energy sector, particularly edge; a team that cares about national interests, not Ihor Bakai ends in a conflict with Kuchma’s cir- only their own; and honest and consistent communica- cle tion with voters. 5 January 2001. The Prosecutor General initiates two criminal cases against Yu- lia Tymoshenko, her family members and friends who run the Single Energy The roots of disaster Systems of Ukraine (YeESU) Ms. Tymoshenko’s problems largely stem from her 19 January 2001. President Kuchma dismisses own virtues. Her self-confidence made her believe in Ms. Tymoshenko 13 February 2001. Ms. Tymoshenko is arrested. In her own infallibility – the image of a “goddess”, which March 2001, the Pechersk District Court finds the was mocked by her opponents. This belief was also fos- charges groundless and cancels the arrest order. tered by her compliant entourage, both on the level of This boosts her rating from 2-3% to 6%. On 9 April everyday flattery and public displays, ranging from 2003, the Kyiv Court of Appeal rules that the crimi- grotesque shows, shows of communication with the nal case against Ms. Tymoshenko and her husband media in a sugar-sweet format, to disastrous slogans, was initiated illegally and that all proceedings shall such as “SHE – is Ukraine”! be terminated. On 18 November 2005, the case However, this non-critical approach to her own de- was also terminated by the Supreme Court cisions damaged Ms. Tymoshenko’s image and crushed 31 March 2002. BYuT gains 7.26% in the 2002 elec- their efficiency. Given her origin and swift progress in tion, i.e. 22 seats in parliament. BYuT and Nasha Ukrayina (Our Ukraine) led by Mr. Yushchenko agree big business and politics, Ms. Tymoshenko may not to not compete against each other in the election have had the time to acquire systemic knowledge re- and the opposition wins it via party lists. Later, though, it fails to nominate com- garding the strategy of social development, social pro- mon candidates or set up an efficient system to prevent violations in majority con- cesses or the specific features of post-soviet macroeco- stituencies. This nullifies their victory nomics. After all, it is impossible to know everything and believing otherwise has been part of the problem of POWER OF THE PEOPLE the “non-critical attitude towards self”. However, in September 2002. Ms. Tymoshenko such a case, the selection of a team, capable of filling the tours Ukrainian cities in the “Rise gaps in the leader’s outlook, is that much more crucial. up Ukraine!” campaign, showing her talent of capturing the audi- This was where Ms. Tymoshenko’s habit to “simply ence with vivid speeches. Due to solve things”, stemming from the early 1990s and the the lack of resources and coordina- behavior of her team played a nasty trick on her. BYuT tion among its organizers including coopted everyone who seemed capable of resolving on- BYuT, the Communist Party of going issues: providing support in courts, ensuring Ukraine and the Socialist Party of media resources and financial support. In 2005, hav- Ukraine, the campaign is not a ing seen in Tymoshenko a serious-looking politician great success likely to stay on top for the long haul, quite a few of her July 2004. Mr. Yushchenko and one-time opponents, including some very odious ones, Ms. Tymoshenko announce their decided to join her. coalition called The Power of the People, aimed at strengthening As the election drew closer, these people improved Mr. Yushchenko as the most popu- the “welfare” of political power and those who decided lar presidential candidate among on the party lists. Mykhailo Brodsky “rolled” into BYuT opposition leaders. Ms. Tymosh- in 2005, and in subsequent interviews, he disclosed enko is promised the premier’s several schemes for putting candidates on the lists, the seat if he wins the election price list and the role of Ms. Tymoshenko’s closest al- 22 November 2004. The Orange Revolution unfolds. Proactive Ms. Tymosh- lies, particularly Oleksandr Turchynov, in the process. enko becomes one of the Maidan leaders due to her vivid speeches and deci- The compiling of party lists for parliament and local sive moves. Her popularity rises from 6-8% to 18-20% turning her into a top councils, as well as the executive structure of BYuT us- politician № 11 (23) december 2011|the ukrainian week|11 POLITICS|THE BURDEN OF OLD MISTAKES VICTORIES AND DEFEATS WAR AMONG THE WINNERS 4 January 2005. Ms. Tymoshenko is appointed Acting Premier. Her Cabinet’s performance is questionable, as GDP growth slows down and the country faces a slew of what she considers to be artificially-created crises, including petrol, sugar, meat and bread crises while it is in power. The premiership reveals her political strengths, such as a striking capacity for work, a talent for finding allies, political intuition and an understanding of how important sovereignty is, as well as weaknesses, including inconsistency, no vision of the long-term consequences of her moves, her adventurous nature and belief in her own infallibility 8 September 2005. The political crisis caused by a conflict of interest between her and Mr. Yushchenko and their teams brings forth the most far-reaching consequences for Ms. Tymoshenko. Instead of seeking a peaceful solution to the conflict, Mr. Yushchenko uses his presidential powers to dismiss both Ms. Ty- moshenko and the people involved in corruption scandals from his own team. In fact, he reveals the conflict within the Orange forces. Ms. Tymoshenko immediately goes public and communicates her interpretation, thus gaining extra divi- dends from the scandal, as supporters of Viktor Yushchenko and Our Ukraine switch to her side March 2006. Criticizing Mr. Yushchenko’s “conciliatory” attitude towards the Party of Regions, BYuT gains 22.29% of votes running second, behind the Party of Regions, with 132 seats in the 2006 parliamentary election. The unfolding political crisis steals public attention away from the fact that BYuT’s lists swell with one-time Kuchma supporters. They join the party in exchange for providing some resources and being helpful in communicating with the neighbors, arranging media campaigns and putting on shows, and so on. As a result, the key elements of the party’s activities end up in hands of opportunists who betray it whenever possible. By contrast, the leaders often keep the party’s permanent activists away from such areas, thus compromising its organizational and mobilization potential and undermining the motivation of average and middle-level party members August 2006. The Verkhovna Rada fails to appoint the Cabinet of Ministers, giving legitimate reasons for dissolving parliament. President Yushchenko agrees to a Cabinet with Viktor Yanukovych as Premier as long as Our Ukraine members continue to hold positions in several ministries. In time, most of them were dis- missed by the Verkhovna Rada. BYuT finds itself in the opposition, but with a reputation of being Mr. Yanukovych’s most consistent opponent 12 January 2007. BYuT votes together with the Party of Regions passing a law on the Cabinet of Ministers with more than two thirds of the vote, that reduces the influence of the President over the executive branch to a minimum. This is one episode of closer cooperation between BYuT and PR, strongly promoted by the pro-Medvedchuk wing that insists on dividing interests with the Party of Regions. This and further cooperation turns out unilateral: PR votes against the law on the opposition and continues to swell with crossovers. These maneuvers under- mine public trust in BYuT

DASHED HOPES March 2007. PR begins to set up a constitutional majority in parliament, luring over opposition MPs. Fearing a change of the Constitution, President Yushchenko dissolves parliament. This is the scenario actively pursued by Ms. Tymoshenko BYuT conducts an intensive election campaign, based on populist promises to return the debts of the Soviet Savings Bank, create a professional army by 2008 and many others. This mobilized the electorate 30 September 2007. BYuT wins a record breaking 30.71% and 156 seats in the early parliamentary election. BYuT and Our Ukraine do not compete against each ing such a scheme was slowly killing it. Firstly, odious other publicly and end up with most seats in parliament and a coalition. After activists added their own negative image burden to the the election, BYuT stops long-term projects aimed at consolidating the indepen- party and ruined its reputation as a “new” spotless force. dently thinking part of the electorate around the party and the work on the Secondly, their ways of dealing with things they were country development strategy. It has nothing to offer the voters when reality put in charge of, often caused more problems than they proves that shiny ideas are impossible to fulfill. This adds to public disenchant- solved. One bright example was Andriy Portnov and his ment group who started quite a few conflicts that were hard to 18 December 2007. 226 MPs vote to have Ms. Tymosh- justify in the eyes of the voters. Thirdly, they had no ide- enko appointed as Premier for a second time. The coali- ological or organizational reasons to stay with BYuT so tion has a previously approved plan for priority reforms. The initial plan is to vote on crucial laws first, then the ap- fled the party easily. Virtually nothing could stop them pointment of the premier. However, Ms. Tymoshenko as they did not believe in common values while BYuT strives to have the plan changed. As a result, most laws did not have the leverages to influence such people that were not voted on. As a result, the coalition loses the op- the Party of Regions had. After all, the crowd of oppor- portunity to draft specific documents together, leaving the tunists had a negative impact on those who joined BYuT country without the promised reforms not for their own personal benefit, but driven by princi- 12|the ukrainian week|№ 11 (23) december 2011 THE BURDEN OF OLD MISTAKES|POLITICS VICTORIES AND DEFEATS ples or the desire to change things in the country. As a result, the latter September 2008. BYuT and PR pass a series of laws, restricting the President’s influence on the executive branch. The Our Ukraine and People’s Self-Defense bloc have not had a real chance to com- leave the coalition thus establishing the grounds for the dissolution of parlia- municate their ideas to the leaders ment, unless a new coalition is set up and affect their decisions. They 8 October 2008. Mr. Yushchenko announces the dissolution of parliament, but were squeezed out of responsible of- the Verkhovna Rada refuses to enter the necessary changes to fund the election fices and the process of drawing up into the budget and administrative courts cancel the Presidential Decree. Some party lists. All this is a huge disin- media blame this “attempt to hold on to power at any cost” on Ms. Tymoshen- centive for people whose nature of ko’s allies, who enjoy their current status and are reluctant to lose the privileges making their way to the top is not it provides. If an early election occurred at that point ending up with a Govern- through intrigue, flattery and hold- ment led by Mr. Yanukovych, Ms. Tymoshenko would have had a far better ing cap-in-hand. Those who relied chance of becoming president as an opposition leader, since 2009 was the peak of the financial crisis on their knowledge and skills have 19 January 2009. After Ms. Tymoshenko had fewer chances compared to the meets with Russian Premier Vladimir Putin, “useful” strangers and professional Naftogaz and Gazprom cut a ten-year deal bootlickers. As a result, BYuT, like to supply Ukraine with Russian gas. The con- virtually all other political forces in tracts are prepared behind closed doors and Ukraine, ended up being packed leaked to the Ukrainian mass media by Rus- with wrongly selected people, while sian sources. This weakens the Ukrainian the talented were cast off. This ham- Government in negotiations, since it faces pered proactive communication the consolidated position of the Russians with social groups that could have but has no support in its own country. Doors open to criticize the contracts and the Pre- acted as their natural allies on the mier who arranged them. The confusing local level, such as small and me- process of drafting the contracts sets the dium businesses, professionals and grounds for the charges that ultimately put Ms. Tymoshenko behind bars real community leaders represent- ing the ideas of their communities, WEAK OPPOSITION AND ARREST as opposed to the numerous “pro- 7 February 2010. Viktor Yanukovych gains a narrow victory in the second round fessional babblers” in the bloc. The of the presidential election with 48.95% against Ms. Tymoshenko’s 45.47% party found itself cut off from effec- 14 February 2010. The Central Election Committee announces that Mr. Yanu- tive local networks that could have kovych is the official winner of the presidential election. Some Western leaders greet him before the official results are declared helped it to stay in touch with soci- 22 February 2010. Ms. Tymoshenko describes the election as dirty and refuses ety after it lost power. to agree to the outcome and Viktor Yanukovych as President. Earlier, she was The onset of consequences was forced to recall an appeal filed to the High Administrative Court, since the latter swift. Rather than standing firm refuses to consider the most significant claims regarding the boosted register of with Ms. Tymoshenko, to whom voters and home voting for more than 1mn Ukrainians. Andriy Portnov, who is in they had pledged loyalty just days charge of legal support for Ms. Tymoshenko’s campaign, literally sabotages the ago and protecting her Govern- claim against the results and subsequently joins the Presidential Administration. ment, having all instruments in Meanwhile, one-time Kuchma supporters who had strived to join BYuT since hand under the 2004 Constitution 2005, quit their efforts and leave the party or switch to PR. 3 March 2010. 243 MPs pass a motion of no confidence in Yulia Tymoshenko’s that was still in effect, in the spring Cabinet despite the fact that it enjoyed the formal support of the parliamentary of 2010, the newcomers rushed to majority of BYuT, Our Ukraine and the Lytvyn Bloc. In actual fact, the Lytvyn Bloc the winning camp. The remaining and part of BYuT switch to the PR. Ms. Tymoshenko’s party ends up with virtu- bootlickers were unable to offer ally no leverage to prevent or halt the process anything helpful at that time. Not 21 April 2010. The presidents of Ukraine and Russia cut a deal in Kharkiv to ex- only did they not have an action tend the stay of the Russian Black Sea Fleet in Sevastopol until 2042 in ex- plan, they did not have any fresh change for a USD 100 discount per 1,000 cu m of gas ideas whatsoever. This partly ex- 27 April 2010. The Kharkiv deals are ratified. The opposition, including BYuT, de- plains the confusion of BYuT and clares its intention to prevent this. However, BYuT is unable to organize mass Ms. Tymoshenko and her leap protests. As a result, less than 30,000 protesters turn up in front of the Verk- hovna Rada on 27 April, according to the opposition’s own estimates. BYuT MPs : U KR IN F O RM PHOTO from “demonstrative patriotism” to virtually refuse to prevent ratification at a crucial point in the Verkhovna Rada. calls for social protest, which at This defeat reveals serious staff and organizational troubles within BYuT, under- that point, were too late and obscure. She had missed mining public trust in this political power as a capable opposition the right moment for real resistance. From the time 5 August 2011. The Pechersk Court decides to arrest Yulia Tymoshenko on gas when court proceedings were initiated back in June deal-related charges. The prosecution uses the and until the verdict surfaced in October, BYuT had a interpretation of ambiguous legislation and the good opportunity to organize protests, with which it secretive and swift process of cutting the deals could have intimidated the current government. Now, against Ms. Tymoshenko it has neither a credible explanation for the public, nor August-September 2011. BYuT-Batkivshchyna the capacity to arrange such protests. announces protests with no deadline and sets up a tent city on the Khreshchatyk, consisting of Ms. Tymoshenko’s team is at fault in not having a almost 20 tents, but there are no widespread structure behind the shiny façade. Ms. Tymoshenko protests herself is at fault for having people surrounding her 11 October 2011. Despite tough negative reac- that repulsed those who could really have been useful tion in the world and implicit promises to work for her party and the country, which ultimately led to out a compromise from President Yanukovych, its collapse. Now, possibly for the first time in 15 years Ms. Tymoshenko is found guilty of the abuse of in politics, her fate lies beyond her control. power and is sentenced to 7 years in jail № 11 (23) december 2011|the ukrainian week|13 politics|the donbas phenomenon The Chief and His Tribe The reshuffling of government ranks stems just as much from the Donbas social background as it does from the personal interests of the Yanukovych family and their inner circle

