The Flipside Landing on the Far Side of the Moon

February 2019 February Vol. 848

国内零售价： 10元 Left: A photo taken by the Yutu-2 rover on January 11, 2019 shows the Chang’e-4 lander. With the assistance USA $5.10 UK 3.20 ₤ 08-11 46-48 72-75 of the Queqiao relay satellite, the Yutu-2 rover and the lander of the Chang’e-4 probe took photos of each Australia $9.10 Europe €5.20 other. courtesy of China National Space Administration Canada $7.80 Turkey TL.10.00 Crisis Meets Opportunity: Gu Fangzhou: Celebrating Right: The Yutu-2 rover. The rover left its first-ever “footprint” on the far side of the moon late on January The Next Step for Private Sugarcoating Spring Festival 3, 2019. It had separated smoothly from the lander of the Chang’e-4 probe, which touched down on the 2-903 CN11-1429/Z Business in China Vaccines in the Palace South Pole-Aitken Basin on the far side of the moon earlier that day. courtesy of China National Space Administration and China’s State Administration of Science, Technology and Industry for National Defence 邮发代号 CHANG’E-4 EXPLORE THE MOON

冷处偏佳 / 别有根芽

An illustration shows the lander of the Chang’e-4 probe being awakened by sunlight on January 30, 2019 after a long “sleep” during the first extremely cold night on the moon. The lander measured the temperatures on the surface of the moon during the lunar night. by Tan Hao 可栽绕已种地塞达树木寒来球罕沙赤坝按半个多世纪，暑地道机往，变林海，荒牢记使命械林三场原成代人的森林覆盖率绿洲。耕耘。 80%

，

1 米株距排开，艰苦创业 12 圈。

绿色发展

Saihanba is a cold alpine area in northern Hebei Province bordering the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region. It was once a barren land but is now home to 75,000 hectares of forest, thanks to the labor of generations of forestry workers in the past 55 years. Every year the forest purifies 137 million cubic meters of water and absorbs 747,000 tons of carbon dioxide. The forest produces 12 billion yuan (around US$1.8 billion) of ecological value annually, according to the Chinese Academy of Forestry. Feb 2O19 04

Administrative Agency: China International Publishing Group 主管：中国外文出版发行事业局（中国国际出版集团） Publisher: China Pictorial Publications 主办: 社 Address: 33 Chegongzhuang Xilu 社址: Haidian, Beijing 100048 北京市海淀区车公庄西路33号邮编: 100048 Email: [email protected] : [email protected] 邮箱 President: Yu Tao 社长: 于涛 Editorial Board: Yu Tao, Li Xia, He Peng 编委会: Bao Linfu, Yu Jia, Yan Ying 于涛、李霞、贺鹏鲍林富、于佳、闫颖

Editor-in-Chief: Li Xia 总编辑: 李霞 Editorial Directors: Wen Zhihong, Qiao Zhenqi 编辑部主任: 温志宏、乔振祺 English Editor: Liu Haile 英文定稿: 刘海乐 Editorial Consultants: Scott Huntsman, Mithila Phadke 语言顾问: 12 苏格、弥萨罗 08 Editors and Translators: Gong Haiying, Yin Xing 编辑、翻译: Zhao Yue, Wang Shuya 龚海莹、殷星 Li Zhuoxi, Xu Shuyuan 赵月、王舒雅 Zhou Xin, Hu Zhoumeng 李卓希、许舒园 Li Yiqi, Lu Anqi 周昕、胡周萌李艺琦、鲁安琪 Operation: Zhang Yingjie 编务: 张英杰 Design: Alinea Productions 设计: 利雅法盛 Advertising Department: 广告部： Telephone: 86-10-88417354 or 88417419 电话: 010- 88417354 88417419 Remittance to: Publishing and Distribution Department, 邮购收款人： China Pictorial 人民画报社出版发行部 Legal Adviser: Yue Cheng 法律顾问: 岳成 Printing: Toppan Leefung Changcheng Printing (Beijing) Co., Ltd. 印刷:北京利丰雅高长城印刷有限公司 50 54

Features Overseas Distribution: The Flipside China International Book Trading Corporation (Guoji Shudian), 12 35 Chegongzhuang Xilu, —Landing on the Far Side of the Moon P.o. Box 399, Beijing 100044, China Telephone: 86-10-68413849 14 Chang’e-4: Lonely Landing Fax: 86-10-68412166 China Book Trading (Canada) Inc. 20 Sketch Map for the Flight Track of Chang’e-4 Telephone: 1-416-497-8096 22 Functional Diagram of the Chang’e-4 Lander, Yutu-2 Lunar Rover and Queqiao Relay Satellite 出版日期每月1日国内刊号: CN11-1429/Z 24 To the Moon at Chinese Speed 国际刊号: ISSN0009-4420 —A Glance at China’s Lunar Missions 京海工商广字第0121号 In China, subscriptions are available at any post office. 26 Moon as Captured by Chang’e Probes Subscription and distribution agency in Hong Kong, Macao, and Taiwan: 28 One in Ten Million Hong Kong Peace Book Company, Ltd. —Exclusive Interview with Ye Peijian, Chief Scientist with China’s Lunar 17/F., Paramount Building, 12 Ka Yip Street, Chai Wan, Hong Kong Exploration Program Visit China Pictorial on the Internet: www.china-pictorial.com.cn 32 A Scientist’s Dream —Exclusive Interview with Zhang He, Executive Director of the Chang’e-4 Probe Project at the China Academy of Space Technology Follow us on: 36 Light on the “Dark Side” of the Moon 38 Chang’e-4 Mission: The Far Side of Technology 32

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Ecology 40 Chang’e-4 In Context 54 No-Waste Games 42 Beyond the Far Side 44 Rapid Fire Quiz: Chang’e and Yutu Society 58 Hebi: Big Ideas from a Small City Express 62 Transforming Jobs in the Age of AI 06 World Economy 2019: Hopes and Worries 07 Lessons from Forty Years of China-U.S. Ties Culture 64 Discovering Children’s Museum Education New Ideas and New Goals for a New Era 68 Starry Skies 08 Crisis Meets Opportunity: The Next Step for —Spring Festival Visit to Beijing Space City by China Private Business in China Artists Association 70 Grand Tribute to the Forbidden City People 72 Celebrating Spring Festival in the Palace 76 Worth the Effort 46 Gu Fangzhou: Sugarcoating Vaccines 50 The Most Effective Treatment —Ideals of E.R. Doctor Guo Shubin EXPRESS | NEWS

by Xie Huanchi/Xinhua Spotlight on Innovation anuary 8, Beijing: President Xi inping (center) presents Chinas top science award to radar expert Liu Yongtan (right) and deense engineer ian ihu or their outstanding contributions to scientiic and technological innoation. total o 278 science projects and seen experts, including ie oreigners, were recognized with the national science award this year.

100-Day Countdown Starts

anuary 11, Beijing: The China Pailion under construction ahead o the International Horticultural xhibition 2019 Beijing in Yaning istrict. anuary 19 marked the start o a 100-day countdown to the expo. More than 110 countries and international organizations hae conirmed participation in the expo, making it the highest-attended in the global eents history. From pril 29 to ctober 7, the 162-day expo will exhibit the latest by Zhang Chenlin/Xinhua achieements in loriculture and gardening.

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Trump’s Fast-food Feast

anuary 14, Washington, nited States: The Clemson niersity ootball team is sered ast ood when they isit the White House to celebrate their national championship. The partial .S. goernment shutdown let much o the White House sta urloughed because unding or parts o the White House operations lapsed. The shutdown oer unding or President onald Trumps border wall began on ecember 22, 2018. The .S. ederal goernment reopened on anuary 25 ater President Trump signed a bill to und the goernment or three weeks, ending the

VCG unprecedented 35-day-long shutdown.

Tesla Gigafactory anuary 7, Shanghai: Tesla C lon Musk speaks at the groundbreaking ceremony o the Tesla Shanghai Gigaactory as the .S. electric carmaker became the irst to beneit rom a new policy allowing oreign carmakers to set up wholly owned subsidiaries in China. Production at the Shanghai plant will help Tesla signiicantly lower its cost and prices, giing it an edge in market competition. VCG

Back to Class anuary 13, Sanya, Hainan Proince: libaba Chairman ack Ma shares his insights on child deelopment and education with the teachers during a session o the ack Ma ural Teacher ward Ceremony. The two-day eent recognized 101 teachers and 20 headmasters or their outstanding serice in some o Chinas most-impoerished and disadantaged areas. Ma has awarded this prize to rural teachers eery year in by Qin Bin Sanya since 2015.

Homage to Yellow Emperor ecember 31, 2018, Huangling County, Shaanxi Proince: grand ceremony to pay homage to Huangdi, or the Yellow mperor, who is regarded as one o the common ancestors o the Chinese nation, is held at the Mausoleum o Huangdi. Many oerseas Chinese repre- sentaties and community leaders rom more than 50 countries around the world, as well as people rom across China, welcomed the ew Year o 2019 by honoring the igure together. Shaanxi Pictorial

