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Open Rmbender Dissertation.Pdf The Pennsylvania State University The Graduate School Department of Spanish, Italian, and Portuguese FIRST-WAVE SPANISH FEMINISM: NEGOTIATING THE CHANGING FACES OF MOTHERHOOD AND MATERNITY THROUGH NARRATIVE A Dissertation in Spanish by Rebecca M. Bender © 2013 Rebecca M. Bender Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy May 2013 ii This dissertation of Rebecca M. Bender was reviewed and approved* by the following: Nicolás Fernández-Medina Assistant Professor of Peninsular Spanish Literature Dissertation Adviser Chair of Committee William R. Blue Professor of Spanish Literature Guadalupe Martí-Peña Senior Lecturer of Spanish Joan B. Landes Ferree Professor of Early Modern History and Women’s Studies Paola Giuli Dussias Associate Professor of Spanish, Linguistics, and Psychology Head, Department of Spanish, Italian, and Portuguese *Signatures are on file in the Graduate School iii ABSTRACT The present dissertation will examine the complexities of Spain’s early twentieth- century feminist movement through a precise focus on depictions of the maternal experience in women’s literature. Specifically, this project will investigate representations of maternity and motherhood in both the fictional narratives and non-fiction essays of three Spanish women: Carmen de Burgos (1867-1932), Margarita Nelken (1896-1968), and Federica Montseny (1905-1994). These three individuals were among the increasing number of educated women who began to earn their living by writing about those women’s issues which provoked conversation and debate within the increasingly visible Spanish feminist movement. By transcending genres and publishing their essays, novels, and novelas in popular journals, periodicals, and revistas, Burgos, Nelken, and Montseny are emblematic of the way in which Spanish women began to articulate their unique voices within a variety of public literary domains. Historically, first-wave Spanish feminism has been classified as delayed, too conservative, or even a complete failure by numerous historians and literary scholars. Yet the so-called “traditional” women-centered experiences of maternity and motherhood in fact played crucial transformative roles within the nascent Spanish feminist discourse. In reality, the prevalence of maternal issues within women’s writing at this time – especially in the literary production of women exhibiting liberal, feminist inclinations – necessitates a cautiously critical analysis within the context of a uniquely Spanish cultural milieu. Rather than stifling, or proving detrimental to the women’s movement, I suggest that feminist appropriations of maternal values and motherhood were, on the contrary, the precise points at which we can perceive a radical feminist ideology that threatened the very foundations of iv Spain’s patriarchal society. During the years prior to the First World War, for example, the first steps were taken toward redefining motherhood as a voluntary role, rather than as an obligatory, and lifelong, female identity. Far from uniformly rejecting maternity, however, many European feminists sought to appropriate motherhood within new, modern definitions of womanhood. The result was what historian Ann Taylor Allen has termed the “maternal dilemma,” or the conflict over whether it was possible to be both a mother and an autonomous individual. I have found that early twentieth century Spanish women were acutely aware of this new modern “dilemma,” and their literary representations of mothers and motherhood proved to be frequent, and quite different, from those appearing in novels written before the turn of the century. The novels and essays that Burgos, Nelken, and Montseny published during the 1920s directly challenged the traditional female ideal (the “angel of the home,” or el ángel del hogar) that had prescribed marriage and motherhood as Spanish women’s exclusive social responsibilities since the sixteenth century. As such, these women writers labored to mitigate anti-feminist attempts to unilaterally define an idealized model of female identity based on motherhood. By taking control of the representations and theorizations of the maternal role through literature, Burgos, Nelken, and Montseny challenged, deconstructed, and even expanded upon the homogenous ángel del hogar in order to create exceptional, heterogeneous interpretations of motherhood which could accommodate a variety of roles and identities. In the end, my analyses of the unique maternal experiences depicted in women’s literature will broaden current perspectives concerning the scope of first-wave feminism in the peninsula and bring us a step closer to articulating a distinctly Spanish vision of feminism in the early twentieth century. v TABLE OF CONTENTS Acknowledgements ………………………………………………………………….. vii Chapter 1: INTRODUCTION……………………………………………………….. 