Author: criminals and former police offi- leads to separatism and Serhiy Hrabovsky cers who had worked for the Na- civil war. zis, as well as other “traitors,” The Donbas is a place ew appointments in the while political prisoners were ex- where locals commonly ad- government have hardly iled to more remote places. Tradi- dress one another as zem- raised eyebrows. Inevita- tion prevailed: in the late soviet lyak, meaning “local” or N bly followed by a shakeup years, up to 35% of all men in “countryman,” and “real within the top ranks of the Inte- some Donbas towns had been ar- men” are valued for the rior Ministry and State Tax Ser- rested or served a prison sentence uniqueness of their charac- vice, such appointments are a at least once. Thus a special tribe ter. This is where the Party logical result of the personal am- appeared with its own taboos, tat- of Regions raked in 72.05% bitions of the President, his fam- toos, rules and slang. and 73.53% of the Donetsk ily and their closest allies, as well Donbas lifestyle and identity and Luhansk Oblast elector- as the Donbas social framework. are not Russian as many believe, ates in the 2010 parliamen- The Donbas, or Donetsk Ba- but a mixture of soviet and local tary election. Seven out of the sin, is a unique territory both in cultures. Most locals have no na- top ten PR members come Ukraine and the entire former So- tional identity whatsoever, for from the Donbas. Add votes in viet Union. The turbulent prog- such an identity can only be support of Communists and ress in mining and heavy industry formed within a community that Socialists, and nearly 85% of that began there in the late 19th is free or seeks to be free. The Donbas voters will have sup- century was accompanied by the Donbas, however, is dominated ported their native countrymen. less turbulent rise of a peculiar by a regional or tribal mindset No other region of Ukraine quasi-urban culture. Here, con- and identity that are expressed could manage such a feat. The servative patriarchal family rela- on all levels. Crimean public has similar pref- tions were transferred to cities, The classical concept of trib- erences but theirs are based on industrial villages, and later to ur- alism is focused on cultural, so- ideology more than anything ban agglomerations. Although ciopolitical and cult tribal segre- else. They vote against “Bandera largely populated with ethnic gation and differentiation. It is a supporters”—as they commonly Ukrainians, the Donbas was a typical feature of societies that refer to Western Ukrainians—and creature of the Russian Empire at are in the process of transferring in favor of brotherhood with Rus- the dawn of its nation-crafting ef- from archaic tribal systems to the sia. Other eastern and southern forts. During World War I, the lo- early stages of capitalism. A com- oblasts were less enthusiastic cal workforce of miners and plant mon tribalistic practice is to give about the Party of Regions, which workers proved extremely useful preference to people of a certain won 43% of the vote in Kherson to the Bolsheviks, known more ethnic origin when selecting gov- Oblast and 55% in Zaporizhzhia commonly at that time as bol- ernment officials, while discrimi- Oblast. The Yulia Tymoshenko shaks –a word that refers to the nating against others. In unstable and Our Ukraine-Self-Defense patriarch of a big traditional fam- nations, tribalism uses a demo- blocs failed to garner the kind of ily. After the war, the embarrass- cratic facade to allow a certain support that the PR received in its ing village-like towns grew into ethnic group from a certain re- southeastern stronghold during more or less modern cities, yet gion to take control over the en- the 2010 parliamentary election, preserved their obsolete indus- tire state mechanism. Voters even in the western oblasts where tries and outdated social struc- elect politicians on the basis of they have the most supporters. ture, thus cementing the region’s their own regional loyalties Halychyna, for instance, voted soviet nature. rather than candidates’ ideology 50-52% in favor of Tymoshenko’s After WWII, the authorities and charisma. In postcolonial Af- bloc and nearly 36% in support of began to forcibly relocate “special rica and parts of Asia where trib- Our Ukraine-Self-Defense. Nei- settlers” to the mine region, alism is commonplace, selection ther of the parties’ top-five lists among them Gulag prisoners. The of public officials based on ethnic included politicians from Haly Donbas was mostly intended for and regional affiliations often chyna. Their leaders hail from an 14|the ukrainian week|№ 11 (23) december 2011 the donbas phenomenon|politics The first is the appointment of Donbas natives to all key positions. This occupation extends down to district police department heads all over Ukraine with majors and captains from Donetsk and Luhansk Oblasts serving in offices previously oc- The Chief and His Tribe cupied by colonels alone. Being a countryman means being reli- sident who knows his fellow coun- able. Needless to say, staff selec- trymen well. This idealized Don- tion is based on relations among bas is “populated with skillful fellow countrymen rather than bogatyrs1 who walk the trail of life professional qualities, ignoring with heads held high.” He inter- laws and generally accepted prets this as the original “Donetsk moral norms and following only patriotism, sincere and mislead- the ‘native versus stranger’ rule. ing in some ways, but tragicomic The second consequence is mostly, based on the sense - even the inevitable transfer of clan re- if exaggerated - of the Donbas’s lations to the national level of unique role as the sole support for state administration, as descri the entire USSR, and now bed above in regards to the Ukraine.” Amidst all this, reality shaping of Donetsk’s character. never really mattered. “The pop- The traditional mafia had a pa- ular slogan, ‘nobody has ever put triarchal pre-national basis and the Donbas on its knees and no- was imported to the US by immi- body ever will’ was born exactly grants from South Italy, pre- at the time when both the Don- dominately Sicily. Reluctant to bas and the whole soviet coun- dissolve in the American melting try were down on their knees,” pot, they knew no other means Mr. Dziuba wrote. of efficient interaction. It took Iosif Kobzon, a Donbas- over a century for the US to born singer, businessman and eventually assimilate them all. Russian MP from the United The third consequence refers Russia party, described this to various circles of trust and ini- phenomenon from his own tiation that exist within the tribe perspective. “The whole world of today. For instance, Donetsk- knows what the Donbas is,” born members are privileged he wrote. “Many say it has compared to those from Luhansk, taken all key niches in Yenakiyevo or Horlivka. There Ukraine because the Presi- are exceptions to this general dent was born there. That’s rule, however, that depend on the perfectly normal. He knows extent to which one has proved the people he’s hiring. He his loyalty, by action, to the re- knows his compatriots, he gional chiefs. trusts them and he’s re- Ultimately, the group of sponsible for placing them chiefs inevitably produces the in all key offices. God has main chief, who is a living totem placed an aura of sorts over of sorts in the tribal community the people of the Donbas. and the incarnation of its real He protects us and shows and mythological virtues. The everyone we are the chosen main chief seeks to hand over array of different re- people. Until now, people said the power as heritage to his family— gions, unlike the Donbas home- chosen ones were from Israel, but sons foremost, and their sworn town heroes in the Party of Regi I say they live in the Donbas.” brothers. The recent rise of Yan- ons and Communist Party. West- The integration of the Donbas ukovych Jr. to the status of mul- ern Ukrainian voters are more into the overall Ukrainian politi- timillionaire along with his ener- concerned with an all-Ukrainian cal and cultural environment is a getic young cronies, as well as the ideology than with their candi- separate but important issue, and swift promotion of other close date’s origin. will be impossible without over- supporters of Mr. President him- The ideology that dominates coming homo sovieticus and trib- self, is a plainly visible trend that the Donbas is hardly political. It is alist myths. As it is now, most of proves this assumption. more of a tribal mythology cen- the region’s population has a What should be done about tered around “the image of the tribal mindset which carries a this phenomenon? Is everyone in Donbas as a model soviet region,” number of consequences. the Donbas, let alone other re- according to Ivan Dziuba, a Don- gions, willing to live by the tribal bas-born literature critic and dis- 1 Valiant heroes of Russian folklore rules of a barbaric world? № 11 (23) december 2011|the ukrainian week|15 neighbours|boris nemtsov Yanukovch Won’t Stay Long Boris Nemtsov, Russian politician and a leader of the Solidarity opposition movement and People’s Freedom Party (PARNAS), talks about Yulia Tymoshenko’s case and the mistakes of Russian democrats

Interviewer: oris Nemtsov is a charming different problem. As I under- Olena Chekan yet often controversial poli- stand it, many of your opposition tician and one of Vladimir members can’t stand Ms. Ty- BPutin’s harshest opponents. moshenko. They jealously and He has called upon Russian voters enviously compete with her but to boycott the upcoming presiden- miss one thing: it’s not about Ms. tial election. According to inde- Tymoshenko - it’s about turning pendent surveys, his unregistered the country around. When a political force has the fifth highest court in the country passes such rating in Russia. an absurd verdict and the opposition remains silent, it gives Mr. KILLING TWO BIRDS Yanukovych the impression that WITH ONE STONE he can keep tightening the UW: If you were to compare the screws. That’s all. I’m not a big current state of democratic fan of Ms. Tymoshenko but I institutions in Ukraine and fully support her at this point be- Russia, to what extent are they cause Ukraine is facing a real similar? threat: it might simply start with – It’s still different in Putin’s style of political opposi- Ukraine. Yanukovych is not Pu- tion, but it can expand to bold – I don’t think so. Mr. Putin tin, and Ukraine is not Russia. repression of common citizens totally opposes the verdict. He The difference is in Russia’s bag- using executive powers. does so because he sees it as a gage of imperialistic autocratic I still think Mr. Yanukovych dangerous precedent, not because traditions that Ukraine doesn’t will fail to implement the Putin he supports independent courts in have. In addition, Ukraine still model in Ukraine. Apparently, he Ukraine. Once a Ukrainian pre- has a free press. Leaders in dic- would like to become a leader as mier is behind bars, what could tatorships have approval ratings powerful as Mr. Putin, with no protect a Russian premier from of over 70%, unlike in democra- political rivals as long as he lives. the same fate? That’s first. The But that objective looks distant. second thing is that the gas con- The problem is not in the na- tract was important for him be- special service had tion’s strength or weakness but cause Gazprom is his personal been under total control in its mentality – Ukrainians business. Clearly, sending Ms. Ty- simply don’t like bowing to this moshenko to jail for that contract of the soviet KGB and guy. That’s not what they want. discredits the whole deal, includ- ultimately led former KGB The societies of Ukraine and Rus- ing Mr. Putin’s business. I think sia are so different; their people the Ukrainian government’s pres- agents to the presidency have very little in common, even sure on the court was politically if much of the world thinks oth- motivated. Since the judge never cies. Mr. Yanukovych’s rating is erwise. Ukrainians don’t feel the summoned Mr. Putin as a wit- now at rock bottom with 10-15%. need to look at a strong tsar as ness, the verdict of the Pechersk I don’t think he’ll cling to his head of their state. Mr. Yanu- Court was based purely on politi- seat for long. The Ukrainian peo- kovych will lose the election next cal interests rather than the law. ple have shown they’ll say good- year and that’s that. Firstly, Mr. Yanukovych is afraid bye to a president just as easily of losing the election next year if as they fell in love with him. UW: Are there any Russian Ms. Tymoshenko is not in jail. She This, in my opinion, is a sign of a “fingerprints” on the is still the most popular oppo healthy nation. Ukraine has a Tymoshenko case? sition politician. Secondly, he 16|the ukrainian week|№ 11 (23) december 2011 boris nemtsov|neighbours from one extreme to another. I think this will continue as long as he keeps breaking the law. Re- member, Mr. Yanukovych is hugely dependent on Europe. Not only because Ukraine is a transit country between the West and Russia but because damaging or diminishing Ukraine’s relations with Europe to almost nothing is not his interest, as it would make him more dependent on Moscow. Once Mr. Yanukovych behaves himself, the EU will talk to him again. The Western position in the Tymoshenko case remains the crucial point. UW: What is the state of the Russian economy? – It’s a gas pipeline economy. It’s a banana republic of sorts with Siberian oil and gas instead of bananas. Fuels generate over 50% of Russia’s revenues, and their export represents the largest portion of the nation’s income in foreign currency. Russia has grown more dependent on these income sources under Mr. Putin’s reign. The proportion of proceeds from oil and gas in total revenues was 35% when Mr. Putin came to power. It’s over 70% now. Engi- neering accounted for 11% then, compared to today’s 5%. The tech industry earns Russia less than 0.1% of total revenues. Russia is a photo: r eute s photo: typical raw materials producer bio – There’s a nice proverb that whose budget, living standard, Boris Nemtsov says if you chase two rabbits, pensions, salaries, and so on, rely 1959 – Born in Sochi you’ll lose them both. I think it’s entirely on oil market prices. 1990 – Member of USSR Parliament from Gorki constituency, been tough for Mr. Yanukovych in now Nizhniy Novgorod Europe these days. He’s been told UW: So, all this talk about 1991 – Boris Yeltsyn’s trusted ally in presidential election quite openly to get lost, while in upgrading, streamlining and 1991-1996 – Chief of Staff at Nizhegorodskaya Oblast Russia nobody is awaiting him as Skolkovo1 is just a sham? 1993 – Member of the Federation Council, the upper house of an equal partner. With his impe- – These are buzzwords fa- the Russian Parliament rial habits, Mr. Putin doesn’t vored by Putin Jr. – that’s Mr. 1994 – Authorized representative of the Russian President in know how to work in equal part- Medvedev – it’s all just talk, PR. Nizhegorodskaya Oblast nership, so he wants a junior part- 1997 – Vice Prime-Minister of the Russian Federation Skolkovo is a Potemkin village 1998 – Chairman of the Young Russia policy council ner. Ukraine will hardly accept rather than a Russian Silicon Val- 1999 – MP from the Union of Right Forces that option. That’s why I think ley. In fact, that’s the place where 2004-2005 – Chairman of the Board of Directors at Neftianoy Mr. Yanukovych is now in a simi- oligarchs such as Abramovich, oil concern lar situation to that of Mr. Lu- Prokhorov and Potanin live. The 2008 – Co-founder of the Solidarity Joint Democratic Movement kashenko: nobody’s waiting for land there is more expensive than 2010 – One of the leaders of PARNAS, the People’s Freedom Party him in Europe and he’s not will- in Rubliovka, an elite residential 2010 – One of the first signatories in the Putin Must Go letter ing to surrender to the Kremlin. area west of Moscow. The Krem- This is an absurd situation with a lin has chosen Skolkovo for a thought he could score points this dead end. In fact, Europe is abso- good reason. Abramovich owns way by pretending he’s fighting lutely the correct and natural the land there and many people for cheap gas. choice for Ukraine. But that will earn a pretty penny on this. doesn’t mean it should fight with The high-tech talk is complete UW: What is your assessment of Russia. Pranks like Ms. Tymosh- nonsense. With the price of real the policy of Ukraine’s enko’s imprisonment, ruin Ukrai- estate there ranging from USD government as it attempts to nian identity. This was an Asian 15,000 to USD 25,000 per square maneuver between the EU and trial, not a European one. That’s Russia as if wearing a mask? why Mr. Yanukovych is going 1 A planned Russian equivalent of the Silicon Valley № 11 (23) december 2011|the ukrainian week|17 neighbours|boris nemtsov USSR had collapsed; why the command economy had gone broke; what decisions we were going to take to improve the situation, and how difficult they would be for the nation. Secondly, we should have struggled to stren gthen the state. I’m talking about special services that had been under total control of the soviet KGB and ultimately led former KGB agents to the presidency, as well as the Prosecutor General, Minis- try of Internal Affairs and others. They all come from Soviet times and hamper Russia’s progress greatly because Russia is essentially a police state run by out- laws—both in uniforms and not— rather than law. Thirdly, I believe that democrats should not have supported Mr. Putin. I’m not talking about myself, but there were many democrats who supported him during the 2000 election. We still have a great chance to photo: unian photo: turn Russia back toward democ- meter, no investment company or UW: Will Russia be able to exert racy. I believe that different politi- venture fund that deals in egg- pressure over the entire CIS in the cal forces in Russia can work to- head inventions will ever pay that foreseeable future? gether. We need a united opposi- much to rent an office there. – Russia is so wanton, aggres- tion and a common platform. But Never! Clearly, some high-tech sive and repulsive with its neigh- this takes time. Years, not months. monsters such as Google, Yandex, bors that none of them wants to Yahoo, Mail.ru and Microsoft can BOOKS deal with it. It could be very attrac- UW: What are your projections as afford to build offices there, but The Provincial tive, in theory, for Ukraine, among to Russia’s future? everyone knows it’s not these gi- Man, 1997 others. If Russia were a safe and – What happened on Septem- ants that keep the Silicon Valley The Provincial friendly democracy, it would be a ber 24th humiliated the nation. alive. Its foundation is the small Man in Moscow, good partner for Ukraine. But the Putin and Medvedev didn’t even and middle-sized companies that 1999 image that Mr. Putin has archi- bother to pretend that voters were lure a third of all venture capital Confession tected for his nation is that of a entitled to an opinion or choice. in the US. of a Rebel, 2007 monster – cynical, violent, and This will have some serious conse- teeming with terrorists and crooks, quences for Russia including the UW: Why have some in the with zero civil liberties. Russia has emigration of well-educated Rus- Western establishment turned a lost everyone, other than maybe sians, capital outflow and a col- blind eye to Russia’s swift attack Armenia but it’s also trying to keep lapsing infrastructure. Mr. Putin on civil liberties while lauding the EXPERT REPORTS, a safe distance. Who would want wants to be president forever, but order created by its tough power CO-AUTHOR to deal with a country run by KGB he forgets where dictators tend to hierarchy? Putin and guys? I don’t think Mr. Putin can end up. Ben Ali in Tunisia, – This is a classic example of Gazprom, 2008 get anybody on his side through Mubarak in Egypt, Gaddafi in double standards. They’ve im- Putin. sheer force. Yet, everybody would Libya. Actually, I’m not a fan of posed sanctions on the authori- The Summary, turn to Russia if it were a model of revolutions. But the Kremlin re- tarian Belarus officials by banning 2008 freedom and democracy. gime has banned public discussion their entrance to the EU. They are Putin and the in the country thus prompting now personas non-grata while Crisis, 2009 TO THE SIDELINES OF HISTORY people to take to the streets. Mr. similar Russian officials travel UW: What mistakes did Putin is like a professional provo- Sochi and the democrats make to bring about freely wherever they want. The Olympics, 2009 cateur, needling the Russian peo- reason is plain to see. Russia is a what is essentially single-party ple to protest. And one more thing: nuclear state. It has the fuels that Putin. rule in Russia? there’s no doubt Putinism is lead- The Summary. Europe relies heavily upon. Of 10 Years, 2010 – We’ve a made a load of mis- ing the country to collapse, but course, between gas and human takes. Firstly, we should have ex- Russia can still avoid it. To do that, rights, they choose the former. Putin. plained to voters the desperate Russians will have to toss Mr. Pu- Corruption, 2011 Merkel, Sarkozy and Berlusconi situation in which Russia found tin to the sidelines of history, have are all Putin’s advocates. They itself in the 1990s, while we were a fair election and win back the don’t believe Russia can be mostly concerned with the econ- rights taken from them. Russia can straightened out, but they need its omy and trying to save the coun- survive as a united state only if it oil and gas. They act like busi- try from cold and hunger. We walks the path of freedom and de- nessmen, not democrats. should have explained why the mocracy. 18|the ukrainian week|№ 11 (23) december 2011 the looting of ukraine|economics Crisis of vision Even top government officials acknowledge the low quality of public administration in Ukraine. Their confessions are comically tragic lobal economic growth is expected to fall from fessions sound comically tragic, because they could fix 3.8% in 2010 to 3.2% in 2011, according to the the situation if they wanted to. For example, First Dep- latest report from the World Bank. In 2012, the uty Prime Minister Andriy Kliuyev recently said: “The Gtrend will continue. Russia’s growth outlook paradox is that Ukraine ranks high in international rat- appears even gloomier: it will slip from 4.7% to 4.1% ings in terms of its natural, labor and intellectual poten- (IMF) or from 4.5% to 3.7% (World Bank). tial. But when it comes to managing these resources, we Meanwhile, the Ukrainian government seems to be bring up the rear in all ratings.” For example, Ukrainian turning a blind eye to these global trends, despite the officials indulge in repeating that the country can po- fact that its foreign debt service payments will peak in tentially export 24 million tons of crops ($6-7 billion), 2013. The Ukrainian government is doing the opposite but this summer, the government inexplicably intro- of what EU economists recommend as a way of han- duced grain export quotas which badly damaged Ukrai- dling the crisis. nian exports — and this at a time when global prices The first and foremost requirement on all EU mem- were topping out. Only after they fell did the pro-gov- bers is stringent control over spending, primarily with ernment majority in parliament lift the quotas. This regard to administrative, rather than capital, expendi- policy caused at least UAH 10 billion in damages to ag- ture. In contrast, Ukraine has been increasing admin- ricultural producers and the country in general. istrative spending since 2009. For example, funding Yet another fundamental EU recommendation is im- for the Prosecutor General’s Office has increased by proving the economic climate. Again, Ukraine is mov- 150% and for the Interior Ministry by 80%. The cost of ing the other way: it slid from 149th to 152nd place in presidential activities has nearly doubled. Worse still, the 2012 Doing Business report by the World Bank the draft state budget for 2013 includes subsidies to and the International Financial Corporation to find it- Naftogaz and Ukrenergo to the tune of UAH 13 billion. self in the uncomfortable company of Liberia (151) Another typical requirement in the EU is limiting the and Bolivia (153). In the 2011 Economic Freedom of country’s debt burden. In Ukraine, the previous and the World rating, Ukraine ranked 125th among 141 current governments each borrowed $15 billion. countries, one position behind Senegal. The govern- Sooner or later, this money will ment’s talk of a radical im- have to be paid back. Ukraine’s The government is provement of the investment sovereign and guaranteed debt climate is a bluff. After imple- Author: will reach $62 billion (40% of cashing in instead menting the Tax Code alone, Andriy GDP) by the end of 2011. The of cushioning the number of Ukrainians Pyshnyi IMF set the critical level of our wanting to open their own sovereign debt at 40% of GDP the country against businesses dropped by 67%. and in the summer of 2010, further crises According to Ukraine’s Na- when this debt was at 36% of tional Bank, 30.5% of enter- GDP, Deputy Prime Minister Serhiy Tihipko ac- prises (down from 36%) believe their economic knowledged that “this figure was critical for us.” condition has improved. And then what? To pay off its debts, Ukraine will A number of artificial monopolies have been set spend UAH 89 billion in 2011 and nearly UAH 60 bil- up in Ukraine most of which are utterly inefficient and lion in 2012. With this in mind, one must remember are able to operate only because of very low wages and that the country had a colossal negative foreign trade tax evasion. Excessive monopolization of the economy balance – $6.67 billion in January-July 2011. is not the same thing the EU criticized in Greece where Whether we like it or not, the stability of Ukraine’s na- 200 enterprises account for half of GDP. tional finances is directly dependent on IMF loans. The EU demands that Greece end unprecedented lev- Just like the German Bundestag decides whether els of tax evasion. For Ukraine, this is a two-edged Greece will default, the IMF plays that role for weapon, but sometimes the figures are simply over- Ukraine. whelming. For example, the total volume of direct for- Another EU demand is enhancing the quality of public eign investments in Donetsk Region is $2.2 billion, administration, especially in the economic and finan- while $5 billion is withdrawn to Cyprus alone. cial sectors where a mistake may cost billions. For ex- The EU members are paying more attention to man- ample, the EU suggests that Greece carry out a large- aging the financial markets and bringing in stricter scale privatization program worth €50 billion by selling standards for banks, particularly regulations per- off key banks, electric energy monopolies, communica- taining to equity capital. Since the onset of the crisis tions and gambling businesses. It is doubtful that in 2008, financial institutions in Ukraine have Greece would sell its assets like Ukraine – through non- shifted their problems to the state and by extension, competitive procedures to a single bidder. to tax payers. Even top government officials acknowledge the low The EU recipes apply to Ukraine. Why not follow them quality of public administration in Ukraine. Their con- and amend them to our situation? № 11 (23) december 2011|the ukrainian week|19 economics|cis free trade zone Till the Cows Come Home Tough political reality could shatter handsome economic deals within the CIS