CHINA PICTORIAL 05 EXPRESS | COMMENT

than the long-term neutral rate, the .S. monetary policy will step World Economy 2019 into a real tightening situation, giing way to ualitatie change o its inluence on global liuid- Hopes and Worries ity. dditionally, the possibility o Text by Yang Changyong large-scale inancial risk in emerging economies may rise. With The current world economy is characterized by disjointed dynamics, more deeloping countries suer- widening gaps, increasing risks of slowdown and accelerated policy ing rom currency dealuation and adjustments. Plagued by uncertainty and instability, the world greater capital outlow, the inan- economy is expected to maintain weak growth momentum. cial risk in emerging markets is eoling rom singular to systematic. major inancial market he year 2018 marked the 10th .S. protectionism on its economy crash in a ew countries may anniersary o the breakout will urther grow in 2019. The IMF trigger problems in many emerging o global inancial crisis and orecasted that in 2019, the aerage markets. This possibility should represented a turning point growth rate o deeloped economies not be ignored. Tin world economic patterns towards would be 2.1 percent, 0.3 percent- Considering the slowdown o major deelopment, transormation age points lower than that o 2018, world economic growth, rising and adjustment. Some signiicant and speciically, the growth rate protectionism and unilateral- eents last year will exert ar-reach- o the nited States would be 2.5 ism and aster eolution o global ing inluence on world economic percent, 0.4 percentage points down trading rules, China is acing trends and the process o global- compared with the preious year. complicated and serious challenges ization in areas such as technology, t the same time, the risk o a rom an external enironment inrastructure and regulation. downturn in the world economy undergoing proound changes. It is particularly noteworthy might increase. For starters, the In 2019, China will coordinate that the nited States is luring or negatie impact o .S. protec- stabilization o growth, promote orcing global capital to low into tionism will continue to grow. reorm, adjust structure, improe the country through a policy mix ccording to the IMF, ater an peoples lielihoods, preent risk o monetary policy normalization eident drop in 2018, the growth and maintain economic growth at protectionism high standard- rate o global cargo exports will a reasonable range. It will urther ization o rules to strengthen all urther to 3.76 percent. The stabilize employment, inance, the uniied ront o adanced .S. Federal esere continues to oreign trade, oreign capital and economies based on new rules. raise interest rates, which might inestment and boost market Meanwhile, it is placing a dual push .S. monetary policy into conidence as well as increase pressure o capital outlow a tightening range. In ecember peoples senses o gains, happi- marginalization o rules on deel- 2018, the .S. Federal pen ness and security. nd the country oping countries. erall, the present Market Committee predicted that will maintain the healthy growth world economy is characterized the median ederal unds rate or o economy and the stability o by increasingly disjointed dynam- 2019 would reach 2.9 percent, society, laying a solid oundation ics, widening gaps, increasing risks exceeding the long-term neutral or building a moderately prosper- o slowdown and accelerated policy rate o 2.8 percent. This means ous society in all respects and adjustments. Facing greater uncer- that although the Federal esere preparing to welcome the 70th tainty and instability, the world raised interest rates and shrank the anniersary o the ounding o the economy is expected to maintain balance sheets, the ederal unds Peoples epublic o China. weak growth momentum at best. rate was still below the long-term danced economies includ- neutral rate in the past, which ing the nited States suered a eidenced that monetary policy decreased growth rate, which may did not undamentally change its The author is an associate research fellow at the Institute of Foreign Economics under drag down the world economy in relaxed situation. But once the the Chinese Academy of Macroeconomic 2019. dditionally, the impact o ederal unds rate goes higher Research.

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Lessons from Forty Years of China-U.S. Ties Text by Yuan Youwei The China-U.S. relationship hasn’t always been smooth, but it has October 15, 2018: Chinese and American consistently overcome disagreements to continue improving. experts discuss China’s economy and China-U.S. relations at a forum held at John F. Kennedy School of Government. by Wang Ying/Xinhua

n anuary 1, 1979, China swayed by any speciic incident. Third, trade is the corner- and the nited States They hae worked together to stone o China-.S. relations. In ormally established achiee long-term deelopment o contrast with relations between the diplomatic ties at the China-.S. relations. Seeral years nited States and the ormer Soiet Oambassadorial leel. ter setbacks ago, when the two countries became nion, China-.S. trade relations and improements oer 40 years, the more competitie with each other, are closely intertwined. specially depth and complexity o China-.S. President Xi inping and President with the expansion o globaliza- relations are greater than anyone Barack bama innoated methods tion, trade between China and the could hae imagined. en ormer o communication. Through special nited States has become crucial or .S. Secretary o State Henry inormal talks such as the meeting the entire world. Trumps trade war Kissinger, who helped recoer at the Sunnylands estate and talks against China has caused a blow not relations between the two countries, at Yingtai in hongnanhai and in only to Chinas economy, but also to claimed that no one could imagine the White House, Xi and bama the .S. inancial market, merican the depth o China-.S. relations. discussed a wide range o topics oer armers and the speed o global er the past our decades, a airly long period o time. Good growth. ll o these eidence the relations between the two countries outcomes tend to come rom discus- key role o trade in China-.S. ties. hae demonstrated three central sions with a less serious tenor. Last but not the least, the two sides characteristics: First, their bilateral Second, the goernments o the hae always sought to expand cooper- relations haent always been smooth, two countries can consider bilateral ation while controlling diergences. but improe while soling dier- relations rom a strategic prospec- China and the nited States are gences. Second, when there is a need tie according to changes in the dierent in many aspects including or strategic cooperation, the relation- international situation, so that any ideology, social systems and culture, ship is steady, but otherwise unstable. single issue cant derail the entire so it should be expected or bilateral Third, during the periods when their relationship abruptly. s compe- relations to become contradictory relations are stable, outstanding dier- tition has become a bigger actor and diergent at times. Howeer, the gences and contradictions still persist. in China-.S. relations, Chinese two countries can always iew their How hae China-.S. relations President Xi inping proposed build- relationship rom a strategic point o improed so much despite so many ing a new model o major-country iew. They are working to eliminate diiculties and setbacks Many relationship. When the nited diergences, instead o ignoring them, lessons can be learned rom recent States launched a trade war against to minimize misunderstandings. The history that will be aluable or China, it was a seere blow to bilat- two countries hae strengthened uture interactions. eral relations. n ecember 1, 2018, cooperation at bilateral, regional and First, interactions between President Xi and President Trump global leels. leaders o the two countries held talks in rgentina, during hae played a key role. Leaders which they reached consensus to o both countries can iew bilat- propel the China-.S. relationship The author is deputy director general of the Department of External Affairs at the eral relations rom a strategic and based on coordination, cooperation China Center for International Economic long-term prospectie without being and stability. Exchanges.

CHINA PICTORIAL 07 New Ideas and New Goals for a New Era

Crisis Meets Opportunity The Next Step for Private Business in China Text By Zhou Dewen

If Chinese private enterprises precisely adapt to changing market demand, actively adjust product mix and manage debt, a bright future awaits.

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March 7, 2017: Workers test car performance on a production line of Geely Automobile in Ningbo City, Zhejiang Province. The Chinese automaker actively expanded international cooperation and sold more than 1.5 million cars in 2018, up by 20 percent year-on-year, despite a struggling domestic car market. VCG

er the past decade, Chinese priate companies upgrading and improing industrial structure, riding hae seen ups and downs. The global inancial the tide o national deelopment plans such as Made in crisis in 2008 and the priate-lending crisis in China 2025. Hopeully these companies will continue China in 2011 led to massie shutdowns. The to embrace goernment policies or a long time. Ocountrys supply-side structural reorm, which kicked lthough most priate businesses in China are o in 2016 and lasts to this day, has weeded out many ine-tuned to meet demands or the countrys long-term businesses that were using outdated technology, ailing deelopment and international industrial specialization, to add substantial alue and lacking eicient production. it is undeniable that some companies are suering under Priate enterprises that hae endured the challenges increasingly intense market competition resulting rom to remain in operation hae demonstrated substantial drastic changes in the international market and tight- resilience. ened inancial policies at home. Chinas priate economy is composed uite dier- Most major operational problems acing Chinese ently compared to the past. xisting priate companies priate enterprises all into one o the two categories: are largely compliant with the goernments policies on inability to eectiely meet consumer demand in the

CHINA PICTORIAL 09 New Ideas and New Goals for a New Era

market or a shortage o capital to sustain production opportunities when they emerge. and operations and seize a technological upgrade. The Seek international opportunities. Cross-border problems usually surace in the orm o a debt crisis or a acuisition costs hae dropped thanks to the gloomy capital chain rupture when they become exacerbated. global economic outlook, which presents opportu- How can Chinese priate businesses seize new nities or priate enterprises rom China to acuire opportunities and kindle another boom amid enormous uality uropean and merican companies. danced challenges at home and abroad The ollowing sugges- products and technology attained through acuisitions could help: tion can help the buyers gain competitieness in the Cope with uncertainties caused by the prolonged domestic market and meet demands or new products China-.S. trade conlict. Chinas priate compa- as domestic consumption upgrades. t the same time, nies should actiely adjust and optimize their product cross-border acuisitions can beneit these companies mix and, i possible, appropriately cut exports to the by proiding wider marketing channels to boost sales in nited States and prioritize orders rom other markets oerseas markets. to reduce dependence on the .S. market and aoid the Facilitate a technological upgrade. When corpo- risk brought by China-.S. trade conlict. rate resources allow, priate enterprises should actiely Control corporate debt. It is common or enter- implement technological upgrade and improe their prises to operate with liabilities, but piling debt beyond business structure through technological innoa- ability always results in enormous pressure and risk. tion. Chinas priate companies hae been encouraged In this sense, priate companies are not encouraged to to upgrade or rebuild operational and organizational expand their debt blindly or short-term orders or new processes to gain more competitieness in domestic and projects without a sound ealuation to aoid risk o a oerseas markets. capital chain rupture. Instead, the enterprises should dapt to technological waes. s science and operate within their inancial capabilities and eectiely technology adance day by day, complete industrial control debt, so as to be better poised to seize uture chains transorm accordingly. Priate enterprises should

December 27, 2018: A workshop of the Starlight printing company Stuffed toys produced in two factories in Laopo Village of Zaozhuang in Suzhou City, Jiangsu Province produces greeting cards to be City, Shandong Province are exported to more than 20 countries and exported to the United States and Europe. Over the past two years, regions including Spain and the United States. This photo shows one of the company has invested more than 30 million yuan (US$4.5 million) their workshops. VCG in technical innovation and intelligent facilities, aiming to make half of its production process automated by 2020. VCG

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April 18, 2017: A worker builds supporting sticks for newly planted Lycium chinensis seeds in a demonstration area for photovoltaic power stations in Yinchuan City, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region. The area was funded by a local private enterprise to promote complementary agriculture to accompany solar power generation. VCG

ollow technological progress related to their opera- entrepreneurs, born in the 1970s and 1980s, has now tions, resere a pool o talent and technology, precisely become the major orce o business. Most o them identiy market demand resulting rom the consumption are well-educated and armed with modern corporate upgrade and proide products and serices consistent managerial knowledge. Many studied oerseas in the with the latest trends at the right time. nited States or urope, sharply contrasting the older Seize opportunities rom urbanization. Chinas generation o Chinese priate entrepreneurs who thried demographic structure has been transorming as with considerably less education. Furthermore, the increasing numbers o rural residents become urban younger entrepreneurs are the irst generation to absorb residents. The growing population in cities and towns the impact o new technologies such as the internet so has certainly led to market expansion and upgrade. The they are more adaptie to new things. Their interna- new urban population is embracing drastic changes tional ision helps them gain competition adantages. in liing conditions. Traditionally, much o their Facing unaorable conditions at home and abroad, means o lielihood were sel-produced and sel-con- priate businesses in China are encountering diiculties sumed, but now the demand is met by the market. This o diering degrees yet great opportunities or deel- process is bound to impact Chinas economic dynamics opment remain. I Chinese priate enterprises careully prooundly. Priate businesses are most intimately aware adapt to changing market demand, actiely adjust o the changing demand in urban markets. nd priate product mix and manage debt, a bright uture awaits. companies will ind new growth engines to promote long-term deelopment i they manage to understand the huge underlying opportunities. In conronting many challenges, Chinese priate The author is vice director of the Economic Commission of the Central Committee of the China Association for Promoting enterprises hae demonstrated ar more igor and Democracy (CAPD), one of China’s non-Communist parties. He also cemented more solid bases since the international inan- serves as head of the Institute for China’s Industry and Finance cial crisis in 2008. The new generation o priate Integration Studies and chairman of the Federation of Private Investment Enterprises in Zhejiang.