1 First-Wave Spanish Feminism: Similarities and Differences within Western Europe……………………………………………….. 5 The Maternal Dilemma and the Dilemma of Difference…………………….. 11 The Survival and Enduring Influence of La perfecta casada and the Ángel del hogar…………………………………………………... 18 Anti-feminist Appropriations of Feminist “Difference” Discourse………….. 21 Women’s Representation and Participation in Literature: Social Modernism…………………………………………………….. 26 Tres mujeres modernas: Carmen de Burgos (1867-1932), Margarita Nelken (1896-1968), and Federica Montseny (1905-94)….. 31 Summation of Chapters………………………………………………………. 40 Chapter 2: URBAN MOTHERHOOD AND INSTITUTIONAL POWER IN THE LITERATURE OF CARMEN DE BURGOS.….……………… 51 The Feminism of Carmen de Burgos, “Colombine” (1867-1932)…………… 52 Maternity Ward Horrors: Urban Motherhood in La rampa (1917)………….. 65 Wife and Mother, or Monster? Exploring Female Subjectivity and the Maternal Dilemma in Quiero vivir mi vida (1931)…………………... 93 Chapter 3: THE ECONOMICS OF MOTHERHOOD AND THE DEFENSE OF MATERNITY IN THE LITERATURE OF MARGARITA NELKEN………….… 126 The Feminism of Margarita Nelken (1898-1968)…………………………… 122 The Economics of Motherhood: (Re)Negotiating Gender in the Public and Private Spheres in La trampa del arenal (1923)..……….. 140 Dignifying Motherhood as a Feminist Project: En torno a nosotras (1927) 169 vi Chapter 4: THE ART OF MATERNITY IN THE LITERATURE OF FEDERICA MONTSENY…………………………………………….. 191 The “Anarcho-Feminism” of Federica Montseny (1905-1994)……………. 193 Incorporating Motherhood within an Individualist Model of Woman: La indomable (1928)……………………………………….. 208 Exploring the Paradoxical Politics of Mothering in “Maternidad” (1925) and “El derecho al hijo” (1927)..……………. 229 Chapter 5: CONCLUSION…………………………………………………………. 263 Bibliography………………………………………………………………………… 271 vii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS First and foremost, I wish to thank my dissertation advisor, Dr. Nicolás Fernández- Medina for encouraging me to investigate early twentieth-century Spanish women’s literature. His willingness to design an independent study on Spanish Women’s Literature, to assist me with revising and publishing my work, and to provide me with numerous recommendations for my research and bibliography, was instrumental in my progress. I extend my deepest gratitude to him for his thorough revisions, edits, and suggestions regarding the final manuscript. I greatly appreciate his patience and understanding, over the final few months especially, while I worked to both finish my writing and avoid stress- induced moments of crisis! I would also like to thank my committee members, who were each so generous with their time and expertise. Dr. William Blue has been an enthusiastic proponent of my work since my first semester at Penn State nearly five years ago, and I thank him for his support of my research and teaching, for his near weekly encouragement, and especially for his sense of humor. I extend a special thanks to Dr. Guadalupe Martí-Peña for her recommended resources on Spanish Feminist Theory, for her feedback, and for her wise advice to “ocuparme en vez de preocuparme.” And finally, this dissertation would not have been possible without the inspiration of Dr. Joan B. Landes and her Women’s Studies seminar, “Gender and the Body,” a course that first exposed me to the vast array of feminist theory and cultural studies pertaining to women, femininity, and corporeality. I greatly appreciate the time she took each semester, and even over the summer, to give me feedback on my writing and to help me consider the implications of my work in new and exciting ways. viii Numerous friends and colleagues have also helped me stay focused and motivated during my many years of graduate study. I am thankful for their friendship and support, especially during those times when I was most stressed, overwhelmed, and generally not much fun to be around. Among them, I especially thank Bonnie Loder, Katie Vater, and Bonnie C. Holmes, who entered the program at Penn State with me in 2008. They became my greatest compañeras when it came to graduate coursework, teaching materials, conferences, and of course, The Deli. I also wish to thank my friends and colleagues from The University of New Mexico, especially Vanessa DeVeritch Woodside, Evelyn Duran, Angela Gonzales Postigo, and Luciana Zilberman (my first and favorite Spanish editor!). I greatly value our friendships, which have already endured many years of geographic separation, and which I am certain will last for many more to come. I also wish to thank my family: my parents and everyone at/from “Benderville;” “Mum;” the Allen-Robbins-Werner- Notarangelo clan; and my husband and greatest
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