Author: he recent Free Trade Zone drafted in 1993 that would suit tional bodies. On 17 October 2011, Dmytro (FTZ) agreement signed by both. Ukraine insisted on its Ukraine and Russia reached an Vovnianko, CIS leaders in St. Petersburg purely economic purpose, particu- unexpected compromise and Volodymyr Traised many eyebrows. Kyiv larly the greatest possible liberal- signed the FTZ agreement the fol- Kuznetsky and Moscow wasted over a decade ization of trade, while Russia was lowing day. The only original copy trying to work out an interpreta- largely interested in its political in Russian sits at the CIS Execu- tion of the old FTZ agreement aspect that was to set up suprana- tive Committee while the signato- 20|the ukrainian week|№ 11 (23) december 2011 cis free trade zone|economics the most part, it is identical to the account for 73.4% of Ukraine’s im- original agreement. The first imports from CIS countries. Accord- pression the document leaves is ing to the State Statistics Commit- that it has been expertly drafted tee, this cost Ukraine USD 19.6bn. and is not purely declarative. Out- Russia was a monopolist supplier Till the Cows Come Home lining the terms of the trade asso- of natural gas worth USD 9.4bn. ciation between Ukraine, Arme- Oil and oil products imported tonia, Moldova and Kyrgyzstan, taled USD 8.1bn including USD which are WTO members, and its 4.1bn from Russia and USD 1.5bn potential members, first and fore- from Belarus. Under Add. 1, Rus- CONFUSING most Russia and Uzbekistan, is a sia is going to clear fuels within COMPROMISE. super-challenging task. The ex- the limits established by the FTZ The parties signed perts who drafted the FTZ agree- agreement using a “special for- FTZ agreement, ment seem to have done a fairly mula,” the same goes for Belarus. envisioning good job. However, the agreement As a result, trade liberalization different political agendas has been crafted professionally will not make gas or oil any not only in terms of its legal as- cheaper for Ukraine. Art. 2.15 en- pects. If this is the same document tails the gradual reduction of ex- that was signed in St. Petersburg, port duties listed in Add. 1 until it means that the FTZ agreement they are fully cancelled. But in fact includes a customs union, Ukraine will probably have to en- at least partially, if not a full ver- ter a political marriage of conve- sion thereof, that entails the unifi- nience for this economic promise cation of custom duty rates. to be fulfilled. Among other things, the FTZ All other items important for agreement contains mechanisms Ukraine are “fully or partially” in to coordinate customs policy re- the agreement. The FTZ agree- garding third parties and some re- ment will benefit Ukrainian steel- strictions in members’ rights to works. Pipe manufacturers ex- regulate settlements in foreign porting 71.2% of their output to currencies. In essence, the trade CIS countries will be the luckiest. regime, which could have been Moreover, export restrictions fixed in St. Petersburg on 17 Octo- ber, was something in between an FTZ and a customs union. The FTZ agreement in fact agreement can be implemented if includes a customs union, ratified by member parliaments. Does the agreement benefit at least partially, if not Ukraine? Yes. If implemented, it a full version thereof will not affect trading within the WTO from a purely economic per- barely extend to raw materials for spective. This scenario is unlikely, steelworks, as well as semi-fin- though, given the prospect of po- ished and finished steel goods. litical integration into a Eurasian Ukraine will restrict exports of Union recently outline by Premier chrome nickel steel, stainless steel Vladimir Putin. billets and copper matte but their share in total exports is under ECONOMIC ASPECT 0.1%. Therefore, restrictions in Art. 2 is a key one in the FTZ this market will not affect the agreement. “The Party shall apply economy. Apparently, export tax no customs duty or other fees on the above-mentioned goods is equivalent to a customs duty on intended to first and foremost pro- goods exported onto the customs tect the domestic market. territory of another Party and/or The best news for all parties to goods imported from the customs the agreement is the exemption of territory of another Party, other customs duty for exporting and than in cases listed in Add. 1, importing producers of mechani- which is an integral part hereto,” cal, road-building and electric

photo: reuters the Article says. Addendum 1 lists equipment, machines, mecha- items covered by the customs nisms, vehicles and so on. The ries have, or are supposed to have, duty. The list is short compared to benefit this gives Ukraine equals notarized copies. Meanwhile, the the effective trade restrictions be- or tops that from duty-free exports draft FTZ agreement has leaked tween Ukraine and Russia, yet for steelworks. into the mass media. According to contains some very significant Russia is one of the largest Russian and Ukrainian politicians, items. markets for Ukrainian food pro- as well as messages and interpre- First and foremost, based on ducers. Ukraine sells much more tations offered by the media, for 2010 results, it covers fuels that food to CIS countries than it buys № 11 (23) december 2011|the ukrainian week|21 economics|cis free trade zone FINDING THE RIGHT Total a bread basket or simply cash in cause the inspiring economic BALANCE EU the global market? This refers to deals within the CIS could eventu- Russia and Kazakhstan, not only ally be shattered against tough po- Ukraine’s trade turnover Еxport Imports with CIS and EU, USD mn Ukraine. Food prices have been litical reality. CIS rising for several years in a row The FTZ agreement contains now, with wheat price growing no political provisions. Still, the 23,954 84% in 2010 alone, coupled with flavor of politics can be felt in the 11,060.8 12,893.2 Q1’2011 increasing official and hidden un- background. Russia has been re- 33,804.5 employment. The risks, not just luctant to make any economic 15,062.4 18,742.1 the potential of integration, are concessions regarding Ukraine for plain to see. 17 years, thus protecting its do- 38,221.1 The CIS market is a Klondike mestic market. Meanwhile, Kyiv 16,182.9 22,038.2 2010 for Ukrainian cheese producers, has been offered alternative politi- 51,960.951960,9 bringing them USD 425.5mn of cal projects, such as the Eurasian 24,328.2 27,632.7 the total USD 426.8mn earned in Economic Union, Single Economic 30,954.5 2011, with exports to Russia Zone, and the Customs Union. 12,519.8 18,434.7 amounting to USD 367.3mn; Having no economic content 2009 chocolate and confectionaries with whatsoever, these abbreviations 37,779.3 a net profit of USD 667.3 of USD and combinations of words have 17,299.5 20,479.8 756.4mn of total earnings; and al- been an irritant to Ukraine’s patri- 54,901 cohol-producers earning USD otic elite all this time. The signing 22,195.8 32,705.2 300.7mn of total revenues worth of the FTZ agreement continues 2008 USD 380.3mn. Only Kazakhstan this course of the Kremlin. It has 61,834.7 and Kyrgyzstan have restricted the now come up with a new idea 27,398.9 34,435.8 import of Ukrainian vodka in the called the Eurasian Union. It is in- 41,711.3 FTZ agreement. This does not in- spired by Russian Premier Vladi- 16,896.1 24,815.2 clude sugar, as Belarus, Kazakh- mir Putin who, in one of his Octo- ber TV interviews, said outright: 48,716.8 2007 stan, Moldova, Tajikistan and Russia have imposed a duty of “The Soviet Union has collapsed. 22,331.7 26,385.1 USD 340 per ton for sugar im- But what was the Soviet Union? It ported from Ukraine. Kyiv paid was Russia, only with a different 0 10000 20000 30000 40000 50000 60000 70000 them back by imposing a duty of name.” It appears that Kyiv has 50% of the invoice amount. But heard the innuendo. from them. In 2010, Ukraine im- this requires a separate analysis, “The signing of the FTZ agree- ported pork worth USD 200.8mn, bearing in mind the fact that sugar ment within the CIS and the Free not one kilogram of which came prices grew 55% in 2010, a trend Trade Agreement with the EU are from the CIS, while exporting pro- that is continuing. two items of one agenda, in- duce worth USD 2.4mn to Russia tended to open Ukraine’s econ- alone. Figures differ slightly for Political background omy to foreign markets,” said poultry and other meats, grain, An important point is how the Ukraine’s Premier Mykola Azarov etc. Given the situation on the Russia, FTZ agreement conforms to after he closed the deals in St. Pe- Ukraine and global food market, liberalized Kazakhstan Ukraine’s WTO commitments. It tersburg. “This is necessary to trade in agricultural products exported should be understood that they maintain the sustainable eco- within the CIS opens vast oppor- are listed in a series of bilateral nomic development of our coun- tunities for farmers. For instance, 35.7mn and multilateral agreements with try.” Such accents might be inter- tons of wheat Russia exported 18.5mn tons of in 2010 marketing other states, detailed down to spe- preted as Kyiv’s attempts to re- wheat in the previous marketing year cific goods. Liberalized custom vive the multivectored strategy year landing 4th among the top 10 borders within the CIS could turn used by Leonid Kuchma. The exporters, according to IMF data, out as both a pleasant and an un- Kremlin does not appear happy while Ukraine ended up 6th hav- pleasant surprise for many Ukrai- with this. “I think the threat to ing exported 9.3mn tons, followed nian partners. This does not mean the FTZ agreement comes pri- by Kazakhstan with 7.87mn tons. Russia that Ukraine’s membership in the marily from the draft Free Trade has been avoiding Coordinating interests, which is meaningful WTO prevents it from joining the Agreement with the EU that an inevitable result of opening economic FTZ with Russia. Moreover, FTZ Ukraine is currently working on,” concessions commented Sergei Glazev, Execu- markets within the CIS, will allow to Ukraine for agreement provisions are based all parties to strengthen their posi- on WTO principles and support tive Secretary of the Customs tions on the global market, let 17 years, them in many aspects. However, Union Committee and Deputy alone the European one, particu- protecting its questions could arise at the FTZ Secretary General of Eurasian larly compared to the total wheat domestic market agreement implementation stage, Economic Union, making sure ev- supply from USA and Canada at since it contains some awkward eryone understood that this mes- 42.9mn tons and 22.1mn tons requirements. One is called “un- sage was specifically intended for from the EU for the same period. authorized re-export” to third par- Ukraine. However, earlier experience in- ties referring to exporting goods Under these circumstances, spires little optimism in this con- without a written consent from a the FTZ agreement that is of over- text. Who can guarantee that the relevant authority of the country all benefit to Ukraine, will most domestic market will not sink in of origin. So far, though, this ob- probably be shelved for a very long agflation in a race for the image of stacle is purely hypothetical be- time. 22|the ukrainian week|№ 11 (23) december 2011 BRIBERY|economics Supply side A new index of bribe-payers highlights slow progress in curbing sleaze