CHINA PICTORIAL 11 FEATURES

The Flipside —Landing on the Far Side of the Moon

Concept by China Pictorial

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It is human nature to explore the unknown. When children gazed at the moon half a century ago, they were eyeing somewhere they could never go. And there was a side of the moon that no human had ever seen, even with the help of telescopes. On January 3, 2019, the successful landing of China’s Chang’e-4 probe on the far side of the moon marked a significant step for human exploration of outer space and a pristine exhibition of human wisdom and cooperation. Humans have responsibility to explore and understand the world around us. When kids turn their heads to the moon tonight, the sphere will be closer to their hearts than ever before.

Thermal test of the Chang’e-4 lander. Nearly 50 years after astronauts first stood on the moon, the Chang’e-4 probe’s soft —Landing on the Far Side of the Moon landing on the far side of the moon will help people better understand the lunar environment and Earth. courtesy of China Academy of Space Technology

CHINA PICTORIAL 13 FEATURES

Chang’e-4 Lonely Landing Edited by Zhao Yue

Chang’e-4, China’s lunar probe, has completed the first soft landing on the far side of the moon. The touchdown represented one small step for a Chinese probe and one giant leap for mankind’s space exploration.

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ince ancient times, Chinese people hae aspired to explore the moon. ccording to a airy tale known throughout China, the moon is inhab- Sited by Change, a woman who drank an immortality elixir and ascended to heaen as a goddess. She is accompanied by the ade abbit, who persistently grinds medicine in a mortar, and a 1,600-meter-tall laurel tree that can neer be cut down. In 2004, ater more than a decade o research and planning, Chinas lunar exploration program was oicially launched. Chinese scientists romantically named the program ater the goddess o the moon and its lunar roer Yutu (ade abbit), the pet o the goddess Change. Since then, seeral Change missions hae been completed, eidencing an increasingly accelerated pace o Chinese exploration o the moon. Change- 1, Change-2 and Change-3 lunar probes were successully launched in 2007, 2010 and 2013, respectiely, all o which accomplished their missions. In ecember 2017, China announced plans to complete the Change-4 mission through two launches in 2018: It would launch the ueiao (Magpie Bridge) relay satellite in the irst hal o the year and the Change-4 probe in the second hal. n May 21, 2018, a Long March 4C rocket carrying the ueiao relay satellite blasted o rom Xichang Satellite Launch Center in southwestern Chinas Sichuan Proince.

A panoramic photo of the moon’s far side taken by a camera installed on the top of the Chang’e-4 lander (azimuthal projection). Technicians monitor the testing of electrical properties. courtesy of China National courtesy of China Academy of Space Technology Space Administration

CHINA PICTORIAL 15 FEATURES

ter a series o complicated orbital maneu- the morning o anuary 3, 2019, the Change-4 ers, ueiao entered the L2 halo orbit about probe began its descent rom an orbit 15 65,000 kilometers rom the moon. It became kilometers aboe the surace o the moon. t the irst satellite to reach the location, with a 100 meters up, the probe hoered aboe the mission to relay communication between the surace to identiy obstacles and measure the Change-4 lunar probe and arth. slopes on the surace. ter naigating around n ecember 8, 2018, the Change-4 obstacles, it selected a relatiely lat area and probe was launched on its journey to the descended ertically and slowly. moon. n ecember 12, ater 110 hours o t 10:26 a.m., with the assistance o reerse light, the probe entered an elliptical lunar thrusters and buer euipment, the one-ton-plus polar orbit with a perilune o 100 kilome- probe successully landed in the Von Karman ters, ollowing a lunar orbit insertion burn. Crater o the South Pole-itken Basin on the The lunar burn was a crucial orbital maneuer ar side o the moon. t 11:40 a.m., the lander or the Change-4 probe to reach the moon, snapped the worlds irst close-up photo o the through which the probe slowed down below moons ar side and sent it back to arth. t 3:07 escape elocity, enabling it to be pulled by the p.m., Chinese scientists sent a command through graity o the moon and enter lunar orbit. the ueiao relay satellite to hae the Yutu-2 n ecember 30, 2018, ater an orbital roer separate rom the lander. t 10:22 p.m., the transer, the Change-4 probe entered a preset roer touched the lunar surace. Both the lander orbit to land on the ar side o the moon. n and the roer began their scientiic work.

A photo taken by the Yutu-2 rover on January 11, 2019 A photo taken by the Chang’e-4 lander on January 11, shows the Chang’e-4 lander. courtesy of China National 2019 shows the Yutu-2 rover. courtesy of China National Space Administration Space Administration

The first close-up image of the moon’s far side taken by The screen at the Beijing Aerospace Control Center shows the Chang’e-4 probe. courtesy of China National Space the Chang’e-4 lander (right) and the Yutu-2 rover taking Administration pictures of each other on January 11, 2019. by Jin Liwang/Xinhua

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An image captured by the Saudi camera aboard the Longjiang-2 microsatellite shows a portion of the northern hemisphere of the far side of the moon and the distant Earth. Xinhua

CHINA PICTORIAL 17 FEATURES

The Yutu-2 rover during a test. A robotic lunar rover developed n anuary 5, the Change-4 probe tested or Chinas lunar exploration program. The as part of the Chang’e-4 mission, its perormance in high temperatures as the program consists o three stages: unmanned Yutu-2 is named sun rose to its highest point oer the landing lunar probes, manned lunar landing, and after a legendary rabbit that lives site. The Yutu-2 roer entered standby mode construction o a moon base. The irst on the moon as to protect itsel rom temperatures reaching stage also includes three steps: orbiting companion of moon goddess Chang’e. as high as 200 degrees Celsius. n anuary 10, the moon, landing on the moon and bring- courtesy of China National Space the roer reawakened ater a midday nap ing samples rom the lunar surace back to Administration and resumed its operation. arth. So ar, China has completed orbiting n the aternoon o anuary 11, with and landing on the moon. The Change-5 support rom the ueiao relay satellite, probe will take o to bring samples on the the lander and the Yutu-2 roer took photos surace o the moon back to arth around o each other on the ar side o the moon, 2020, laying groundwork or uture manned marking complete success o the irst stage lunar landings. o Chinas Change-4 lunar probe mission. The Change-4 landing on the ar side terward, the Change-4 probe entered a o the moon was one small step or a mode o scientiic detection, with the lander Chinese probe, but one giant leap or human conducting in-position detection and the roer space exploration. The ininite possibili- conducting patrols. ties presented by the boundless unierse are The Change-4 mission sets a new bar inching closer.

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A diagram of Chang’e-5 taking samples from the surface of the moon back to Earth around 2020. The Chang’e-5 lunar probe will be very complex, consisting of four parts: an orbiter, a returner, an ascender and a lander. courtesy of Shenzhou Media

CHINA PICTORIAL 19 FEATURES

Sketch Map for the Flight Track of Chang’e-4

Trajectory Correction

On December 9, 2018, Chang’e-4 made one trajectory correction before entering its designed orbit for landing. According the original plan, the probe would need three trajectory corrections. One-time trajectory correction could save incredible amounts of fuel for the probe, thus creating good conditions for its later performance and Separation of prolonging the lifespan of the device. the Rocket and the Probe

On December 8, 2018, a Long March 3B rocket was launched from Xichang Satellite Launch Center in Sichuan Province, carrying the Chang’e-4 probe into Earth-moon transfer orbit. After a flight of about 1,133 seconds, the two separated.

Solar Wings

Solar wings unfolded to collect solar energy to power the Chang’e-4 probe.

Chang’e-4 Probe

The Chang’e-4 probe consists of a lander and a rover. Chang’e-4 was born as the backup to Chang’e-3. The first spacecraft to soft-land on the far side of the moon, Chang’e-4 focuses on carrying out comprehensive research on the moon’s geology and resources to enrich studies about the celestial body.

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Queqiao Relay Satellite

Queqiao is operating on the halo orbit around the L2 point, providing communications relay for the lander and rover.

Space Braking

The braking was a crucial orbital maneuver for the Chang’e-4 probe, through which the probe slowed down below escape velocity, enabling it to be pulled by the gravity of the moon and enter lunar orbit.

Powered Lowering Lagrangian Point 2 On the morning of January Lagrangian Point 2 (L2) is one point near Earth and the moon where 3, 2019, the Chang’e-4 probe a smaller object will maintain its position relative to the two orbiting began its descent from an bodies. At this point, both the far side of the moon and Earth can be orbit 15 kilometers above the “seen” and the Queqiao relay satellite can maintain stable condition. surface of the moon. Using an engine thrust, the probe lowered its power and slowed down. Eventually, Chang’e-4 soft-landed on the far side of the moon, the first-ever Elliptical Lunar Polar Orbit with a contact for mankind. Perilune of 100 Kilometers

On December 12, 2018, after space braking, the probe entered an elliptical lunar polar orbit with a perilune of 100 kilometers in which it would stay for 18 days.

Illustration designed by Xinhua Orbital Transfer News Agency Information On December 30, 2018, after an orbital transfer, the Chang’e-4 probe sourced from China Scan for the Live Show of entered a preset orbit with a perilune of 15 kilometers and an apolune National Space the Soft Landing of the of 100 kilometers, where it would stay for four days. Administration Chang’e-4 Probe

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Functional Diagram of the Chang’e-4 Lander, Yutu-2 Lunar Rover and Queqiao Relay Satellite

The Chang’e-4 mission includes a lander, the Yutu-2 lunar rover and the Queqiao relay satellite. The Chang’e-4 lander and Yutu-2 lunar rover are collectively called Chang’e-4 probe. The probe flew about 400,000 kilometers and took 690 seconds to land on the moon. Chinese scientists designed the probe to work during the moon’s daytime and sleep at night. Like Earth, the moon also spins and has day and night. But a single day on the moon lasts the equivalent of 29.5 Earth days.

Driven by six wheels, Yutu-2 can rumble over a 20-centimeter-high stone at a top speed of 200 meters per hour. It was designed to operate for at least three months. The lunar rover is totally homegrown. In order to adapt to the harsh conditions and sharp temperature differences on the moon, Yutu-2 was specially designed for mobility security, energy supply and science exploration as well as its telemetry tele-control and communication system.

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Queqiao carries an umbrella-shaped antenna with a diameter of 4.2 meters, the largest communication antenna ever used in deep space exploration. Queqiao operates at the halo orbit around the L2 point. In celestial mechanics, the Lagrangian points are the points near two large bodies in orbit where a smaller object will maintain its position relative to the large orbiting bodies. The first three of these points were derived by the Swiss mathematician Euler in 1767. French mathematician Lagrange proved two more in 1772.

The success of the Chang’e-4 mission can be attributed to efforts from many countries. Alongside payloads from Germany and Sweden on the probe, the Queqiao relay satellite was equipped with a Dutch low-frequency radio detector, and the isotope heat source jointly made by China and Russia can guarantee Chang’e-4 survives the cold nights. A deep space exploration station built by China in South America participated in the measurement and control task. In June 2018, the miniature imaging camera from Saudi Arabia on the Longjiang-2, a microsatellite developed by Harbin Institute of Technology in northeastern China’s Heilongjiang Province, sent back many photos of the moon and Earth. Since the second half of 2018, NASA and China National Space Administration have negotiated several times on cooperative moon and deep space exploration.

The diagram is based on materials from VCG and Shenzhen Media.

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To the Moon at Chinese Speed —A Glance at China’s Lunar Missions

Edited by Zhao Yue

1991 October 24, 2007 orbit for the Sun-Earth L2 point, China’s space experts proposed Chang’e-1 was launched from 1.5 million kilometers from Earth, launching the country’s own Xichang Satellite Launch Center. to conduct scientific experiments. independent lunar explora- The same year, on November 7, tion program. after entering the lunar orbit, the August 25, 2011 satellite entered a 127-minute After a journey of 77 days, 1998 round polar circular orbit. Chang’e-2 entered orbit around L2, Chinese scientists started to plan, the first time a satellite set off from discuss and verify the feasibility of November 12, 2008 the lunar orbit for remote outer a lunar mission. They also began China released its first complete space, making China the third after to tackle early-stage scientific and map of the moon’s surface, the United States and the European technological problems. produced from data collected by Space Agency to have reached Chang’e-1. this point. The pioneer of China’s lunar mission, Chang’e-1 orbited 200 February 6, 2012 kilometers above the moon for China released a full lunar map 16 months, carried out compre- produced by the Chang’e-2 satel- hensive scientific research and lite with a spatial resolution of seven collected abundant data. In 2009, meters that showed more details of the satellite made a controlled the lunar surface than Chang’e-1. Chang’e-1 was China’s first artificial crash on the lunar surface. lunar satellite, with a total weight of about 2,350 kilograms and a size of By July 14, 2013 2,000mm×1,720mm×2,200mm. The October 2008 Chang’e-2, which was already a designed life of the satellite was one year. courtesy of Shenzhou Media The Chang’e-2 mission was man-made asteroid in the solar approved by China’s State Council. system, had flown 50 million January 2004 kilometers away from Earth. China’s lunar probe program, October 1, 2010 named Chang’e after the Chinese The Chang’e-2 satellite was goddess of the moon, was successfully launched. After formally launched. China’s first several orbital transfers, it finally unmanned lunar-orbiting satel- arrived in a 118-minute round lite was named Chang’e-1. The polar circular orbit and conducted country’s ambitious moon project research from 100 kilometers includes three phases: unmanned above the lunar surface. Chang’e-2 was China’s second lunar satellite lunar exploration, sending humans and the backup for Chang’e-1. It was 130 to the moon, and establishing a kilograms heavier than Chang’e-1. The life of its June 9, 2011 propelling system was increased from three to moon base. The Chang’e-2 satellite left its lunar six months. courtesy of Shenzhou Media

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of Chang’e-4 is the follow-up to Chang’e-3.

January 3, 2019 The Chang’e-4 probe landed in the pre-determined Von Karman Crater in the South Pole-Aitken Basin, the first-ever soft landing on the far side of the moon. Around 3.6 billion years old, the Von Karman Crater is believed to be the oldest impact crater in the solar system and may contain water.

Chang’e-3 was China’s first unmanned lunar probe to soft-land on the moon. It incorporated January 11, 2019 a robotic lander and a lunar rover. The net weight of the probe was 1,220 kilograms, of which the lander was a newly developed spacecraft platform with a weight of 1,080 kilograms and a The Chang’e-4 lander and Yutu-2 designed life of 12 months. courtesy of Shenzhou Media rover took pictures of each other that were transmitted to the December 2, 2013 three years, a record length of time mission control station on Earth via The Chang’e-3 probe was success- for a lander to work on the moon’s the Queqiao relay satellite, marking fully launched. On December 14, surface. complete success of the Chang’e-4 after 12 days of flight, Chang’e-3, mission. comprised of a lander and China’s May 21, 2018 first moon rover called Yutu (Jade China launched a relay satellite Around 2020 Rabbit), completed a soft landing named Queqiao (Magpie Bridge) The Chang’e-5, China’s first on the Sinus Iridum, or the Bay of to set up a communication link sample-return mission, is expected Rainbows, a plain of basaltic lava between Earth and the moon’s far to bring at least two kilograms of that forms a northwestern exten- side. lunar samples back to Earth. sion to the Mare Imbrium. Chang’e-3 has a mass of approx- June 14, 2018 imately 1,220 kilograms, and the Queqiao entered a halo orbit rover is 140 kilograms, the lightest around the L2 point of the Earth- lunar rover ever. Moon system, about 65,000 Sources: China National Space Administration, kilometers from the moon, becom- Clep.org.cn, and Xinhua News Agency February 18, 2016 ing the world’s first communication After “sleeping” during the lunar satellite operating in that orbit. night, the Chang’e-3 lander “woke up” for its 28th lunar day. The December 8, 2018 lander surpassed its designed life The Chang’e-4 probe was success- and performed exceptionally. fully launched. Consisting of a lander and a rover, Chang’e-4 By December 14, 2016 was originally built as a backup The Chang’e-3 lander had worked for Chang’e-3, and its rover admirably on the lunar surface for was named Yutu-2. The mission

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Moon as Captured by Chang’e Probes Edited by Zhao Yue

Moon Shot by Chang’e-1 n oember 12, 2008, China published the irst picture o the entire moon that was pieced together rom photos taken by the Change-1 satellite. This was the worlds most complete image o the moon eer published. The image o the lunar surace coered eery corner o the mysterious moon: Change-1 examined eery inch o the moon and sent back complete data. This picture, processed rom images shot by the satellite on rbit 589, coers the area on the moon rom 180 degrees east longitude to 180 degrees west longitude and between 90 degrees north latitude and 90 degrees south latitude.

Xinhua

Moon Shot by Chang’e-2 Mollweide projection o the entire moon. n February 6, 2012, China published an image o the whole moon with a resolution o seen meters. The Change-2 probe adjusted its orbit seeral times and shot 746 images at this resolution, with total data o 800GB. Those pictures recorded the genuine landscape o the lunar surace. The resolution and uality o the images are the best in the world. Xinhua

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Xinhua Moon Shot by Chang’e-3 high-resolution picture o the lunar surace taken by Change-3. n ecember 14, 2013, Chinas Change-3 probe successully completed a sot landing on the moon, which marked China becoming the third country ater the nited States and the ormer Soiet nion to successully make a sot landing on an extraterrestrial celestial body. Change-3 started working shortly thereater. In pril 2016, China released the worlds highest-resolution colored picture o the moon shot by Change-3 and the Yutu (ade abbit) moon roer, presenting resh material or the research o the moon globally. It was also the clearest picture o the moon in our decades since the mericans landed on the celestial body in 1969. The picture shows many details o the surace o the moon, ranging rom the tracks o moon roer Yutu and rocks o all sizes to impact craters.

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One in Ten Million —Exclusive Interview with Ye Peijian, Chief Scientist with China’s Lunar Exploration Program

Interviewed by Wen Zhihong, Hu Zhoumeng and Li Zhuoxi Text by Hu Zhoumeng

“After living for more than 70 years, I have seen many ups and downs. But I feel excited now because I am so proud. Humans will finally land a spacecraft on the moon’s far side, and Chang’e-4 is ready.”

ery time beore a satel- o the Change-4 probe, Ye said at processes in three stepsorbit- lite launch, Ye Peijian eels a motiational conerence: ter ing, landing and returning. There the pride swell. erybody liing or more than 70 years, I hae was no diergence in the design o in the country will know seen many ups and downs. But I eel the three-step plan, but there was Ewe succeed when the satellite goes excited now because I am so proud. disagreement on how to perorm into space. Humans will inally land a space- the irst step. Seeral options Ye has been deoted to Chinas crat on the moons ar side, and were presented, and the CSTs lunar probing or two decades. In Change-4 is ready. I hae had such plan was ultimately chosen or 2001, he accepted the role o the great luck. mong the 7.5 billion two main reasons. First, we could chie scientist o the Change-1 people on arth, the core team o not adopt too many new technol- project and led his team to trailblaze the Change-4 project consists o ogies concerning risk control so the Chinese path to the moon. From only a ew hundred. This opportu- we mainly inherited the technol- the demonstration o lunar explo- nity is only one in ten million. nd ogies o two preious satellites, ration plans to team organization we got it. onganghong-3 and China arth and releant design and research esource Satellite-2. Second, China and then to the implementation o China Pictorial (CP): Were is a latecomer in lunar exploration, the lunar-probing missions, Ye has there any setbacks in the three- so we needed some innoatie ways witnessed eery thrilling moment year feasibility study of China’s to accelerate the project and ensure o the Change project and knows lunar exploration program it continues moing een ater all about the hardship behind the conducted from 2001 to 2004? completion. In all, we achieed uite success. Currently, he seres as What foundation did the discus- a good balance o inheritance and chie scientist o deep space explo- sion lay for the program? innoation. ration at the China cademy o Ye Peijian: It was uite a compli- ne critical lesson China has Space Technology (CST). s a cated process. ue to limited learned rom both manned space- consultant to chie designer and unding, we had to achiee scien- lights and lunar exploration chie commander o the Change tiic goals and progress in space program is the importance o sound probe project, Ye continues to steer technology with a limited number top-leel design. Throughout the Chinas journey o lunar exploration. o launches. So, we planned to three steps or our lunar probes, we ust two days beore the launch complete all unmanned lunar probe will stick to the plan and keep the