ribery involves two parties, not one. Lambasting offi- Givers and takers cials in poor countries for Perceived corruption levels by country and companies' propensity to bribe Germany their sticky fingers is usu- SingaporeCanada Netherlands b 10 ally easier (and less open to legal Hong Kong US

challenge) than investigating , Au ralia 8 those who suborn them. UAE South Korea France Switzerland Japan But on November 2nd Trans- t 6 Britain parency International, a Berlin- China South Africa Belgium based campaigning group, pub- Saudi Arabia Italy Spain 4 Russia Turkey lished an updated version of its Brazil Mexico Bribe Payers Index. Based on 2 India questions to 3,000 businessmen, Indonesia Argentina

this ranks 28 countries (account- Index Perception rruption Co 10, 10=lea corrup 10=lea 10, 20 0 ing for 80% of global trade and 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5 8.0 8.5 9.0 investment) by the perceived Bribe Payers Index, 2011, 10=never engage in bribery likelihood of their companies Source: Transparency International paying bribes. Russia and China scored worst by a hefty margin. Dutch and Swiss companies were bleness: “it’s a huge improvement a summit this week in Cannes was seen as the cleanest, with Bel- on five years ago.” dominated by avoiding an imme- gium, Germany and Japan close Even countries best known as diate economic meltdown, rather behind. Construction and indus- sources and recipients of corrupt than dealing, as the incumbent tries involving government con- payments are trying to meet inter- French presidency initially hoped, tracts, unsurprisingly, were the national standards, at least on pa- with financial mischief. dirtiest. per. Saudi Arabia has set up an Robert Palmer of Global Wit- Disappointingly, the latest anti-corruption agency. China, In- ness, a London-based campaign- version of the index shows no sig- dia and Indonesia have passed ing group, says that bribery indi- nificant change since the previous anti-bribery laws. So too has Rus- ces, though welcome, fail to high- edition in 2008. That comes de- sia, in what most observers think light the crucial role of spite some big shifts in national is an attempt to ensure member- intermediaries: banks that handle legislation and international anti- ship of the World Trade Organisa- corrupt payments and lawyers bribery activity. Recent prosecution and support a pending appli- who advise clients how to get tions under America’s Foreign cation to join the Organisation for around anti-bribery laws—for ex- Corrupt Practices Act have sent Economic Co-operation and De- ample by making “facilitation pay- culprits to jail for record terms. velopment (OECD), a Paris-based ments” which are a common loop- The former boss of an America- think-tank for advanced industri- hole. He and other campaigners based telecoms firm, Joel Es- alised countries. want new rules to make compa- quenazi, received a 15-year jail But practical progress has nies record payments to govern- sentence on October 25th for pay- been a lot thinner. Transparency ments publicly and to publish ac- ing nearly $900,000 in bribes to International complains that Ger- counts reporting their activity Haiti’s national telephone com- many, Japan and Saudi Arabia country by country. pany. An accomplice received a have not yet ratified a UN conven- But perhaps the biggest pres- seven-year sentence. But practical tion on bribery. 21 of the 38 states sure is likely to come from share- progress has been a lot thinner. that signed the OECD anti-bribery holder ire. Next year Transpar- Transparency convention, including Australia, ency International will publish an Britain has introduced a tough Brazil, Canada, Mexico, South Af- updated ranking of big global anti-bribery law too. Laurence rica and Turkey, show “little or no companies, highlighting their use Cockcroft, a British economist © 2011 The enforcement” of it. Attempts to get of offshore finance and their per- who specialises in anti-bribery Economist the G20 group of the world’s big- ceived willingness to pay bribes. A campaigns, says the dozen recent Newspaper gest economies to tighten rules on plunging share price may be the prosecutions by the Serious Fraud Limited. All transparency and bribery have biggest disincentive to the cor- Office belie its reputation for fee- rights reserved also bogged down. The agenda for rupters of the weak and greedy. № 11 (23) december 2011|the ukrainian week|23 investigation|euro 2012

Window Dressing in Kyiv As it prepares for Euro 2012, the government wastes billions to build Potemkin villages

Author: he reconstruction of over three years. However, 65% of lier, Munich-based Bavaria and Oleksandr the Olympic Stadium is all works have been completed TSV 1860 München spent EUR Zvorovsky a landmark project for since March 2010. The renovation 340mn (about UAH 3.74bn) to “TUkraine’s image,” said has been going on in three shifts build the 70,000-seat Allianz Viktor Yanukovych at the opening to finish the facilities on time. Arena for the 2006 football of the renovated stadium. Kyiv au- Borys Kolesnikov, Vice Pre- championship. Such comparisons thorities also report the successful mier and Infrastructure Minister, make Borys Kolesnikov nervous. construction of infrastructure facil- who is in charge of Euro 2012 in To justify the cost, he says the ities. Independent experts say cor- Ukraine, estimated the total cost stadiums in Europe were build ruption scams continuously boost of the renovation at UAH 4.5- prior to the financial crisis, unlike the cost of Kyiv’s preparations for 4.6bn (USD 570-585mn). This is the Olympic Stadium. This is not Euro 2012, while the authorities almost as much as the GBP convincing enough as the crisis fail to draw private investment and 390mn (UAH 4.86bn) London- knocked down the cost of con- the quality of facilities under hasty based Arsenal needed to build the struction materials and labor. construction is questionable. Emirates Stadium for 60,000 In pursuit of the successful seats in 2006. For Arsenal, completion of the “landmark At Any Cost though, this was enough not only project for Ukraine’s image,” as The 70,000-seat Olympic Stadium to construct the stadium but also officials refer to it, the govern- has been under reconstruction for renovate the neighborhood. Ear- ment turns a blind eye to numer- 24|the ukrainian week|№ 11 (23) december 2011 euro 2012|investigation The Mayor is only planning the solution, the Kyiv City Adminis- renovation of 19 streets surround- tration is signing contracts with ing the Olympic Stadium. local colleges to use their dormi- One of the roads completely tories, where they can accommo- renovated for Euro 2012 is Kyiv- date nearly 60,000 guests, charg- Vyshhorod-Desna highway to the ing them EUR 30-40 per bed. president’s infamous residence in Dmytro Zaruba, Deputy Chair- Mezhyhiria. Officials claim they man of the State Tourism and Re- have done this on UEFA’s de- sort Service, admits that dorm mand. In fact though, not a single staff is totally unprepared to pro- facility that could be used for the vide hotel-quality services, such championship is located along as changing bedding and toilet- that stretch of road. ries every day. Kyiv authorities also intended As an alternative, football fans to improve the health care system will be offered tent cities near for Euro 2012. They have planned Kyiv. But even officials doubt this to repair some city hospitals and backup plan will work. “The most the Kyiv City Blood Center. “The humble European tourists will still money was allocated less than a need something more than just an year before the championship but open-air field. They need a com- the tenders have yet to be complete infrastructure with water pleted. The estimated budgets are supply, transportation network, nearby shopping and so on. I re- The authorities ally doubt that all these impro- vised tent cities will ever meet hope to hide these standards,” Mr. Zaruba ad- the defects behind mits. Potemkin villages Potemkin villages they are building swiftly Kyiv authorities fear the government will stop funding the renova- often hugely overpriced, while tion of infrastructure facilities im- most of the planned work has not mediately after the championship, begun,” Kyiv Council Deputy since it will no longer be an image- Oleksiy Davydenko complains. making thing. “The same thing Officials have funneled UAH happened in 1980 when Kyiv

photo: andriy lomakin 5.5mn to buy a mobile hospital stores were stocked with deficit for the city, despite that fact that products for a short period during ous violations in the course of According to the Ministries of Defense, Health the Olympics in Moscow,” says Euro 2012 preparations. Olek- different estimates, and Emergencies already have Oleksandr Davydenko. “Nothing sandr Bryhinets, Member of Kyiv several. “For some reason, Kyiv has changed over the last 30 City Council, says the construc- 500,000- authorities decided they wanted years.” tion of the stadium destroyed two one of their own. They’ve re- Nor has Kyiv seen any mean- ramparts of the Kosiy Kaponir 1,000,000 ported the cost alone without a ingful investment into Euro 2012 (the Sloping Caponier), part of foreign fans will cost estimate, or a list of medi- facilities. Initially, the authori- visit Ukraine during the Kyiv Fortification architec- Euro 2012 cines and equipment,” says Mr. ties hoped investors would tural complex. Vasyl Kostyrtsia, a Davydenko. “This means its med- largely lighten the financial bur- Ukrainian representative of the At least ical supply will be adjusted, based den of the central and local bud- International Labor Organiza- on the funds available, not what gets. Hopes have been crushed, tion, claims numerous subcon- 200,000 Kyiv needs.” Oleksandr Holubchenko admits. fans will attend tractors illegally employed build- championship games It has emerged that the city “Investors are only interested in ers from Western Ukraine for the in Kyiv does not have adequate housing hotels,” he says. “Other sectors reconstruction, paying their sala- to host all potential visitors for have failed to lure any private in- ries in envelopes undeclared. Because of the Euro 2012. Their estimated num- vestment.” Analysts link this to shortage of hotels, ber is at least 200,000. Local au- the unfavorable investment cli- authorities are going Lost in the to settle thorities have fulfilled UEFA’s mate in Ukraine. “Corruption, infrastructure 60,000 task to prepare nearly 8,000 bribery, weak protection of in- Tetiana Slyshyk, Head of Kyiv fans in dorms rooms in 3-5 star hotels to ac- vestor rights, game rules that State Administration’s Main De- commodate the target groups but, change all the time and other partment for Euro 2012 in Hoteliers anticipate just like before, there are too few “treats” scare off foreigners who Ukraine, says most city infrastruc- that hotel prices to host all football fans. Accord- are used to civilized conditions ture facilities, primarily roads, will could double or ing to Andriy Stavenko, Director for conducting business,” com- quadruple for Euro be completed this year. 2012, increasing to of TUI, the travel agency respon- ments Volodymyr Ovadenko, Se- The administration, however, more than sible for accommodating Euro nior Analyst at UFC Capital. He is not going to repair Kyiv streets USD 200 2012 fans, Kyiv lacks more than thinks corruption has signifi- on a large-scale basis. It does not at certified hotels 12,000 rooms including 5,300 in cantly increased the cost of Euro have enough cash in the budget. the economy class category. As a 2012 preparations. № 11 (23) december 2011|the ukrainian week|25 investigation|euro 2012

FLYING HIGH? Donetsk airport will cost taxpayers UAH 6.15bn (USD 769mn). The only question is who will get a chance to appreciate the spendthrift other than MPs and top officials who account for the lion's share of all airport passengers The Engorges of Billions Football gives Donetsk companies a fantastic chance to steal the taxpayers' money