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team stable. We hae all adopted this o another satellite, China arth radiation sensors but there was philosophy: When working on one esources Satellite-2, Chinas irst none in China at that time, so step, we consider how to utilize the transmission satellite or arth we had to start research on it technology used in the ormer step obseration. rom scratch. n arth satellite as well as how to sere the next step. Change-1 was Chinas irst reuires two-body positioning This ensures we continue striding lunar-probing satellite, and we while a moon satellite reuires orward no matter how hard it is. conronted many unprecedented three-body positioning includ- technical challenges that were ing arth, the sun and the moon, CP: After the Chang’e-1 project sources o hardship and pressure. so its antenna must spin. How was first launched in 2004, it took For instance, how did the satel- could we make it happen The your team three years to finish lite approach the moon without temperature gap along the moon building the Chang’e-1 satellite. getting sucked to its surace by orbit can exceed 300 degrees What was the biggest challenge of graity We could not experi- Celsius, so how could the satel- that period? ment on arth to answer this lite surie both extremes while Ye: When I accepted the role o uestion. nd how should we circling the moon There were the chie designer o Change-1, I tackle communications with the many more uestions. ltimately was shouldering enormous respon- moon nearly 400,000 kilometers we summarized seen key techni- sibility because I also sered as away rom arth Moon-based cal problems and soled them the chie designer and commander positioning reuires ultraiolet one by one.

Ye Peijian is chief scientist of deep space exploration at the China Academy of Space Technology. He is a consultant to the chief designer and chief commander of the Chang’e probe project. by Chen Jian

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the moons ar side. s long as research there. International cooper- CP: What was your tensest Chinas lunar exploration contin- ation contributes to mankind, moment working on the lunar ues, the ar side was always going demonstrating Chinas inclusieness exploration program? to remain key to innoation. I the and openness. Some international Ye: I kept thinking that we chance emerges, why skip it and lunar exploration projects exclude desered to succeed ater all the spend more time and money in China, but we arent looking to eorts we made. I we didnt the uture to do the same thing exclude anyone. ll countries are succeed, there might hae been Change-4 aced many challenges something we missed. ur work as it worked to land on the ar side on the Change project has been o the moon. Communications meticulous. You should see problems became a major issue, the hundreds o malunction so we launched a relay satellite. emergency response plans we made The geographic enironment o or the Change-4 mission. We took the ar side o the moon is uite The best scenario for eerything we could imagine into complicated, so landing reuired flight control experts consideration and drilled proce- multiple sensors to determine the dures, een including who makes surrounding landorm, something is when they’re decisions when problems emerge we also successully accomplished. drinking coffee and and how to report to authorities. Howeer, there is no guaran- CP: The Chang’e-4 mission chatting, with nothing tee or success in any scientiic included international cooper- experiment. ation on its scientific payloads, else left to do. I hae witnessed the launch o which were supplied by four inter- each Change spacecrat person- national partners. What is your welcome to participate in our space ally. s a key member, I always stay opinion on the collaboration? station construction and our lunar calm so nobody else panics. I I Ye: nly a limited number o exploration. merican scientists appear anxious, people may expect isits hae been made to the moon, hae suggested extending the opera- huge trouble. The best scenario or and scientists all oer the world tional time o ueiao (Magpie light control experts is when theyre jump at the opportunity to conduct Bridge), Chinas lunar relay satellite, drinking coee and chatting, with nothing else let to do.

CP: How do you monitor the progress of the lunar exploration program and prevent potential risk? Ye: espite the success o Change-1, opposition to the launch o Change-2 was strong. But should Change-1 be Chinas one-o lunar exploration backup satellite had already been completed, and there was little reason not to launch it to accumu- late more experience or the uture. Change-2 successully reached the arth-Sun L2 point, which is 1.5 million kilometers rom arth, and achieed a lyby o the asteroid 4179 Toutatis. Beore the latest lunar mission, some objected to Ye Peijian explains China’s lunar probe to students at Hangzhou Chongwen Experimental the idea o Change-4 landing on School in Hangzhou City, Zhejiang Province. courtesy of China Academy of Space Technology

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Workers test the Chang’e-4 lunar probe at an assembly center. The probe has become the first-ever spacecraft to make a successful landing on the far side of the moon. courtesy of China Academy of Space Technology to ie years. They hope to use the years o human use. It is a kind o We aim to take samples rom the satellite, and we also welcome that. clean energy. The diiculty is how moon back to arth this year. We are to exploit it on the moon and take also conducting research on sending CP: What is the value of it back to arth. It may seem hard astronauts to the moon and planning exploring the moon? now, but what about in a century to isit the South and orth Poles o Ye: Was the moon part o or two It is not aailable now, but the moon. In the oreseeable uture, arth r did it come into being it is not necessarily unaailable in we will be in a leading position in simultaneously with arth the uture. lunar exploration. ccording to There are still no promising our plan, the Mars-1 probe will be clues. esearch o the moon can CP: What do you think of the launched in 2020. It will not only enhance our understanding on the ability and momentum of China’s orbit Mars, but also land and roe on ormation o the unierse. Better deep space exploration compared the ed Planet. I the plan succeeds, understanding o the moon can to other countries? China will be a step ahead on explor- acilitate the renoation and explo- Ye: Moon exploration has regained ing Mars. We also plan to explore ration o arth. There is also a popularity in the 21st century. But we asteroids and reach upiter by the wealth o resources on the moon. cannot expect China to make remark- 100th anniersary o the ounding o For example, Helium-3 rom able achieements oernight. ur the Peoples epublic o China. nly the moon can be used to gener- eorts hae paid o, but in general when those steps are completed will ate nuclear power. Its supply o we are still lagging behind the global China take a leading position in deep Helium-3 is enough or 10,000 orerunners in this ield. space exploration.

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A Scientist’s Dream —Exclusive Interview with Zhang He, Executive Director of the Chang’e-4 Probe Project at the China Academy of Space Technology

Interviewed by Li Zhuoxi Text by Wen Zhihong

ust beore the Change-4 ar side could kindle many scien- probe was set to land, Ye tiic discoeries which will be o Peijian, a consultant to chie great signiicance or scientists and commander and chie designer engineers worldwide. Jo the Change project, approached hang He, executie director o CP: From launch to landing, the project, to ask whether she was when were you most nervous? nerous. little, admitted hang. What do you think was the most ont worry, Ye said. elax. crucial factor for the success of ter the long 10 minutes during Chang’e-4? which the probe slowed and landed Zhang He: Three moments on the moon, hang let out a sigh o tugged at my heartstrings. The relie and turned back to hold hands irst was the launch o the rocket. with Ye and cried with happiness. It mattered whether the probe Change-4 was originally a could enter into the correct orbit backup or Change-3. Back then, a and whether the solar panels could big debate took place to determine unold to collect power. The second whether Change-4 would land on was space braking. When approach- the near side or the ar side o the ing the moon, i Change-4 didnt moon. Some uestioned why other slow down, it would hae missed countries had not gone to the ar the moon and drited into space. So, side. thers asked why China should both its speed and position had to go and what it would mean. be controlled accurately. therwise, hang He, executie direc- it wouldnt orbit the moon. The last tor o the Change-4 probe project but the most nere-racking moment at the China cademy o Space was the slow lowering and landing Technology, granted an exclusie process. Contrasting Change- interiew to China Pictorial (CP). 3, Change-4 relies heaily on the ccording to her, exploring the ar ueiao relay satellite or commu- side o the moon has always been nications, resulting in a two to a dream or scientists around the three-minute delay. This eliminated world. The images sent by the probe any chance to change directions. presented a ery dierent picture So the whole process could not be o the moons ar side rom what amended or reersed. humans had imagined. Furthermore, ach leg o Change-4 has a a comparison o the exploration moon-touching switch. When we results rom the near side and the saw the our switches were o, along

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with the image sent back by the we adjusted the powered lower- possible obstruction. camera, we knew the probe inally ing strategy and made many The workstation on the ground landed on the moon. The subse- modiications to control sotware. could see the landing o Change-3 uent challenge was the automatic Change-3 descended obliuely with a ery short-time delay. The spread o the solar wings. ter this when landing on the moon. But communications or Change-4 step, we belieed we had aoided the Change-4 irst moed horizon- had a longer delay and we couldnt most dangerous problems and elt tally while slowing down and then respond to potential malunctions in relieed. arried six kilometers aboe its real time. So we granted Change-4 ather bumpy compared to the designed landing point. Finally, some automatic unctions to allow it near side, the moons ar side is ull it descended to the landing point to judge whether the engine was on o craters. So unlike Change-3, almost ertically in order to aoid and whether the sensors worked.