Author: arkian Lyubkivsky, Tour- come to a halt on the almost fin- nounced its intent to construct a Serhiy nament Director in ished second phase of the Central high-rise VIP office and residential Korobchuk Ukraine, has decided to hotel complex. According to official complex, despite furious protests Mremind the boys from information from Donetsk Mayor, from neighboring communities. Donetsk of the obvious shortcom- Oleksandr Lukianchenko, the own- What’s more, the deadline for ings in Euro 2012 preparations. ers have overestimated their re- opening the facility is at least a year “Accommodation for target groups sources and gone broke. But rumor after the championship. is the biggest problem in Donetsk has it, that the family of one-time today,” he says. “UEFA requires MP Anatoliy Bohatyrenko who al- Soaring costs more than 5,500 hotel rooms com- legedly controls the Central, ex- Another problem Donetsk must pared to the currently available pected – and for good reason - to deal with six months before the 1,600.” make a pretty penny out of the championship is transportation. Donetsk’s shortage of hotels ap- enormous tranches from the public The new airport, a key facility in the parently stems from the reasoning budget, which were supposedly chain, is growing at a rapid rate. Donetsk authorities have bought that building such facilities for foot- promised to it, but ended up with And so is its cost. The Cabinet of ball fans, who will only come to nothing. Ministers has already donated ex- 5 town for a few weeks is too risky, Management Assets Company tra cash for construction several mobile toilets for UAH even with government support. (MACO) owned by Oleksandr Yan- times over this year alone, thus One discouraging example is the ukovych, the President’s son, re- swelling total public spending on 3.9mn five-star Donbas Palace, one of cently presented a construction the transportation complex to UAH (USD 488,000) Rinat Akhmetov’s favorite toys, project on the basis of the Druzhba 6.15bn from the initial UAH 1.19bn. where lighted windows are a rarity. hotel in Donetsk. Initially, follow- This sets a record of sorts, costing In 2009, only 23% of the hotel ing a good upgrade, this was sup- twice as much as the official cost of rooms were filled. posed to be a cozy five-storey hotel Donbas Arena, the key Euro 2012 Meanwhile, local authorities for football fans. At least, that was facility in Donetsk that Mr. Akhme- were forced to take eight hotels out the purpose for which the govern- tov built at his own expense. of the championship program, ac- ment supported MAKO in purchas- UEFA requires the future Euro cording to Serhiy Repin, Head of ing the facility. Now, Mr. Yanu- 2012 passenger terminal capacity Donetsk Council Special Depart- kovych Jr.’s firm has razed the to cater for more than 3,000 pas- ment for Euro 2012. Work has building to the ground and an- sengers per hour. No one is pre- 26|the ukrainian week|№ 11 (23) december 2011 euro 2012|investigation pared to predict how such capaci- ties will be used once the short championship comes to an end. Moreover, MPs and top officials who now account for a lion’s share of routine passengers at the Donetsk airport have splurged another UAH 307mn on a separate VIP terminal for their own use. The enormous amount of capital currently being invested in the airport and other football facilities in Donetsk go almost exclusively to Altcom construction corporation. Independent experts insistently link it to Borys Kolesnikov, Vice Premier for Euro 2012 Prepara- tions. According to public sources, this year alone, the corporation received contracts from the govern- The Sky Over Kharkiv ment worth UAH 2.94bn. Oleksandr Lukianchenko, the Mayor of Donetsk, claims that the The biggest problems facing Kharkiv include the city executive committee has al- airport construction, opaque tenders and corruption ready spent UAH 482mn of public photo: unian photo: funds on infrastructure, not count- Author: n unofficial translation of a the French company and later can- ing the airport and is expecting to Anatoliy letter signed by UEFA Tour- celled the order. In spring, Energo- receive an additional amount of Mazhora nament Director Martin Kal- syntez surfaced in the Ukrainian me- more than UAH 2bn in the near fu- Alen and Markian Lyubkivsky, dia as part of yet another scandal, ture. The most exotic purchases in- Director of Euro 2012 in Ukraine, ad- concerning the supply of lighting clude five mobile toilets worth UAH dressed to Vice Premier Borys Kole- equipment to the Zhuliany airport in 3.9mn and World War II tanks to snikov has recently been leaked onto Kyiv. Rumor has it that Anatoliy decorate the museum grounds next the web. It says that UEFA has Kolisnyk, Chairman of the State Avi- to Donbas Arena. However, the li- doubts about the readiness of the ation Authority of Ukraine, helped on’s share of the funding will be runway and control tower at Kharkiv the company win tenders to supply spent on roads. airport. “There is a threatening situa- lighting equipment for the Kyiv, Lviv Currently, the only streets of tion with the installation of lighting and Kharkiv airports. good quality are a few central ave- equipment along the runway as a re- The airport is not the only ob- nues. The asphalt on the rest looks sult of failed supply deadlines,” the stacle facing Kharkiv on its course to like a military obstacle course. letter says. The airport is being built hosting Euro 2012 tournaments. The This surprises no one, since in the at the taxpayers’ expense and that of city is desperately short of hotel last few years, the efforts of local Oleksandr Yarovlavsky, the owner of rooms. Andriy Stavenko, Head of the authorities and relevant budget Metalist FC who also funded the ren- Agency for Accommodating Euro funding have all gone to build a ovation of the Metalist Stadium. 2012 Fans, stated that Kharkiv lacks road to relieve traffic congestion However, the runway and the control 3,000 economy class rooms. around Mr. Akhmetov’s private tower are the responsibility of the In- Corruption scandals have also stadium. In the fall, it was named frastructure Ministry headed by Mr. been aplenty in Kharkiv. Last year, after the 75th anniversary of the Kolesnikov. Mayor Hennadiy Kernes instructed Donetsk-based and Akhmetov- During his recent visit to municipal authorities to buy subway sponsored Shakhtar football club. Kharkiv, Mr. Kolesnikov assured ev- benches at a cost of UAH 28,000 This in itself is a paradox, as there eryone that the airport has all the each for Euro 2012. are no actual houses under this ad- necessary airfield navigational light- Kharkiv roads have an untamed dress, since the highway cuts ing and will meet the installation appetite for cash. In August, Volody- through a park, ruining the flood deadline. “In fact, the only problem myr Chumakov, Director of the Con- plain of the River Kalmius. This anywhere in the world is money,” struction and Roads Department in earned the omnipresent Altcom Mr. Kolesnikov explained. “As far as the Kharkiv City Council, complained another UAH 250mn. The second supplies are concerned…If you have that the government did not invest stage of roadworks, due before the funds - you’ll have the supplies.” any funds for repairing local roads. Euro 2012 was estimated at UAH Hwever this summer, the Ukrai- Apparently, this was far from true. In 279.79mn by the Capital Construc- nian branch of NEXANS Group, a 2011, a company called Parking+ tion Department of the Donetsk French producer of runway equip- won tenders worth a total of UAH City Council. The Cabinet of Min- ment, sent Mr. Kolesnikov a letter 273.13mn to perform some works in isters has just provided another pleading for help. It mentioned a Kharkiv, of which UAH 95.09mn was UAH 500mn to complete the con- company called Energosyntez that designated for the repair the roads. struction of a ringroad around the had ordered lighting wires, suppos- Until recently, the above-mentioned city. Take a guess as to who the edly for the Kharkiv airport, but re- Mr. Chumakov was CEO and co- subcontractor will be… fused to continue cooperation with owner of the winner of this tender. № 11 (23) december 2011|the ukrainian week|27 investigation|euro 2012 Everything as planned? tors and buy materials and equip- Lviv stadium five ment without conducting tenders. days before the opening This launched a top-to bottom monopoly hierarchy. As a result, the Lviv Oblast ended up with slightly more than 500 vacancies on Euro 2012 construction sites, as opposed to the tens of thou- sands promised by the authorities. Rumor has it that officials are now banned from disclosing the mere fact of the initiation of criminal cases related to Euro 2012 preparations, let alone subsequent court proceedings. Of late, all law enforcement officials have suddenly stopped talking about financial fraud during the preparations in public, which has surprised many experts, striving to ensure public oversight over the process. A year ago, the Central Inspection Authority (KRU) revealed the mis- appropriation of UAH 1bn, virtu- hostak

S ally all of it related to public procurements, resulting in the initiation of seven criminal cases, but no one knows their fate, or what hoto: Volodymyrhoto: P the verdict was in the case initi- atate by the Oblast Prosecutor’s Office on the recognition of the in- validity of an Agreement, as a re- The Mysteries of Lviv sult of which a foreign company was paid UAH 15.1mn from the state budget, although the actual There is an aura of mystery concerning the way value of the work executed, totaled billions allocated for Lviv’s preparations for the all of UAH 180,000. championship have been appropriated VANISHED CASES Silence speaks louder than facts. Author: he construction of Euro SILENCE, PLEASE! The Lviv Oblast has a list of more Roman 2012 facilities in the Lviv According to the Instruction of the than 90 facilities designated for Shostak Oblast will cost UAH 13.1bn. Ukrainian Euro 2012 Infrastruc- funding, construction or renova- TThe government promised ture Project (UkrEuroInfraPro- tion for Euro 2012. What is their UAH 8.6bn while local authori- ekt), the new name of the National future? The only person who could ties and private investors are ex- Agency for the Preparation of the answer this question is no longer pected to pay the rest. 20 days Euro 2012 Championship in alive. 57-year old Stepan Lukashyk before the official opening of the Ukraine, issued this year, three was Head of the Main Department new stadium in Lviv, scheduled months after the Law of Ukraine for Euro 2012 and City Construc- for 29 October, Oblast Council “On Access to Public Informa- tion at the Lviv Oblast State Ad- Deputies tried to find out how tion”, dated January 2011 came ministration. He died of a heart The estimated cost their subcontractors were spend- into effect, “the course of court attack on 3 May 2011, after nine of the Lviv stadium was initially ing budget funds. They applied to proceedings related to the rental months in office. the administration of the Direc- and privatization of state-owned Ihor Markov, Director of the UAH torate for the Construction of property where UkrEuroInfraPro- Social Survey Laboratory at the 750mn Euro 2012 Facilities in Lviv, oth- ekt is either plaintiff or respon- Private Initiative Support Center, erwise known as ZakhidInfra- dent” is classified information has been holding surveys and polls (USD Proekt a government-appointed “until the court announces its ver- on Euro 2012 for several years. He 94mn) enterprise that had ordered the dict”. says Lviv will have the most crimi- facilities on behalf of the govern- The preparations in Lviv be- nal cases launched on the basis of ment, to provide this informa- came this secretive when the Cabi- the preparations for the champi- It has now tion at the Oblast Council ses- net of Ministers and UkrEuroIn- onship. Of course, this will not increased to sion. After a week of reflection, fraProekt chose the Donetsk- happen before July 2012 when the UAH 2.2bn they received a written response, based Altcom financial and European football champion will which could be referred to the industrial group as the executive already be determined. (USD classics of worldwide bureau- contractor. To accelerate the work, 275mn) cratic creativity. it was allowed to hire subcontrac- 1 Western Infrastructure Project 28|the ukrainian week|№ 11 (23) december 2011 sports against the machine|society Police vs Football Fans Why the police raid football gangs P hoto:unian