Since 2001, Zhang He has joined the demonstration team of China’s Chang’e probe project. This time, she serves as the executive director of the Chang’e-4 probe project. by Chen Jian

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Assembling the rover. courtesy of China Academy of Space Technology

CP: What are the possible bounce o objects below to collect countries and international problems and challenges during inormation about the layered struc- organizations? the scientific investigation of the ture o the lunar crust. We hope that Zhang: The lander and roer Chang’e-4 lander and the Yutu-2 Yutu-2 can go urther. are euipped with our scientiic rover on the far side of the moon? The most diicult part is the payloads each. For instance, the What are the biggest break- low-reuency radio astronomical roer carries a panoramic camera to throughs that will be made? obseration, which is a new payload take pictures or scientiic research, Zhang: Because the eolu- o Change-4 aiming to obsere the and a neutral atom detector deel- tion history o the ar side and near low-reuency radio signals rom oped by Sweden to analyze what side o the moon is uite dier- the unierse, the sun and other neutral atoms exist on the moon. ent, we hope the Change-4 probe celestial bodies. The diicult actor The lander has a neutron radiation can make new discoeries in the is that our probe itsel also emits detector deeloped by Germany to analysis o surace material on the a lot o low-reuency electromag- test the neutron enironment o the ar side o the moon, which mainly netic signals. moon and discoer whether there relies on the inrared spectrometer ccording to data we hae is water or ice on the moon and an loaded on the roer o Change-4 already collected, a lot o work has inrared imaging spectrometer to to analyze the composition o the to be done to urther eliminate noise obtain images o the moons surace. lunar soil. Change-3 also carried and truly separate the low-reuency Chinas State dministration o such a deice. radio signals rom the unierse, Science, Technology and Industry n the last lunar day, the inra- especially rom the sun. or ational eence has collected red spectrometer was turned on and payloads globally. But because o the will continue to work this month. CP: What scientific payloads limits on weight, the Change-4 probe The Yutu-2 lunar roer is euipped is the Chang’e-4 probe equipped is euipped with only our interna- with an electromagnetic radar like with? What were the selection tional payloads. The ueiao (Magpie that on Change-3. It works by criteria for those? What is the Bridge) relay satellite carries a low-re- sending out electromagnetic pulses significant international cooper- uency radio astronomical instrument that trael through lunar soil and ation between China and other deeloped by the etherlands.

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CP: What is the biggest differ- on the moon What is under the lunar probe project and aerospace work ence between Chang’e-3 and crust We plan to land a spacecrat at has gien me more courage to ace Chang’e-4? the moons poles in the ourth phase challenges, and I became more Zhang: The two probes look o Chinas lunar exploration program. competent in soling problems. In similar, but they are uite dierent. The primary challenge is presented my early days on the Change project, Firstly, because the naigation by the more rugged landorm at the I once took part in an engine test. control strategy o the Change-4 poles and permanently shadowed The sueaking o the engine became landing is dierent rom that o areas where landers cant escape extremely loud at certain parts, which Change-3, naigation sensors, laser once they all in. Change-3 landed made me nerous. My colleagues range sensors and microwae eloc- in an optional area o a ew hundred comorted me by saying, Take some ity sensors are specially modiied or suare kilometers, and Change-4 time and you will get used to it. the ar side o the moon. landed in an optional area o a ew nother time in a mechanics experi- The second dierence is the suare kilometers. But landing at the ment, I heard increasing sound as the collection o data about the tempera- moons poles reuires the lander to whole satellite resonated on a dierent ture o the moon night, which ind a proper spot within an area o reuency band. When the tremen- Change-3 did not achiee. Whats one suare kilometer or een smaller, dous noise surrounded me, I could not the temperature o the moon at which increases the diiculty. hae elt more nerous and worried night The .S. pollo mission on The lunar poles are also extremely that something went wrong with the the near side o the moon obtained cold because o low sun angles and project. This was a hard exercise on related data and the country has there is no energy and light in the my mental endurance. ter endur- reported in other materials that the permanently shadowed areas, which ing more exercises like this, I tend to temperature o lunar soil is as low creates new barriers or heat supply beliee that any problem can be soled as minus 180 degrees Celsius, but and energy sustainment o the probe. no matter how diicult it is. China does not hae its own data. We are also looking to explore more I hae been obsessed with gazing Change-4 uses technological materials deep in the lunar soil, which at the stars since I was a kid, and I breakthroughs to sole the problem reuires lunar probe robots to be more took many photos o starry nights o continuous power supply to the capable o working independently at and celestial bodies. I always dream moon night temperature acuisition deep digging, lying and task planning. o going urther and seeing more deice. The lander is able to reach the nd China hopes to complete building extraterrestrial celestial bodies. So, I lunar soil by laying out many measur- a scientiic station or long-term opera- eel extremely lucky to work in deep ing points to obtain the temperature tion on the moon by 2030. space exploration and be a member o the lunar soil and other data. s or deep space exploration, o Chinas lunar probe team. alongside a manned moon landing, CP: What are the challenges China also plans to explore Mars, CP: Contact with aliens has ahead for China’s lunar upiter, asteroids and een the edges been frequently discussed. What probe project and deep space o the solar system. To achiee these do you think of the mysterious exploration? goals, we need to tackle enormous signals from the universe? Do you Zhang: The work on the technological challenges concerning believe in extraterrestrial life? Change-5 lunar probe is ongoing orbit design, automated naiga- Zhang: I beliee that humans it is expected to bring lunar samples tion, power system, communication are not the only intelligent beings in back to arth. Chinas lunar explora- or measurement and control, and the unierse and that there may be tion team has basically amassed the energy. ach step in deep space creatures more intelligent than us. knowledge about regular procedures exploration reuires a great techno- We cant see them now but we may to explore an extraterrestrial body, logical breakthrough. run into them some day. including orbiting, landing, roing, Human beings should be and returning. CP: What was the biggest cautious about aliens. In the espite haing probed the moon challenge in your personal growth beginning o the encounter, I oer 100 times, human beings possess from 2001 when you first joined suppose aliens will also wait and ery limited knowledge about it. the lunar probe project to today as see. I hope human beings and Scientiic uestions waiting to be you serve as executive director of aliens meet without hostility and clearly answered include: How did the the Chang’e-4 probe project? lie in harmony together in the moon come into being Is there water Zhang: Taking part in the lunar unierse.

CHINA PICTORIAL 35 FEATURES Light on the “Dark Side” of the Moon Text by Pang Zhihao

Thanks to the Chang’e-4 probe conducting detailed exploration of the far side of the moon, humans are expected to unravel more scientific mysteries.

n anuary 11, 2019, the Change-4 system and een the whole unierse. Since the lander and Yutu-2 roer took pictures moon has no global magnetic ield, its geolog- o each other with the support o the ical structure is extremely stable, and because ueiao (Magpie Bridge) relay satel- the moons ar side is ree rom radio signal Olite, marking oerwhelming success o Chinas intererence rom arth, it is an ideal place to Change-4 mission. Chinas lunar program set up large obseratories and other scientiic has already reaped remarkable achieements. research bases. Change-4 is the irst probe rom arth to xploring the moon is a complicated sot-land on, roe and explore the ar side o systematic project. Lunar missions can the moon. In the coming years, Chinas lunar promote and acilitate the deelopment o program will continue to deelop uickly. basic scientiic research and high-tech realms By around 2020, the Change-5, Chinas irst including cosmology, space astronomy and sample return mission, will bring lunar samples space physics. Furthermore, since the moon back to arth. ter that, subseuent missions is home to abundant natural resources, lunar o Chinas lunar program such as Change-6 missions can set a oundation or uture usage and Change-7 will be launched in succession. o moon resources. Chinas lunar exploration program was It is easy to grasp the great signiicance ormally launched in early 2004. Compared o lunar missions. ccording to greement to the nited States and some uropean Goerning the ctiities o States on the countries, Chinas lunar program started late. Moon and ther Celestial Bodies by the Why do humans spend so much on lunar nited ations Committee on the Peaceul exploration In general, moon exploration is ses o uter Space, the moon and its tremendously signiicant or scientiic, techno- natural resources are the common heritage o logical, and economic ields as it promotes mankind. Howeer, the countries that deelop social deelopment and inluences uture lie. the celestial body irst will certainly beneit For example, with almost zero atmospheric irst. Conseuently, increasing numbers and geological actiities on the moon, rocks o countries are actiely working on lunar are kept in pristine condition. Studying moon programs. India, Israel, and apan all hae rocks is like studying samples rom arth some plans to launch lunar probes in 2019. our billion years ago. esearch o the moon China now leads the worlds second-tier helps proide more early inormation about lunar exploration group composed o urope, arth and enables people to better understand apan and India. China has reached a lunar the origin and eolution o lie, arth, the solar orbit, landed and roed on the moon and

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conducted both general sureys rom aar and detailed regional inestigations at a close range. It is worth mentioning that Change-4s sot landing on the ar side o the moon has let a major impact on the world. The ar side o the moon, which always aces away rom arth, starkly contrasts the near side o the moon that we see almost eery night. In general, the moon surace is composed o two geological orms: lunar maria (Latin or seas) and terrae (Latin or earth). Compared to maria, terrae are older and presere more o the original appearance o the moon. The ar side o the moon has a battered, densely cratered appearance with ew maria. Conducting research and inestigations o the morphology, substance composition, soil and shallow structure o the moons ar side will help people learn more about the moons early eolution and holds important alue or the research on the early A wheel of the Yutu- 2 rover. Compared history o arth. to its predecessor Since the moon rotates on its axis at the at the same time, which enables a commu- Yutu-1, Yutu-2 faces more challenges same rate that it orbits arth, only the near nication link to Change-4 ater it landed. because its landing side o the moon is isible rom arth. Thus, Since Change-4 was planned to land in a area, the Aitken Basin, is the largest, or astronomical researchers, the ar side o the rugged enironment, the probe was designed deepest and oldest crater on the moon. moon is ideally uiet. The ar side o the moon to achiee a high-degree landing preci- Xinhua/China is shielded rom electromagnetic intererence sion. To aoid clis on the moon surace, National Space rom arth where low-reuency radio waes Change-4 is euipped with strong abilities in Administration less than 10MHz can be monitored, so its an automatic naigation and obstacles aoidance. ideal place to research the origin o stars and It was able to ind a comparatiely lat place nebula eolution. Major astronomical break- independently beore perorming a nearly throughs are expected to emerge rom there. ertical landing. Howeer, because people can neer see The Change-4 mission is a irst or both the ar side o the moon rom arth, probes a human probe isiting the moons ar side hae a diicult time establishing radio and a communication satellite operating at the communication with arth rom there. This L2 point o the arth-Moon system. It has actor has presented a persistent diiculty proided scientists with a new work platorm hindering a landing on this part o the moon. on the moons ar side and produced abundant lthough more than 100 probes and orbiters original scientiic research data. The mission hae been launched to the moon by arious seres as a critical step or humans to uncoer countries since the 1950s, neer beore had a the mysteries o the moons ar side. Scientists probe landed on its ar side. Furthermore, the expect that ater the Change-4 probe conducts exceptionally complicated landorms on the ar detailed exploration on the ar side o the moon, side o the moon pose great challenges or sot the long-standing scientiic mystery o the spike landing, roing and researching in this area. in impact rate 3.9 billion years ago on both the China died headirst into soling this moon and arth can be soled. worldwide problem. n une 14, 2018, China launched the ueiao relay satellite into a halo orbit around the arth-Moon L2 point. In The author is chief science popularization expert on space exploration technology at the China Association this orbit, the relay satellite seres as a mirror for Science and Technology and a former researcher acing both arth and the moons ar side with the China Academy of Space Technology.