Author: ver the past few months ready youth groups that are better amatov turned out to be a ukrain- Bohdan Ukraine has seen quite a organized and more effective than ophobe well-known on the web. Butkevych few surprising incidents the fragmented opposition party He often makes ukrainophobic Oinvolving football fans. teams. The fans claim the police statements on the Internet and is These recently climaxed in an are seeking the right to protect a member of the Eurasian Youth open-ended strike against repres- tournaments during the finals Union extremist organization sion by police which was an- which will give the Interior Minis- which was involved in vandalizing nounced by the gangs of Donetsk. try access to almost UAH 1bn. the trident at Hoverla, Ukraine’s The moles, the nickname for the highest peak, in 2007. A few min- fans of Donetsk-based Shakhtar Out of sight, out of mind utes after the incident with Mr. (the miner in English), are going to 7 August 2011 was the D-Day. Dy- Salamatov, the sectors containing boycott all games Rinat Akhme- namo Kyiv fans and Lviv Karpaty the Kyiv fans spontaneously tov’s football club plays at home. In supporters started a fight on the shouted, “Thank you, people of Simferopol, the police violently jogging track of the stadium in Donbas for the President jackass!” broke up the fans of the local Kyiv during the fifth round of Immediately the slogan became Tavria FC, arresting over half of the Ukraine’s Premier League. A guy popular throughout the country. crowd. The Ukrainian Week’s named Andriy Salamatov tore What happened later proves that sources claim the instruction to down a flag with the portrait of this was the turning point in the purge the fan community comes Roman Shukhevych, a Ukrainian government’s attitude towards the directly from the top cabinets. Insurgent Army (UPA) General, fans as the video of them shouting What drives the government is not on it in the guest sector of the Lviv the slogan turned into an online so much the zeal to push football fans. It did not take long for the sensation and generated endless troublemakers into the backyard Dynamo fans to attack the provo- Internet hits, despite the clumsy and keep Euro 2012 quiet. It is cateur and return the flag to their attempts of the special services to more concerned with the protest- friends from Lviv. Later, Mr. Sal- delete it. № 11 (23) december 2011|the ukrainian week|29 society|sports against the machine Shortly after the tournament, the police initiated a criminal case for beating up the Shukhevych- hater upon charges of hooliganism. A week later they arrested Andriy Korenivsky, another leader and cheerleader of the Dynamo fan club. “They chose me for a reason, I think,” Andriy says. “The militia knows I’m always with my mega- phone and this case comes specifically from the chant about Donbas. But I didn’t start it, it rose from no- where. All the time I spent at the police department they kept telling me they would only release me if I ad- mitted I was the one who beat Mr. Salamatov. The investigator played the video of the fight a million times and said, here, you hit him; admit it and we’ll release you. On the video someone’s jeans-clad leg is seen P hoto:unian kicking Salamatov in the side, but I was wearing shorts that day.” AN INCIDENT ing trouble. This championship is bly with radical intentions. Later, WITH ANDRIY After the interrogation, which SALAMATOV. like a short craze for Ukrainian the militia ‘invited fans for inter- lasted 12 hours, nearly 300 Dy- The fans are fans, they hardly even need it. It’s views.’ They would just grab people namo fans and a few dozen jour- running after more of a circus that will come to from their front door in front of nalists turned up in front of the po- the provocateur town, put on the show and leave, their families, or from offices and lice department. This made the po- who grabbed while, as always, we’ll be pushed colleges. They did everything possi- lice release Andriy under a pledge the flag with out of sight as far as possible.” ble to exert psychological pressure of house arrest, although they then the portrait Andriy Korenivsky is facing on us. The interrogations were changed his status in the case from of Roman four years in jail. Investigators say nothing but blackmail. Quit it or witness to suspect. “You shouldn’t Shukhevych they are sending the case to court ‘you’ll all go to jail’ they said. They have shouted all that shit,” the offi- in November. Andriy says he hopes wanted us to stop chanting what cers said at the end. for the best but is ready if things go they referred to as xenophobic slo- “My investigator would often otherwise. “I’m only sorry for my gans, such as ‘Long live Ukraine!’ leave the room and go somewhere mum,” he says. ‘You’d better stay away from the sta- for advice,” Andriy recalls. “He was diums and not spoil the fun for very young and obviously inexperi- Up and Running other people,’ they said.” enced. Someone on top was super- All fan clubs of Donetsk Shakhtar, In response to this, the Interior vising his actions. As for Mr. Sal- the key opponent for Kyiv Dynamo, Ministry highlighted “growing na- amatov, it looks like this guy had a made an announcement through tionalism and xenophobia” among very clear goal to provoke us and the media in mid-October: “Sadly, football fans. The Donetsk militia make the conflict totally political. we are forced to go on an open- believe the geography of this radi- That’s why he mentions the infa- ended strike and suspend the pro- calism is expanding throughout mous Victory Day in Lviv, where active support or any choreography Ukraine from Donetsk to Mariu- the “hired Nazis from Kyiv” sup- for football tournaments to prevent pol, Kramatorsk, Sloviansk, Lviv, posedly beat up WWII veterans, potential charges and provoca- Kharkiv, Poltava, Mykolayiv, Lu- every time he speaks in public.” tions. Also, we will refrain from vis- hansk, Dnipropetrovsk, Zaporizh- Clearly, this situation could be a re- iting home matches as a result of zhia, Kherson, Simferopol, and sult of someone’s efforts to dis- the growing repression of football Sevastopol. They tend to justify credit the fans by showing that they fans by the police in Donetsk.” their anti-fan hyperactivity with are involved in politics and pose a Donetsk fans that have talked the upcoming Euro 2012 and UE- threat at the stadiums. The govern- to The Ukrainian Week insist FA’s requirements. ment has, for a long time, been try- unanimously that the problems According to the official expla- ing to turn the fan movement into a started immediately after the Thank nation of the dispersal of the fan laughing stock and show how the you, people of Donbas… chant. march, “Donetsk militia stopped fans use every possible chance to “We’ve never experienced this pres- the unauthorized rally of a group of express their “Nazi ideas” or cause sure before,” Serhiy admits. “Secu- young people. They were marching mayhem. The reason for this, I rity officers ransacked us like crazy in the city disguised as football fans think, is in the huge funding pro- at the very next game after the chant and shouting slogans inciting eth- vided for Euro 2012 security. If the for no reason, taking all banners nic hatred. When arrested, they militia really wanted to find a quiet and posters and they got whatever said they were from Shakhtar and and peaceful solution, they would was left after the game. Then they Metalurh gangs, although none of simply meet with local fans in ev- broke up the fan march and ar- the football clubs were playing that ery city and ask them to behave if rested several dozen people for, as day.” This tone resembles reports they are so concerned with us mak- they said, an unauthorized assem- of the Russian police after they had 30|the ukrainian week|№ 11 (23) december 2011 sports against the machine|society dispersed one of a dozen Dissent- public events. Obviously, Ukraine stadiums will be like taking candy ers’ Marches. has none of these and the govern- from a baby. The right to ensure se- The boycott of Shakhtar’s ment will hardly train them for the curity at the championship tourna- home games continues. The threat tournament. Thus, talks started a ments will be subcontracted to a of repression overshadows inter- while ago about having the police loyal company that will further club animosity. The ever irreconcil- in steward uniforms guard the sta- subcontract it to the police. able fans of Dynamo and Shakhtar diums and the surrounding neigh- Unlike Russia for instance, cut a non-aggression pact during borhoods. Ukrainian fans have been surpris- their last game. Kyiv and Donetsk This craving of Ukrainian po- ingly non-extremist and non-xeno- fans shouted not a single insulting lice to guard the championship phobic until recently. Today, word at each other during the matches is not so much about love though, their image of aggressive whole game. for football as it is about the chance people is intensely promoted in society. If the nation believes in the “Clamp the shitheads fan threat, the police will have a down” Football fans run chance to return to the stadiums The Ukrainian Week’s source into trouble right once again, for the first time after claims fans are being summoned to Dniprpetrovsk Berkut, a special- preventive interviews everywhere after the Thank you, purpose police unit, violently beat from Lviv to Dnipropetrovsk, Za- people of Donbas... chant up Kyiv fans at Ukraine’s Super porizhzhia and Lutsk. Police offi- Cup game in 2007 and the police cers use the same style and tone to were kicked out of the stadiums. If pound their key message “to get to get hold of the huge funding pro- they succeed this time, putting po- lost and sit quiet” into the fans’ vided by UEFA and the Euro 2012 lice officers as stewards in the sta- heads. organization committee for secu- diums and grabbing the cash will “Actually, the current govern- rity purposes. be a piece of cake, especially under ment is very sensitive about any Non-confirmed estimations the current tighten-the-screws organized groups that could be have it at almost UAH 1bn (USD concept in the government’s rela- dangerous,” says Serhiy Tarshyn- 125mn). Legalizing the police at the tions with its nation. sky, a social psychologist. “Football fans are pulled together and well organized. Once they expressed their attitude towards the government, it responded in the only way it knows how; by ordering that they be rubbed out before they join the opposition. Thus, the instruction to purge the fans comes directly from the people in the team in power who supervise the social sector.” An officer of the Chief Investi- gation Department says anony- mously there has been an order to find the person who started the Thank you, people of Donbas… chant as part of the Salamatov case. “We had a call from the Presi- dential Administration immediately after the video spread on the Internet,” the officer claims. “The caller made it perfectly clear that “we would either clamp the shitheads down” or will find ourselves looking for a new job. In fact, we’ve been dealing with fans for a while now and have compiled a database of football fans in every city. But now there has been a clear order: they must shut up.” There is yet another side to the problem that is not so political. This is about who will provide security services during the 2012 championship. UEFA’s requirement is to have so-called stewards, not police, at the stadiums. In the West, there are professional stewards, people who guard varying № 11 (23) december 2011|the ukrainian week|31 society|youth debates What the Young Have to Say Graduates from schools in Central and Eastern Europe took part in the fifth competition of debate, knowledge of current issues and the German language he Kyiv-based International Author: German language, said. “We ar- Youth Debate held this year Inna ranged four regional competitions included the winners of com- Zavgorodnya for schools in eastern, southern, Tpetitions among 2,300 stu- western Ukraine and Kyiv. Two dents from over 140 schools in Es- Photo: winners from each region travel to tonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Andriy Kyiv to represent Ukraine in the fi- Russia, the Czech Republic, Hun- Lomakin nals.” Two Ukrainian students, gary and Ukraine. The event was Kateryna Komanchuk from Kryvyi organized by the Goethe-Institut, Rih and Oleksandra Petrova from Hertie Foundation, the Remem- Kyiv, progressed to the final round. brance, Responsibility and Future The teachers who accompanied Foundation, and the Central Ger- and supported their students at the man Authority for Schools Abroad. competition are the key propo- The 2011 finals took place under nents of debate competitions in the patronage of Vitaliy Klytschko. Ukrainian schools. “The debate German Ambassador Hans-Jürgen should turn into a regular activity Heimsoeth, Deputy Ukrainian Cul- for senior school students in ture Minister Viktoria Lisnycha Ukraine,” says Valentyna Orap, and other guests attended the final Deputy President of school 239, round. Hermann Otto Solms, Vice which focuses on the German lan- President of the German Bunde- guage. One girl taking part in the stag, had planned to visit as well, finals attends this school. “Our The event was but cancelled his trip in light of the organized by the school has been in this project for political situation in Ukraine. Goethe-Institut, just two years. It was a great suc- Hertie Foundation, This debate is similar to school the Remembrance, cess for us to win first place in competitions popular in Ukraine. Responsibility and Ukraine. Debating in German is Future Foundation, In addition to exercising partici- and the Central very challenging of course, espe- pants' foreign language skills, the German Authority for cially for pupils who don’t even do debate encourages students to Schools Abroad it in Ukrainian. So we held similar learn democratic values. Defending debates in Ukrainian last year and opinions that are not necessarily our colleagues supported us. The one’s own, trying to understand topic was Is Ukraine my future. and listen to others while offering The process has certain rules and The discussion we need one’s own arguments, and reaching time limits. This is great for train- Some debate topics were taken compromises and convincing ev- ing school graduates and develop- from school life as their role for dif- eryone are all crucial skills. It is the ing their skills. In Poland and the ferent countries varied. Among lack of these skills that leaves many Czech Republic we see that every other things, the participants dis- problems in the Ukrainian political senior school student knows the cussed the need of an “anonymous establishment unresolved. Public rules in their native languages. CV” when applying for a job that discussion could facilitate faster They have either participated in or gives no name, age, nationality, sex progress. watched debates at some point, so or photo, but only lists education it comes naturally,” she comments. and working experience. This could Intellect Germany has also borrowed prevent discrimination by age, sex “These finals were possible due to the debates, but has been integrat- or ethnic background. Other points the fact that the participant- ing them into their education. “The included the right for disabled chil- schools train their students in de- culture of debate began to evolve in dren to go to the same schools as bate culture and rules intensively Germany ten years ago,” says Ms. healthy children and the ban on beginning in the eighth or ninth Kiesewalter. “They are really popu- drinking alcohol for children under grade,” Elke Kiesewalter, coordina- lar but are not practised in every 18. Some topics were integrated to tor and advisor for the Germany school yet. Historically, schools in look for a single solution within Central Authority for Schools the UK and USA have a much Europe. Hypothetically, such deci- Abroad that deals with specialized deeper tradition of debate. Ger- sions taken in the EU do not cover schools in Ukraine focused on the many has just started on this path.” Ukraine automatically and this 32|the ukrainian week|№ 11 (23) december 2011 youth debates|society me,” she says. “We have two nuclear power plants in my country and have never had a problem with them. There have been some protests from the Austrian side as one plant is on the border. But no pro- What the Young Have to Say tests in the Czech Republic.” The sensitive nuclear power topic was in the final debate, too. One of the Graduates from schools in Central and Eastern discussion points was whether all European countries should give up Europe took part in the fifth competition of debate, nuclear power as soon as possible knowledge of current issues and the German language via legislation. The issue is critical for Ukraine. Chornobyl is the first thing most Europeans think of when they hear Ukraine. The participants in the final often referred to Ukraine's experience when debating the issue. “We had something similar at the Kyiv final,” Oleksandra Petrova recalls. “We debated on whether Ukraine should invest more into alternative energy sources. My opinion is that countries should quit nuclear power. But we’re only talking about the near future. And that is impossible, especially with countries such as the Czech Repub- lic or Finland investing in it.” In Ukraine, public debate on Chornobyl normally intensifies closer to the anniversary of the tragedy while some crucial events, such as the construction of two re- actors at the Khmelnytska nuclear power plant, never get more than local publicity. Decisions on other construction that is no less significant and often just as controversial, such as the central nuclear waste storage in the Chornobyl zone and the nuclear power plant in Kirovohrad Region, are made in top offices with hardly any debate. But these things must be discussed. could not but come up in argu- cussed extremely interesting politi- International Consequently, a debate among ments from Ukrainian partici- cal and social things, such as Youth Debate young school students could be a pants. The debate trained Ukrai- whether all schools need a uniform in kyiv. good example for the entire Ukrai- nian students to think in terms of or whether countries should autho- The winners of nian nation. I asked Gabriella competitions the future in a united Europe. rize homosexual marriages. We were 2,300 whether she changed her opinion Meanwhile, Western neighbors even talked about selling chewing students from on nuclear power after the final de- and diplomats involved Ukraine in gums in schools. Sometimes, the over 140 bate. She said she did not. the European debate. “For me, issues seem quite petty, yet they schools in The winner of 2011 Interna- Ukraine is not that far,” says Gabri- still improve language skills. I love Estonia, Latvia, tional Youth Debate finals was An- ella Vashatova from the Czech Re- it. The attitude is totally different. Lithuania, nett Lymar from Estonia. “I enjoyed public. “We learned about your At a school competition you just Poland, Russia, the debate, but it was very stressful. country in school. I don’t care that come and answer the questions the Czech I had to prepare every single day. much if Ukraine is in the EU or while here you look at them from Republic, Still, I regret it’s over. I’d say every- Hungary and one should participate in it.” not. EU issues are global and affect every possible perspective.” Ukraine the whole world.” Ukrainian politicians them- “I think it’s all about the na- The atmosphere selves occasionally debate, but they tions,” Ukrainian student Katia Ko- Gabriella Vashatova, a 19-year old, clearly lack experience in this so- manchuk notes. “If the law bans is a member of an organization that phisticated intellectual activity. Ukrainians from doing something implements an anti-alcohol cam- Our advice is to arrange this sort of they won’t care a lot while Ger- paign yet has nothing to say against competitions and trainings for mans will think about it. We’ve dis- nuclear power. “It’s no big deal for adults, as well as teenagers. № 11 (23) december 2011|the ukrainian week|33 HISTORY|NATIONALISM VS IDENTITY European optimist Historian Andreas Kappeler speaks on the political concept of Europe and ways to forge European identity Interviewer Oleksiy Sokyrko Photo Oleksandr Chekhmeniov

n Austrian historian with Swiss citizenship who has worked in Germany and АRussia, Andreas Kappeler has the goal of building bridges between Eastern and Western Europe. One of the advocates of Ukrainian history in the scientific world, he is a former director of the Vienna Insti- tute of Eastern European History. The Ukrainian Week asked him for his professional opinion on problems with forging a new European identity and the future of national identities in Europe. UW: Until recently manifestations of national identities in European countries were viewed as politically incorrect vestiges of the premodern era. Demonstration of and emphasis on the national identity of European politics were considered relapses of xenophobia and chauvinism. Is the era of nationalisms indeed in the past? Will national self-identification be replaced by something new? – To answer this question, we need to look at a few episodes in history. The 19th century in Western and Central Europe was a time when national movements and separate nations began to take shape. The latter either took hold in the territories of countries that existed then (such as France and Denmark), formed as separate subregions (Germany and Italy), or broke off former empires (the Czech Republic and Ireland). In the second half of the 20th century, and all the more so after the First World War and the breakup of con- tinental empires in Europe, new nation states began to emerge on the (Catalonia) have not been able to saccord with the ethnic-territorial continent. Nationalism was not and achieve their goals yet, while others reality of Central and Eastern Eu- is not a vestige of the premodern have split off supranational entities rope. This situation was conducive era. On the contrary, it has been an (the USSR, Yugoslavia and the to numerous national conflicts. At- important element of the contempo- Czech Republic). tempts to form democratic govern- rary scene (modernism). This is The model of ethnic differentia- ments fell through in nearly all these proved by the fact that some nations tion of nation states was in total di- newly created states, because prior 34|the ukrainian week|№ 11 (23) december 2011 NATIONALISM VS IDENTITY|HISTORY to the Second World War, dictator- bio level. I’m talking not only about vidual nation should be viewed as ships with authoritarian nationalis- Andreas Ukraine but also about such EU an object of self-identification. If it tic ideologies ruled over almost all of Kappeler members as Slovenia and Slovakia, lives by the principles of democracy Southern, Central and Eastern Eu- 1943 – born in which are often confused. Of and tolerance, takes into consider- rope (except the Czech Republic). Zurich (Switzer- course, today it is easier to under- ation the interests of minorities and At the same time, a totalitarian land) stand the peoples of the Central rejects an expansionist foreign pol- regime took shape in the Soviet 1962-69 – and Eastern Europe. The obstacles icy, it will certainly win the right to pursued Slavic Union, which included three East- studies and stud- are gone; there is plenty of informa- exist. At the same time, a nation ern Slavic peoples. The Stalin-led ied history in the tion – at least professional mass should be not only the recipient of USSR stymied any attempts at na- universities of media have access to it. However, loyalty, but also a region, an entity tion building and generated Russian Zurich and Vi- many people are simply not inter- of social inclusion, a democracy, a nationalist ideology, in addition to a enna ested. The Iron Curtain is still a cer- religion and a part of the world communist one. At the same time, 1969 – defended tain barrier in the perception of community, in particular Europe. Germany, which started the Second his PhD in the many. As long as there are chal- In this case national identification World War in the name of racism University lenges emanating from China and will not be modified but will lose its and nationalism, carried out un- of Zurich the Muslim world, the issues of importance. precedented mass ethnic cleansing 1970 – received Central and Eastern Europe will a scholarship to which turned some multiethnic study in Moscow continue to be in the background. The labors countries into mono-ethnic territo- and Leningrad When the Soviet Union and the of European identity ries. Poland is one such example. 1971-79 – worked Eastern Bloc fell apart, Europe, UW: A lot has been said about an The experience of nationalism at the University which believed it had gotten over identity crisis of united European and chauvinism in Central and of Zurich and nationalism, faced new states and nations. In your opinion, has this Western Europe forced people to completed his nationalisms. This turn of history project suffered a fiasco? seek new ideologies and interna- habilitation did not fit in with the dominating – The discourse of identity crisis tional identification after the war. 1982-98 – Pro- public opinion of the time, so it was is not new, and the list of critics of This showed in the idea of Euro- fessor of Eastern often perceived as manifestations Europe is fairly long. Not surpris- pean unity which was to bury old European History of chauvinism. Bloody conflicts, at the University ingly, the project to forge a united conflicts and would unite states of Cologne which erupted in the former Yugo- Europe will not be realized in such a once in conflict under one umbrella. 1996 – foreign slavia and in the Southern Cauca- rapid and problem-free fashion as The eastern part of the continent, member of sus at the time, were graphic proof was hoped after the Second World which was under the USSR at the Ukraine’s Acad- of this. Some saw them as attempts War. On the other hand, many time, did not find protection under emy of Sciences to revive national identity which changes have taken place which the common roof. Hence, Western 1998 – professor had been suppressed by the soviet were previously unimaginable. For politicians did not perceive the ex- at the University regime. However, they led to example, the authority of European perience of Soviet communism as of Vienna bloody conflicts in some parts of institutions was expanded; a single something horrible and inhuman. 2006-2009 – di- Europe. Now it was not only about currency was introduced (with all rector of a doc- These people were still shellshocked toral-level re- forming nation states but also the the ensuing problems); all borders by the Nazi regime and the Holo- search project ability to control possible excesses were erased, enabling high human caust, so some of them even be- “Austrian Galicia and extreme behavior. Fortunately, mobility. Most countries which once lieved that the soviet regime in fact and its polycul- the situation was not the same ev- belonged to the Eastern Bloc and helped solve the national issue. tural heritage.” erywhere. For example, in the fairly three of which were also Soviet re- Author of books homogeneous countries (after eth- publics are now EU members. They New challenges Russia as a Poly- nic cleansing), such as Poland, the did not even dare dream of some- for Eastern Europe ethnic Empire; Czech Republic, Slovenia and Lith- thing like this 25 years ago. As you UW: The interest of Western Mazepyntsi, Little uania, it was easier to control the can see, I remain a European opti- scholars in Central and Eastern Russians, and process of nation building than in mist, and this is why I have Swiss Europe sharply increased after Khokhols: Ukrai- nians in the Eth- ethnically mixed territories, such as (non-EU member) citizenship along the breakup of the USSR when nic Hierarchy of Eastern and Southeastern Europe. with my Swiss passport. the newly emerged states turned the Russian Em- The lesson we can learn from Shaping European identity is a out to be a gray area for the rest pire; and A Little the 20th-century catastrophes is slow process. It may be that it will of the continent. Has this newer History of that all nations and nation states not emerge as such, but instead we Europe become more under- Ukraine. experienced, during their matura- will develop various forms of Euro- standable to Western intellectu- tion, the aggressive and ruinous in- pean self-identification for individ- als and politicians? fluence of nationalism and tried to ual nations, territories, religions, – Little was known about the curb it. We can conclude that na- regions, etc. Problems arise when peoples and republics of the Soviet tional society (it may be composed you stop and think: What do we Union before 1989. They were of several ethnic groups) is sending have to understand under “Eu- viewed as parts of the Russian Em- its roots more deeply than mono- rope”? Geographically, Russia (its pire. This applies also to Ukraine, ethnic manifestations of national- territory before the Urals) and Tur- which remained terra incognito for ism, which confirms that the con- key (its part before the Bosporus) many years. I was one of very few cept of nation has been closely are also parts of Europe, just like Western historians who taught linked with that of democracy since Ukraine and Belarus are. Histori- courses in Ukrainian history before the time of the French Revolution. cally, I believe that all of Eastern 1989 and had an academic interest If we treat nationalism as a Europe and all Orthodox countries in these topics. The situation has manifestation of chauvinism, I hope belong to Europe. Since antiquity, improved since then but knowledge that its era is close to the expected the overall history of Europe has of this area is still on a fairly low end. This doesn’t mean that an indi- been shaped in the territory be- № 11 (23) december 2011|the ukrainian week|35 HISTORY|NATIONALISM VS IDENTITY tween Rome and Constantinople. If we use the concept of contemporary Europe as the EU, some countries to the east are outside it, along with such Western countries as the USA, Canada and Australia. The issues of Europe’s eastern border remain unresolved. At the same time, it is possible to define the criteria for the EU’s capacity. There have been mostly political decisions along this line – for example, whether Ukraine and Turkey will be accepted into the EU. Equally political were the resolutions that granted membership to Greece, Ro- mania and Bulgaria. I still believe that the Europe which has erected a new Golden Iron through its Schen- gen Zone is incomplete, because I view Eastern Europe as part of a large Europe. To me, without them the EU is not a true union of Euro- pean countries. As a specialist in may help them read the current and getting a salary comparable to Eastern European issues, I see my situation, see alternative paths of that of graduates with degrees in most important mission in building development or structures and economics, engineering or com- bridges between Eastern Europe perceive the long-term trends of puter science. and the rest of the continent. These progress and active traditions. Of However, the situation is not are the bridges that would enable course, I don’t live in a dreamworld. that tragic. Most history graduates mutual understanding and a vic- We historians are not “teachers of realize themselves in many possible tory over old superstitions. The life” and have have been. There has domains, particularly in the mass world has changed so much over never been a historian who sup- media and publishing business, the past years that the question of ported one particular nationalist museum work, as well as in the eco- European unity has receded into ideology, legitimized dictatorship nomic sector, social services and the background compared to global or approved of wars. diplomacy. Flexibility and mobility issues. Today less attention is being are two requirements for young paid to the growth of a certain UW: You have considerable people today. In my opinion, it is country inside Europe than to its teaching experience. What kind important that historical studies to- status in the world. of people choose the historian’s day do not have to legitimize the profession these days? What mo- existing order but form critical The Sisyphean labor tivates these young people? thinking. Evidently, history will of a historian What was your motivation? continue to be viewed as a general UW: After large-scale geopolitical – History has lost some of its academic discipline related to many crises and conflicts historians are importance as a subject in schools other disciplines. This would be an often told to return to literature and universities. One reason is answer to the question about because their science is, it is al- that that the profession of a histo- whether a student of history can leged, chronically incapable of rian does not exist anymore. Few study something else. achieving its mission to be a people earn their living by doing As far as my personal motiva- “teacher of life.” How much sub- tion is concerned, I did not want stance does this view have? There has never to become a historian – I was – Historians are not prophets, dreaming of journalism. Earlier, I just like politicians and social scien- been a historian who decided to pursue Eastern Euro- tists, few of whom could even imag- supported one particular pean studies. That I dared become ine that the Soviet Union would a historian is accidental. I could disintegrate. In general, politicians nationalist ideology have gone into Slavic studies or don’t learn from history at all. One political science. After completing possible exception is the Second history, perhaps with the excep- my PhD, I received an offer to World War whose lessons had a tion of school teachers. Neverthe- work as a foreign editor with a great impact on postwar policies. less, a number of young people still newspaper and move to Moscow But scholars did not contribute select courses in history, which are as a foreign correspondent. I de- much to this, in fact. Today, com- optional in our university. In other clined and stayed in the univer- pared to the 19th century and the words, it has not lost its attraction. sity. That was also a spontaneous Soviet era, historians as public fig- The strange thing is that students decision. I don’t regret it, even ures are of secondary importance. who make a conscious choice of though I sometimes say to myself Politicians and businessmen read becoming professional historians that I could have achieved more if few books written by historians. know that after graduation they I were a journalist rather than a Nevertheless, studying the past will have a hard time finding a job bookworm. 36|the ukrainian week|№ 11 (23) december 2011 culture & arts|classical music in ukraine in the foreseeable future. There- fore it looks like Ukrainian classical music will remain underground even for grant-sponsored While My Violin projects. troubled music A small playlist incident, that hardly looks worthy of any atten- Gently Weeps tion, seems to mirror the current role of Ukrainian classical music in the world. This would have hardly surprised anyone in the past when artists from most small European nations that had no sovereignty were doomed to stay in the shadows. Today, however, the Czech Republic cher- ishes its Leoš Janáček and An- tonín Dvořák as global brands, Hungary promotes Béla Bartók and Lithuania glorifies Mikalojus Čiurlionis. Meanwhile, European music lovers have no chance to hear pieces by Ukrainians Lev Revutsky, Borys Liatoshynsky or Viktor Kosenko. This fall, I, Culture Orchestra will play in the best European concert halls, including Berlin Philharmonics, one of the most prestigious stages in the world. Experts say it has the best acous- tics in the world equaled only by the legendary Concertgebouw in Amsterdam. The Berlin Philhar- monic Orchestra is also one of the dream orchestras of every conductor. Unfortunately, director Andreas Wittmann says the music of Ukrainian composers has never been played there. “I don’t think we have ever played Ukrainian music here,” Mr. Wittmann tells The Ukrainian Week. “I’m not sure how that’s happened. I guess there hasn’t been a good occasion. But we would be happy to know good Ukrainian music better anyway.” Mr. Wittmann is unlikely to have this chance anytime soon. Volodymyr Runchak, conductor and composer, claims Ukrainian music created before the 19th Why Ukrainian classical music is still underground century is largely known as ‘Rus- outside the country sian’ in the West. “The post-Ly- senko1 music is hardly known in Author: he ‘I, Culture Orchestra’ sity of this part of Europe. How- the West, too,” Mr. Runchak Roman Horbyk performed at the National ever, the playlist upset Ukrainian comments. “One can find it in re- Opera House on 27 October fans of classical music as the or- search sources and in Ukraine. Tthis year. A Polish-Ukrai- chestra only played Polish and But they are studied more often nian initiative, it gathered to- Russian classical composers, in- than they are played. Choir gether musicians from Poland cluding Sergei Prokofiev, Karol pieces by Oleksandr Koshyts or and Eastern Partnership states. Szymanowski and Dmitri Shosta- This seemed a perfect chance to kovich. The repertoire featured no 1 Mykola Lysenko (1842 – 1912), Ukrainian composer, show cultural unity in the diver- Ukrainian names, nor will it do so pianist and conductor. 38|the ukrainian week|№ 11 (23) december 2011 classical music in ukraine|culture & arts Mykola Leontovych face a lan- of modern composers. “It’s not one commissions them to play,” guage barrier since they are in about the quality because the au- Mr. Runchak states. Ukrainian, not the universal Eng- dience mostly likes it when it gets lish. As a result of the language to hear it. The key problem is that music theory barrier, Ukrainian vocal, opera promoting and protecting the So what rules shape the Western and choir music is hard to per- copyright for classical music re- market of classical music? Can the form effectively.” quires funding.” market of little-known Ukrainian Even modern composers who According to Mr. Skoryk, music adjust and integrate itself spend a lot of time in the West and there is no system that could help into the Western one? “Marketing have published their music there Ukrainian composers offer their has nothing to do with the reper- have failed to change the situation. music to Western performers and toire selection,” Mr. Wittmann “Yevhen Stankovych, Valentyn Syl- get a reward for it. “This is a task says. “An ideal combination vestrov and Myroslav Skoryk are for music managers, a profession would be that of popular and hugely popular modern Ukrainian that practically doesn’t exist in rarely played pieces, of course. composers,” Mr. Runchak says. Ukraine,” the composer claims. But our key task is to create an en- “But success is only possible when “Most often, composers are the vironment where the audience they work with publishing houses ones doing the job themselves can meet music. You need more that can offer music sheets to or- while the repertoire of Ukrainian courage and to play more music chestras.” orchestras that tour abroad is determined by the inviting party.” publishing houses have a wowing the critics Our political and historical Maria Dolnytska is a Canadian- background also contributes to heavy impact on the born professional pianist with the current situation. “Ukraine’s repertoire of orchestras Ukrainian roots. She is perfectly post-colonial status and our inert- familiar with Canadian music life ness are in the way of Ukrainian from various cultures to make as an insider and is quite optimis- music in the world,” says Volody- people get used to the names they tic about Ukrainian classical mu- myr Runchak. “There are no inde- haven’t heard before.” sic. Even though naming a Ukrai- pendent sources of information His Ukrainian colleagues view nian composer can be hard due to about it while the government, in- this as too idyllic. “Western or- the sporadic background of Uk cluding the Culture Ministry and chestras fill their repertoire raine’s sovereignty, Ukrainian mu- that of Foreign Affairs, make no largely from two sources,” Mr. sic is represented relatively well in efforts to promote it. Officials are Runchak explains. “These are Canada, unlike Europe. only representatives, and they are classical music and pieces they “Toronto has been hosting often not professional enough.” commission from modern com- competitions of Ukrainian music Having said this, composers do posers. These are not always pop- for a long time,” Ms. Dolnytska have ideas about potential ways to ular with the audience but they says. “The pieces are even part of improve all this. Mr. Runchak boost the orchestras’ quality rat- the academic programs at the talks about big image-making ing and prestige. That means a Royal Conservatory of Music. Both projects. “One way is for the coun- combination of creative and com- Canada and the US commission try’s leaders to support concerts of mercial factors. Classics and ce- music from Ukrainian composers. elaborate music, not pop or low- lebrity soloists lure the lion’s Therefore, musicians issue more quality ones,” he says. “Normally, share of the audience.” and more records and get good re- such concerts require a lot of views.” money and advertising.” BREAKTROUGH ARTISTS Still, Ukrainian music remains Myroslav Skoryk does not Solomia Krushelnytska exotic for most fans. “I try to play mind routine work and legal le- The legendary singer toured the world Ukrainian pieces as often as I verages to promote music. “So with hundreds of concerts from 1894 to can,” Maria comments. “The con- me countries demand that their 1929. She sang Ukrainian folk songs at certs are pretty popular. Very few orchestras play pieces by natio each concert as a matter of principle. people in the audience are immi- nal composers,” he comments. grants; most are non-Ukrainians. “Scandinavian governments are After concerts where I play pieces extremely persistent in this di- Modest Mentsynsky by Lysenko, Revutsky, Ishchenko rection. Ukraine has a similar A well-known heroic tenor used his or Sylvestrov, people often ask me law of its own but the govern- popularity in Europe to include songs what they are and many discover ment does not enforce it effec- by Mykola Lysenko and Denys Sichynsky these composers for the first time. tively.” According to Mr. Run in every one of his performances. US critics give positive reviews of chak, Ukrainian musicians do my Ukrainian records yet what of- not earn enough to promote ten surprises them is that they their music around the world. never heard of the composers.” Their only way to earn a living is Stefan Turchak to play pieces by famous com- Did all he could over his short, yet brilliant career as a conductor to promote play your music posers. “Clearly, Ukrainian or- Ukrainian classical music. European au- for ukraine! chestras can make a difference diences had their first chance to hear “Indeed, Ukrainian classical mu- with their repertoire but in fact Taras Bulba, an opera by Mykola Ly- sic is not well enough known in the market frequently affects senko, when the Kyiv opera team toured the world,” complains Myroslav them, not the other way around. Wiesbaden, Dresden and Zagreb in Skoryk, one of the legendary trio They only play the music some- 1980s. It always won a standing ovation. № 11 (23) december 2011|the ukrainian week|39 culture & arts|classical music in ukraine there is very little interest from publishing houses. Too few foreign musicians come to play in Ukraine.” To change this, Maria recommends that the audience intensely share sheet music and look for new music while musicians should include Ukrainian pieces to their repertoires as often as possible. ukrainian spring Meanwhile, enthusiastic fans do more for Ukrainian music than all the Ukrainian embassies have ever done. Over a period of slightly less than two years, virtually 1,500 music lovers have joined the Ukrainian Composers community on Facebook. Profes- sional musicians and fans upload recorded pieces by Ukrainian composers on to YouTube and lately they have undergone a sort of breakthrough on the portal. “In this system, publishing MUSICAL classical music don’t care that On 12 December, Munich is houses have a heavy impact on SELECTION. much whether a composer is from going to host a joint Ukrainian- the repertoire policy of orches- Conductor Ukraine, Japan or US. The same Polish concert for Euro 2012, a tras,” Volodymyr Runchak contin- Peter Thomas thing is true for other styles, only project less pompous than the ‘I, ues. “They are the ones selling auditions young some of them sell worse without Culture Orchestra’ event. This one sheet music. In pursuit of profit, musicians at mentioning the country of origin. is the initiative of musicians, not Kyiv Glière publishing houses promote them Music College This refers to modern music, for embassies or cultural institutions. to conductors and orchestra di- to participate in instance.” Its budget just exceeds EUR 1,000 rectors. A little-known composer the I, Culture, Ms. Dolnytska says the popu- and this is mostly from organiz- only has chances through per- Orchestra larity of some pieces is a result of ers, says Taras Yashchenko, a sonal contacts. Young composers international promotion more than anything Ukrainian pianist and composer often know well-known conduc- project else. Due to technological oppor- in Germany. tors or celebrity soloists who de- tunities and numerous records, Paradoxically, the lower the termine the repertoire and tell the musicians get to hear rare exotic status of the project, the more orchestras they want to play a cer- music. “My impression is that the space they have for Ukrainian tain piece. The least efficient way Western audience is hungry for music. A Polish soprano and is for composers to turn to orches- new music which opens the doors Ukrainian tenor are going to tras on their own. Most often, for Ukrainian composers,” she sing pieces by Lysenko, Hulak- they get no response whatsoever claims. Artemovsky and Skoryk, in addi- because the proposals come in by The collapsing status of music tion to Szymanowski and Moni- the hundred every day.” publishing houses in Ukraine and uszko. The Polish Cultural Cen- “Some publishing houses the shortage of widely-accessible ter at the German Consulate abroad often sign contracts with Ukrainian sheet music prevent funded less than half the budget. composers under unfeasible terms, The Ukrainian Consulate never pushing the latter to seek an ex- ukrainian mucisians can't responded to requests. “The Pol- cuse to stop such cooperation,” ish Institute is now helping to says Myroslav Skoryk, sharing his afford to promote their set King Roger, an opera by Szy- experience after having spent a few own music abroad manowski, at the National Opera years working in Australia. “I can’t here in Ukraine. Last year, it ar- say my music is played very often ranged hundreds of Chopin an- even though I’m member of agen- niversary concerts all over the cies that monitor where my music Ukrainian composers from catch- world. When will Ukraine have is played and demand royalties. ing these opportunities. “I often an institute of its own?” Mr. Yas- They also send me data from get letters from people all over the hchenko wonders. abroad and transfer the royalties world, from the US to Hong As long as Ukraine does not to my account.” Kong,” says Ms. Dolnytska. “They care about its classical music, the are looking for sheet music to a quote from poet Pavlo Tychyna in pursuit of sheet music specific piece by Ukrainian com- will hang over our heads like the “Music lovers in the West are very posers. Sadly, I often have to tell sword of Damocles. “For God’s different,” comments Maria Dol- them I don’t have one. I have a sake, put on the cuffs and tell them nytska on the preferences of the lo- hard time looking for them my- something. ‘Is there any culture cal audience. “The fans of modern self. There is no database and that you have?’ they ask.” 40|the ukrainian week|№ 11 (23) december 2011 culture & arts|on the edge of time Perfect Harmony on Paper Artist Pavlo Makov explains and decodes artistic images and symbols, modern phenomena and concepts Graphics. This is a rarely used has never changed a government, and somewhat outdated term. It even if it has an obvious political still exists in Germany and former undertone. Thus, my whole life is soviet republics. The whole world built in such a way, that I depend uses another word for what I do to- on it as little as possible. I refuse to day. They call it art on paper, which hold administrative positions, titles includes prints, water-colours and or decorations granted by the gov- oil paintings. Paper is the key com- ernment. I’m not an honored artist ponent of this style of creativity. because I’ve never served anyone. When I say I’m a graphic artist in the West, everyone will think I Culture. This is the ability to work with a computer – this is what co-exist. Literature, music, paint- web-designers are called there. ing and theater are only small instruments that help us understand Scandals. I’m not interested in how to continue living and find our causing scandals. The reality of our course together. life is much more scandalous than art. Scandals generally fill voids in The original. As far as my cre- art, where there is nothing else to ativity is concerned, the existence of show. But remember, scandals are an the original and absence of copies is important element of modern art. related to the specific features of the production process. Over the past Classics. In my view, there is few centuries, as long as etching has no such thing. Leonardo da Vinci is existed, artists produced a plate and an example of exaggerated classics printed a number of copies from it. I Interviewer: avlo Makov has a unique in fine art. But every time I am lucky work with plates, photographs and Tetiana Teren style. No other artist in enough to view his paintings inti- painting. It is impossible to copy any Ukraine and very few paint- mately, with not too many people of my works. Even I can’t do it. I Photo: Pers in the world work in this around, I think of him as my con- know that Ilya Repin had made sev- Andriy manner. His works are more than temporary. It does not seem as if eral copies of his “Zaparozhye Cos- Lomakin etchings. They are reflections of there are five centuries between us. I sacks Writing a Mocking Letter to time that are so accurate, that they recently had the great fortune to see the Turkish Sultan” in the 19th cen- first exude half-forgotten orna- Giotto di Bondone’s frescoes in the tury because it was hugely popular. ments, routes, plans and schemes, Scrovegni Chapel in Padua. Are they But for me, this is a bitter page in the and when you look closer – also in- classics or modern art? I would put history of art: instead of creating dividual details and symbols. it differently: it is that, which to this something new, Repin was forced to Eventually, Mr. Makov’s etchings day, still has a huge influence on ev- earn a living. I would go crazy if I become illustrations in books, eryone. Hans Ulrich Gumbrecht, the had to copy my own works. parts of design and his own exclu- German-born American literary the- sive games, one of which is a glos- orist, has a similar impact on me. I Utopia. Ever since I first men- sary of symbols and meanings, know him personally and am a great tioned this word in my art to de- compiled in cooperation with The fan of his ideas. Before him, nobody scribe a non-existent country, it Ukrainian Week. managed to explain such important has continued to be relevant. A things to me in words. Is he a classic long time ago I thought former so- bio or a modern? And who can be more viet states were undefined utopias. Pavlo Makov modern than Gogol in Ukraine? So Now I see that this is also the case Was born in Leningrad in 1958. He lives and works in you see, “classic” is an obscure term. for Europe and the US. Gumbrecht Kharkiv. Mr. Makov is a member of Royal Society of Art can be interesting or uninterest- described this in his book entitled Painter-Printmakers UK and a correspondence member of ing, but certainly not classic or mod- “In 1926: Living on the Edge of the Art Academy of Ukraine. His works are exhibited at the Victoria and Albert Museum in London, the Metropoli- ern. Remember, it is time that al- Time”. It’s about a past that does tan Museum in New York, the National Art Gallery in Kyiv, ways determines what is current not teach us anything. the Osaka Contemporary Art Center, the Tretiakov Gallery and what is not. in Moscow, the Contemporary Art Museum in Ibiza, and in The Kharkiv Art School. other collections. In 2009, Mr. Makov’s works were put Government. My attitude to For me, Kharkiv art is Borys Ko- up for auction at Sotheby’s. it is very simple. I realize that art sarev, Vasyl Yermilov and Vitaliy 42|the ukrainian week|№ 11 (23) december 2011 on the edge of time|culture & arts Perfect Harmony on Paper Kulykov. I consider the latter to be Books my teacher, but not in the sense of Donroza, 2011 the existence of a specific local Private Books school. Kosarev was simply not and Diaries, given an opportunity to establish it 2007 during the soviet era. Yermilov Utopia. lived in Kharkiv but couldn’t influ- Chronicles 1992- ence art life in the city at that time, 1995, 2006 because it was the time when The Book Kharkiv was a stronghold of social- of Days, 2000 ism. It is not difficult to notice that The Anatomy the above-mentioned artists are of a Target and completely different and the art- All Others…, work of one didn’t inspire that of 1999 another. If there is a Kharkiv school Our Landscape, somewhere, I’d say that it’s in the 1998 area of photography. There is the The Best of Print- Borys Mykhailov generation, an- making, 1997 other is that of Serhiy Bratkov and there are many other incredibly talented photo artists out there.