CHINA PICTORIAL 37 FEATURES

A worker pastes the national flag of China on the Chang’e-4 probe. courtesy of China Academy of Space Technology Chang’e-4 Mission The Far Side of Technology Text by Huang Zhicheng

China is poised to play a greater role in deepening human understanding of the moon and our universe.

n anuary 3, 2019, Chinas innoation capacity o Chinas space axis takes the same amount o time Change-4 lunar probe program. The same day, S as a single orbit around arth completed a sot landing dministrator im Bridenstine its ar side is always acing away on the ar side o the moon tweeted: Congratulations to rom arth. Conseuently, we can Obeore carrying out a series o scien- Chinas Change-4 team or what only see the near side o the moon tiic tests. appears to be a successul landing rom arth. The pioneering landing on the ar side o the moon. This is a n ctober 7, 1959, the Soiet marked an unprecedented step irst or humanity and an impressie nions Luna 3 probe transmitted or space exploration and a major accomplishment the irst images o the ar side o the innoation o space explora- Because the moon is tidally moon. In 1968, as the .S. manned tion technologies, eidencing the lockeda single rotation o its spacecrat pollo 8 orbited the

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o the moon are conducie to adanc- meters in diameter when extended. It ing moon-based scientiic research. is the largest diameter or a communi- The ar side o the moon is ree o cation antenna on a deep-space probe disturbances caused by arths radio in human history. The third challenge waes, making it the best place or was designing automated roing radio astronomical obserations. technology speciically or the ar side Low-reuency moon-based radio o the moon. ue to a lengthy history astronomical obserations can help o meteorite impacts, the ar side o mankind better probe the detailed the moon has a rougher enironment eolution o the moon and study than the near side. Chinese scientists the origin o celestial bodies and designed eight modes or the roer, the unierse. Sureys on the lunar including sensing, moing, detect- surace enironment are conducie to ing, recharging, sae, sleep, lunar day the research o particle radiation and switching to lunar night, and lunar solar wind. night switching to lunar day, to adapt The moon is abundant in mineral to dierent working enironments and energy resources. ne purpose and conditions. The technological o mankinds lunar exploration is breakthroughs achieed by Change-4 to utilize its resources. In recent laid groundwork or uture lunar years, countries including the nited exploration as well as the exploration States hae consecutiely ormu- o other planets in the solar system lated plans to surey and research such as Mars. resources on the ar side o the The Change-4 mission inoled moon. Through scientiic sureys extensie international coopera- o the landing zone, the Change-4 tion which resulted in a model or probe proided aluable irst-hand international collaboration in space inormation or the exploration and exploration. The payloads on the utilization o lunar resources. Change-4 probe include a neutron The unprecedented landing o the radiation detector deeloped by moon, astronauts aboard saw the ar Change-4 probe on the ar side o the Germany and a neutral atom detec- side with their own eyes or the irst moon oercame three major techno- tor deeloped by Sweden. Moreoer, a time. By the end o 2018, countries logical challenges: First, sot landing low-reuency explorer deeloped by around the world had launched in a zone with complex topographical the etherlands was installed on the more than 100 lunar probes, includ- conditions. Compared to the compar- relay satellite ueiao. Those inter- ing oer 60 lunar landers, but none atiely lat landing zone or Change- national payloads, coupled with those achieed a sot landing on the 3, the South Pole-itken Basin where independently deeloped by China, ar side o the moon as Chinas Change-4 landed eatures rugged hae already carried out arious scien- Change-4 probe did. terrains with large and dense impact tiic tests on the ar side o the moon. In general, the ar side and near craters, which meant stricter reuire- ter the Change-4 mission, side o the moon contrast each ments or selection o the landing China will launch the Change-5 other sharply. The crust on the location and accuracy o landing unmanned probe to accomplish ar side is thicker than that on the maneuers. The second challenge was a series o tasks including bring- near side, and the two sides also control communication. adio signals ing lunar samples back to arth. dier in terms o material compo- rom arth cannot directly reach new wae o global lunar explora- sition, topography and age o rocks. the ar side o the moon because tion is about to happen, and China Scientists hae yet to reach consen- it always aces away rom arth. is poised to play a greater role in sus on explaining such dierences. Thereore, communication between deepening human understanding o Finding an answer to this unsoled Change-4 and arth reuires assis- the moon and the unierse. uestion is meaningul or humans tance o the relay satellite ueiao to understand the moon and een (Magpie Bridge) that hoers in the L2 The author is a senior researcher with the unierse. halo orbit. The relay satellite eatures Techxcope, a technological consulting iscoeries related to the ar side an umbrella-like antenna nearly ie agency.

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mission as critical in determining whether the uture o space exploration, resource deelopment, and colonization will be dominated by China, as was suggested in a anuary 10 essay published by the inluential Washington Post, greatly exaggerates Change-4s signiicance. Chang’e-4 The character o uture space exploration actiities is indeed an important and unsettled issue, but it is not likely to be decided by one relatiely In Context modest robotic mission. Text by John M. Logsdon It is useul to put Change-4 in context. ne widespread reaction to Chinas success Discussions between Chinese and U.S. was surprisesurprise that China, not some space leaders, should they occur, would other spacearing countries, and particularly certainly be flavored by the overall state of not the nited States, was the irst to land on China-U.S. relations. It may well be that the side o the moon acing away rom arth. those interests are best served by limiting That reaction eidences that the general public December 6, 2018: NASA InSight’s first full selfie the degree of cooperation and pursuing and media hae not been paying attention to on Mars. It displays the largely separate and competing paths. But Chinas progress in deeloping comprehensie lander’s solar panels and deck. On top of there is also the possibility that expanded space capabilities. er the past our decades, the deck are its science China-U.S. space cooperation could be China has become the third country able to instruments, weather sensor booms and UHF at the leading edge of a more harmonious send humans to space, has carried out a ariety antenna. IC relationship between the two powerful o space application missions to beneit Chinese countries and their allies. society, has created signiicant national security space capabilities, and has conducted a series o space science missions. The existence and plans or the Chinese lunar exploration program hae he anuary 2 landing o the Change-4 been public knowledge or oer 15 years. spacecrat on the ar side o the moon It is true that Change-4 was a relatiely and the subseuent operations o both late addition to the program made possible the lander and the Yutu-2 roer were because the success o Change-3 on the irst Tery impressie technical achieements. China landing attempt reed up its backup lander and should be rightully proud o accomplishing roer, which could then be modiied or the this new step in its well-planned lunar explo- ar-side mission. The most impressie techno- ration program ollowing the successes o the logical achieement associated with Change-4 Change-1 moon orbiter in 2007, the Change-2 may be placing the ueiao (Magpie Bridge) orbiter in 2010 and the Change-3 lunar lander relay satellite needed to carry out the landing and roer in 2013. But to characterize the at the arth-Moon L2 point. nce there was a path or relaying commands and other inormation between arth and Change-4, there was not much dierence technologically between landing on the moons arth-acing side and its ar side. In the same time rame as the Chinese moon landing only 250,000 miles rom arth, Ss ew Horizons spacecrat was sending back images o the Kuiper Belt object ltima Thule rom our billion miles away. Its InSight spacecrat began science operations December 3, 2014: An H-IIA rocket carrying Hayabusa ater its oember 26 landing, and its siris- 2 space probe blasts off from the launch pad at the Tanegashima Space Center on the Japanese ex spacecrat went into orbit around the southwestern island of Tanegashima. VCG asteroid Bennu to prepare to seize a sample

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partners. S is deeloping the hardware and preparing to carry out that directie. It remains to be seen i the current and subseuent administrations and Congresses hae the political will to proide sustained support or the .S. space exploration. Chinas orm o goernment gies it an adantage in imple- menting eorts taking place oer a number o years, but .S. policy oer the past 15 years has ocused on resuming deep-space exploration. So there is a reasonable prospect or support. Which is more likely in coming years: two competing programs o lunar exploration and eentual exploitation, one led by China, the other by the nited States, or a globally-coordinated eort, with those two leading countries pursuing a complementary mixture o that celestial body or return to arth in o cooperation and competition Current .S. 2023. apans Hayabusa-2 spacecrat is circling law, which makes close consultation between another asteroid, yugu, in preparation or an .S. and Chinese space leaders practically early 2019 landing and sample return. ther impossible, presents a short-term obstacle to nations in addition to China are doing impres- addressing that crucial uestion. But that law sie things in space. originated in a epublican-controlled House The goal o the Chinese lunar exploration o epresentaties. ow that the emocrats program since its inception has been to lay are in the majority, it could be modiied to the oundation or eentual Chinese human allow S and Chinese space leadership to missions to the moon. The programs logo is a engage in top-leel discussions. lunar crescent with two human ootsteps at its Those discussions, should they occur, center. In the wake o the success o Change-4, would certainly be colored by the oerall state China has ormalized its robotic lunar explo- o China-.S. political, security and economic ration plans or the decade o the 2020s. relationships. Both China and the nited long-planned lunar sample return mission States would hae to decide on how uture is scheduled or a ecember 2019 launch, large-scale space actiities relate to their core ollowed by a series o missions ocused on national interests. It may be that those inter- eentual deelopment o a scientiic base near ests are best sered by limiting the degree o the moons South Pole, on either the near or ar cooperation and pursuing largely separate side. Change-4 is the irst o seeral missions to and competing paths. But there is also the identiy the best site and technological reuire- possibility that expanded China-.S. space ments or such an outpost. For seeral years, cooperation could be at the leading edge o China has included human missions to the a more harmonious relationship between the moon ater 2030 in its long-range plans, and two powerul countries and their allies. The there is no reason to doubt that intent. success o Change-4 is in these indeed signi- The nited States is also planning to send icant, sering as a reminder to all that the humans to the moon and has set out a series undamental issue o the uture China-.S. o potential robotic missions as precursors. space relationship needs to be addressed. The current .S. space policy states that the nited States will lead the return o humans to the moon or long-term exploration and The author is Professor Emeritus at George Washington utilization and directs S to lead an University. He has been on the university’s faculty since 1970 and founded its Space Policy Institute in 1987. innoatie and sustainable program o explo- He is a prolific author with focus on presidential space ration with commercial and international policy decisions.