An artist, is someone who paints professionally. That’s it. Nothing extraordinary. It’s a simple, routine profession - one of the oldest. People were painting and drawing before they ever learned Eastern Cross from to talk. Just do your work well and the Gardens cycle, 2009-2010 history will take care of the rest. Donroza from the Gardens cycle, 2008-2010

The Ukrainian Alphabet project, 2010-2011

№ 11 (23) december 2011|the ukrainian week|43 navigator|beerland For Every Thirst, a Beer The leader of folk rock band Haydamaky tours Ukraine mapping breweries that produce unpasteurized “live beer”

oland, historically a country evolved in territories that had used. The brewery in Pavlivka of beers, hardly offers any Catholic and Orthodox monaster- was supposedly founded in 1904, products from small provin- ies. The East, however, was still or so says the date carved on a Pcial breweries today after covered in steppes that would stone in the plant’s lager cellar. monopolies swallowed them all later give way to heavy industry. When Volyn was part of Poland in up. Luckily, this hasn’t happened There, locals preferred horilka to 1922-1939, the plant was called in Ukraine. The tiny breweries beer. Thus, our route will begin in Porytsk after the then Polish that have managed to survive the western part of the map and name of the village, and was within their tough local economies move eastward. owned by Earl Chatsky. Its trade- Author: have grown more and more popu- We’ll start out in Volyn, where mark beer today is Pavlivske Oleksandr lar over the past few years. the Prypiat river begins from lake Light. I first tasted it after Hayda- Yarmola I’ve tried to omit widely-ad- Svitiaz. The most popular beer maky played a gig in Lutsk. The vertised brands from my “beer here is Pavlivske, from the village waiter brought us beer in liter map” of Ukraine. Western of Pavlivka in Ivanychi County. In pitchers which I think is the best Ukraine seems to have the most addition to beer, the Pavlivske size for light beer. to offer, but for good reason. plant also produces mineral wa- Now a word about Lutsk. The From the Middle Ages through ter. Perhaps this is one of their local brewery was founded in the draconian soviet era, beer secrets, as beer production relies 1888 by the Czech-born Vaclav drinking traditions have largely heavily on the quality of water Zeman. It was nationalized when 44|the ukrainian week|№ 11 (23) december 2011 beerland|navigator the region became part of the disclaimer Schultz used to own a mill there. heartland in Kalush. The local USSR. In 2004, the plant began This article In the 1870s, Makhachek and beer plant is among the oldest in is not an to produce Zeman beer named af- advertisement Yansa, two Czech entrepreneurs, Ukraine. It was long thought to ter its founder. Its main market is but the result transformed it into a brewery. To- have been founded in 1649. Later, Volyn Oblast but some vendors in of the author’s day, the plant produces Zhyto- archival documents were found other regions also sell this partic- aspiration myrske Light and Zhytomyr that proved brewing had flour- ular brand. to share Smooth Flow. ished in the town since 1565, and The hunt for live beer takes us information We now move on to Uman, this became the founding date of to Rivne Oblast next. Riven plant about the Cherkasy region’s brewing the plant. Under Austro-Hungar- is the most popular producer alternatives center. The Uman Beer Plant pro- ian rule, the plant’s products here. The premises were built in to the widely- duces Zhyhulivske, the most pop- were sold to the far reaches of the advertised beer ular beer in Cherkasy and the empire. Beginning in 1870, the 1900 by the Bergschloss Steam brands that are Beer Joint-Stock Plant. The ma- produced with neighboring Vinnytsia Oblast, Kalush brewery was owned by the jor shareholder was an entrepre- preservatives and its Waissburg brand is well- Muhlstein, Spindel & Weissmann neur who had arrived in Volyn in and feature known in other regions of company. In 1890, the plant built the late 19th century with a wave long shelf lives. Ukraine. Founded in 1878, the its own malt house that still sup- of Czech immigrants. His produc- brewery was owned by a group of plies it with in-house malted tion was based on the local home- local merchants. In the early 20th grain. brew available since 1849. Mr. century, the beer plant produced Kalush beer has a malty taste Bergschloss designed the logo traditional Czech and Bavarian and high density despite its rela- and produced unique bottles with beers. In February 2009, the tively low alcohol content. You embossed branding. In 1939, the brewery acquired new German can’t drink a lot of it, unlike Pav- soviet government nationalized equipment and launched the pro- livske or Berdychivske beers, but the plant, producing the Zhyhu- duction of Waissburg. every sip is sheer joy. livske, Ukrayinske and Slovianske Finally, we get to Zakarpattia. Next we head to Ternopil beer brands. There used to be a few small Oblast. Mykulyntsi Beer Plant is The next turn leads to Khmel- plants here but the Carpathian an acclaimed leader in terms of nytskyi Oblast and its various the amount of live beer it brews, popular brands. The first one on tiny breweries have but the Opillia brewery in Terno- our way is the Slavuta Beer Plant pil is my favorite. Its namesake is founded in 1885. Kniaz San- grown more and shared by several geographic lo- hushko is a brand that represents more popular over cations and towns in Belarus, the brewery widely on the Ukrai- Poland, Russia and Ukraine. nian market. In Kyiv, admirers of the past few years During its 117-year lifespan, the this beer have been known to fre- brewery has had Austrian and quent the Trolleybus and Route Brewery in Berehove that makes Polish owners. 66 pubs. It’s become one of my Zip, a brand known all over After we’ve had enough Opil- favorites, too. Kniaz Sanhushko is Ukraine, is worthy of the most at- lia beer, we move on to Mykulyn- not a light or “neutral” beer—it tention. Built using equipment tsi. The local beer plant has stolen contains 4.8% alcohol and has a brought from Hungary in 1997, it the spotlight as one of the first in- unique taste with a wine-like af- is one of the youngest brewing dependent Ukrainian breweries. tertaste. companies in Ukraine. 1698 was long thought to be the Another producer of live or From here we move back plant’s starting point. This was “bottle conditioned” beer is the across the mountains to Ivano- the date found in Austrian ar- Khmelnytsky Brewery built in Frankivsk Oblast and its brewery chives as the rise of brewery in 1901. Its most popular beer is Mykulyntsi. Polish archives later called Proskurivske Light, after revealed a prior date in the late Proskuriv, the city’s former name. 15th century. According to the ar- Before turning westward to chives, Tieran, a German ally of Zakarpattia, we will stop in Zhy- Jan I Olbracht, King of the Pol- tomyr, whose Berdychiv Beer ish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, Plant is the region’s most popular stopped in Mykulyntsi and sent beer producer. The local brewery some beer to the king to try dur- was first mentioned as early as ing the latter’s military campaign 1798. The brewery on Bilopilska against Stephen III of Moldova. street—now known as Karl Lieb- This led to the belief that the knecht street—started in 1861, brewery had been founded in when Stanislav Czep, a Czech col- 1497. onizer, bought a plot of land there Earl Mechyslav Rei became and built a plant that included the owner of Mykulyntsi brewery production facilities and an arte- in the late 19th century. His family sian well. owned the plant until the mid- The ZhytomyrPyvo plant is 1920s. In the early 20th century, another famous brand from this the facilities produced three sorts oblast. The spot where it is now of draught and bottled beer, in- located has a curious history. A cluding Lezak, Original and Bock- German lady named Paulina bier also known as Starkbier. № 11 (23) december 2011|the ukrainian week|45 navigator|beerland

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46|the ukrainian week|№ 11 (23) december 2011 beerland|navigator Later, the plant was bought by Averman, Tsikhovski & Co. In 1928, the new owners built an extra cellar, a dry house, and a malt Premium Traditional Riven Premium Bergschloss Black Unﬁltered Dark Unﬁltered Light house. When the communists ar- Live Beer rived in Western Ukraine in Sep- Ukrainian Light Beer Pavlivske Light Beer Light Beer Live Beer tember 1939, they nationalized all Bergschloss of the town’s private production Podil Zhyhulivske The Inn facilities. In 1993, the Rent Enter- Lutsk prise of Mykulyntsi Brewers was Opillia Prince Porytske Beer Plant Kyiv Beer Plant set up on the basis of the publicly Ale Zhyhulivske Riven Wheat Beer at Podil owned plant. In 1995, it trans- Riven formed into an open joint stock company and was given its pres- Opillia Original Lutsk Beer Plant Zhytomyrpyvo ent name Brovar, the brewer. Pavlivka Rivne Lviv is a must for any beer Opillia Coryphaeus Beer Plant Zhytomyr Slavutsky tour of Ukraine. The restaurant Pavlivka Beer Plant KYIV network called Local known for its unique design, good selection Opillia Slavuta of modern Ukrainian music and Beer Plant Zhytomyr Zhytomyr adherence to local culture, invites Berdychiv Light Beer Smooth Flow guests to taste live beer made by Kniaz Sanhushko the First Private Brewery in Lviv. Lviv Ternopil It is one of the youngest beer plants in Ukraine. In 2005, the Khmelnytsky owners installed new German fill- Beer Plant The First Khmelnytsky ing line equipment. The plant Private Brewery Mykulyntsi supports an annual rock festival Live Beer in Lviv called Stare Misto—Old Uman Kalush City, after one of its beers. Proskurivske Light Beer Kyiv is the final stop on our Berdychiv Beer Plant tour. All local beer fans will de- clare the Kyiv Beer Plant at Podil their all-time favorite. The generally accepted date of founding Berehove is 1872, when merchant Mykola Thorny Field Brovar Khriakov bought a mansion and Zhyhulivske Wheat Beer Hetman Beer defunct steel works at Kyrylivska, Umanpyvo now Frunze Street. Along with Kalush Lager his partners he set up the Kyiv Carpathian Light Beer Carppathian Ale Brewery Society and launched Kalush Beer Plant production in the one-time Carpathian Mykulyn foundry using equipment im- Brewery Honey Beer Lager Malt Beer Old Berdychiv ported from Pilsen, a city in the Dniester Zhyhulivske Wheat Beer Czech Republic. Kalush Ale Experts say that one of the se- ZIP GOLD Berehivske crets that make Podil beer so spe- Smooth Flow cial is the water from an artesian Kalush well on the plant’s territory. Trojan Export Lager Limon Radler These same experts will also Carmelite Original Night Boulevard Dnipro Golden Uman Amber point you to a popular dive bar at Strong Beer Beer the crossroads of Nyzhniy Val and Kalush Premium Kostiantynivska streets that sells the beer. There are some other plants Frankivsk Lager Mykulyn-900 known for their live beer, such as in Radomyshl or Poltava. Elite «Waissburg» Moreover, pubs brew numerous Wheat White beers of their own, such as Kalush Strong Beer Beer Brovarske, Kyiv Sunduk—Kyiv Trunk in English, or Hoira in Chernivtsi. They are too many to Ukrainian Stanislav Lager Dark Ale list in one article but the above Top tour makes one thing clear: beer Standard tourism in Ukraine is probably New Year Beer as good as in the Czech Republic or Germany. № 11 (23) december 2011|the ukrainian week|47 ALL BOOKS FROM UKRAINE ONLINE

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