CHINA PICTORIAL 41 FEATURES Beyond the Far Side Text by Vasudevan Mukunth

China’s goal of achieving development from a lunar orbiter to a moon outpost in three decades is remarkably fast.

hina has always adocated or the crewed lunar missions ceased to be o inter- peaceul use o outer space. It adopted est in the 1990s, the natural satellite has been its current Constitution in 1982 and reborn as a superpower destination. ratiied the uter Space Treaty Last oember, S announced the C(ST) in 1983. nd since 1985, it has been selection o nine companies to delier working together with the nited States and serices to the lunar surace, starting as Britain, among other countries, to deelop soon as 2019. lthough the organizations space technologies. chie called it the irst step to eed orward Today, it is an elite spacearing nation to Mars, it still inoles long-term scientiic with an operational heay-lit launch ehicle, explorations o the celestial body itsel. a space station and crewed spacelight India is another country interested in the programs, a unctional collaboration with moon, and its trajectory to the celestial body a dozen world-class uniersities around the and beyond is ery similar to Chinas. In act, country and a lourishing priate space sector. Chandrayaan-2 will land on the moon at a China also has a space science diision but it spot close to where Change-4 did, exploring a isnt uite as expansie or ull-ledged as its similar region with similar instruments. Both space technologies counterpart. countries hae also announced a similar suite When the countrys Change-4 mission o interplanetary missions and hae built or deployed a roer on the ar side o the moon are building capabilities that will allow them on anuary 3, 2019, obserers were surprised. to launch both ery heay and ery light satel- The Chinese space agency aims to build an lites, send humans to space and ultimately to outpost on the moons South Pole. s utur- the moon, and reach Mars in the not-so-dis- istic as that sounds, Change-4s success was tant uture. a reminder that China might just achiee In act, it is possible that India is paying that goal by the 2030s, with the complicated more attention to space diplomacy only mission proile attesting to the countrys because China. India has accelerated its capabilities. human space light program ater many years Since the irst Change mission in 2007, o dismissing its alue largely due to the possi- China has sent two orbiters, two landers bility o a Chinese space station in low-arth and two roers and is expected to under- orbit by 2024. take two sample-return missions by 2021. Howeer, one area holds hope or cooper- Three decades rom orbiter to outpost is ation because more than hal o all countries remarkably ast. that hae independently deeloped space- t the same time, Chinas cislunar and light are rom sia and at least seen other lunar missions cant be written o entirely countries around the world are keen on as pilots to greater non-lunar endeaors. The returning to the moon. I India, China and moon is not simply a springboard. lthough apan join hands, they can eectiely lead a

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An image of the asteroid Toutatis taken by the Chang’e-2 probe conglomerate o 15 nations that could set the country that paes a road or India and apan during its flyby in terms o the worlds return to the moon. to participate. 2012. courtesy of Since S shut down its Space Shuttle This is to be expected. Space exploration has Shenzhou Media program in the 1990s, it hasnt had the ability a long way to go until it is completely democratic, to launch astronauts to space, let alone to the thanks mostly to the extreme costs and techno- moon. It has naigated the situation o using logical maturity it demands. ntil then, China ussian rockets to access the International as much as India, the nited States or ussia Space Station. In act, its choices passiely set will seek to extend its diplomacy where its roers up a gatekeeping situation. go and build spatio-economic leerage in the The ST is still in eect but has become new world order. dated. It doesnt proide clear answers on who can own o-world resources and how their trade should be managed. In this rame- The author is the science editor of The Wire, a leading work, China has an opportunity to be the online news publication in India.

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Rapid Fire Quiz Chang’e and Yutu Concept by Wen Zhihong Quiz designed by Li Yiqi Edited by Li Zhuoxi

From the irst isit by Luna-1 in 1959 to the sot landing o Change-4 in 2019, lunar exploration has spanned 60 years, yet unknown realms still wait to be discoered. Lets see what ia Yang, deputy chie designer o the Change-4 probe and chie designer o the Yutu lunar roer, has to say about Change and Yutu.

Chang’e-4 was originally built as a the far side of the moon, what which helps them survive the night. backup for Chang’e-3. Why did the exactly is there? spacecraft head for the far side of the The moon is an ancient celestial Instead of using caterpillar tracks, moon alone instead of “uniting” with body. It was active three billion why was Yutu-2 designed as a its predecessor? years ago, but now the body is six-wheeled rover? If Yutu-2 tips over, It’s true that multiple routes were still. Landing on the far side of the can it get up by itself? mapped out for Chang’e-4 includ- moon provides us clues about its Yutu-2’s “feet” were indeed an ing a second exploration near evolution, which greatly contrib- important design feature that was the landing site of Chang’e-3. But utes to the study of the early discussed at length. We gave up we ultimately decided to land history of the moon and Earth. on the plan for caterpillar tracks the spacecraft on the far side of because they proved less maintain- the moon. The reason behind the A lunar night apparently lasts for two able. For instance, if a small stone decision was simple: Although man weeks. During the period, are the gets stuck in the track, the rover had explored the moon several Chang’e-4 lander and the Yutu-2 lunar would be stuck. In contrast, wheels times, landing on the moon’s far rover sleeping in the darkness? are reliable and resource-saving. If side represented an unprece- Without solar energy during the Yutu-2 tips over, it cannot stand up dented feat. lunar night, both the lander and again. The solar panels on the back the rover lose power and “fall of the lunar rover are fragile and If there is no evidence of aliens asleep.” During those frigid hours, will crack or become contaminated or extraterrestrial spacecraft on internal instruments emit heat with dirt if it falls down, which

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Jia Yang, deputy chief designer of the Chang’e-4 probe and a designer of China’s Yutu lunar rover. by Chen Jian

would render it completely useless. Will Yutu-2’s tracks stay on the respectively on the near side and far So, our focus was to keep it stand- moon forever? side of the moon, the furthest possi- ing and prevent it from falling. That depends on the defini- ble distance from each other. It is tion of “forever.” The marks will likely that they will never meet. In With the help of the Queqiao relay remain for at least hundreds of the future, I hope there will be more satellite, is it possible to broadcast thousands of years. Yutu rovers on the moon and on live from the surface of the other celestial bodies as well. moon’s far side? What can the lunar rover send back to In theory, it is possible, but current Earth from the far side of the moon? What is your opinion on extraterrestrial communications links cannot Yutu-2 carried several scientific civilizations? meet the requirements for live payloads to study the geophys- The universe is vast, and human video streaming. ics of the landing zone including beings are probably not alone. soil stratification, soil temperature, But contact between two civiliza- How long will Yutu-2 work on the mineral elements and other things. tions may still be distant. Current moon? How far can it go? human technology cannot establish Its designed life expectancy is How far apart are China’s two Yutu communication with extremely far about three months. We certainly lunar rovers on the moon? Is it places. hope that Yutu-2 will journey possible for them to meet? Will more further than its predecessor. Yutu rovers be sent to the moon? The two Yutu lunar rovers are

An illustration shows Chang’e-3 awaiting Chang’e-4’s arrival on the moon. by Tan Hao

CHINA PICTORIAL 45 PEOPLE

Gu Fangzhou Sugarcoating Vaccines Text by Li Zhuoxi

On January 2, 2019, Chinese virologist Gu Fangzhou passed away at the age of 92. Not until his passing did many come to appreciate the “father of sugar pills” in China.

ost Chinese people born ater the 1960s share a similar memory: When they were young, they Mwere gien a small white sugar pill that melted instantly on their tongue. In the days when ood, clothing and commodities were scarce, this candy lingered as a sweet memory in the minds o many children. This seemingly insigni- icant sugarcoated pill has saed the lies o countless Chinese children and completely eliminated polio in China. n anuary 2, 2019, irology expert Gu Fangzhou passed away in Beijing at the age o 92. ot until his passing did many come to appreciate Chinas ather o sugar pills.

Difficult Times highly inectious iral disease, polio is most likely to aect children. Many inected with the disease suer rom lie-long disabil- ities een ater they recoer. Many had limbs amputated, others became paralyzed and countless lies were lost to the irus. In the 1950s, ear o polio was rooted deep in the hearts o Chinese. In 1955, a disastrous polio outbreak in antong, eastern Gu Fangzhou, a renowned Chinese virologist and former president of Peking Union Medical College, who passed away on January 2, 2019. He protected the health of generations of Chinas iangsu Proince aected Chinese people with the sugarcoated polio vaccine he invented. Xinhua 1,680 people. The epidemic resulted

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in 466 deaths, and polio spread to neighboring areas. ppalled by the massie number o casual- ties, the goernment designated Gu Fangzhou, who had just returned rom a scientiic expedition to the Soiet nion, to deelop a accine. The same year, Gu and his research team traeled to the mountainous areas o Yunnan Proince in southwestern China to prepare a polio accine production base with the goal o deeloping and producing 4.5 million doses. The production base was situated on Yuan Mountain in Kunming, which December 5, 2006: The polio vaccine (oral sugar pills) at the Yichang Center for Disease lacked roads, water and electricity at Control and Prevention, Hubei Province. IC the time. It took only nine months or researchers to build shelters and transport the euipment themseles, polio accine research and deelop- awaiting the accine, and the and soon a accine production base ment proed successul. goernment could not aord the was unctioning on the barren hills. costs. Second, injecting children We had nowhere to lie up Scientist and Strategist would hae reuired a huge trained there, Gu recalled. We had to set eeloping a basic polio accine epidemic preention team that up our own base and work eerything was still not enough or Gu. The China lacked at that time. boe out by ourseles. There wasnt enough second phase, in his eyes, was all, although inactiated accines ood. It was a ery diicult period. proiding ull immunity. To ensure can reduce the incidence o the In early 1960, China success- public immunity, a masterplan had disease, their power to control the ully deeloped a polio accine. The to be drawn. epidemic was inadeuate. Multiple accine, howeer, could not be used Vaccines can be classiied as atten- doses were reuired, and i antibod- immediately without clinical trials. uated or inactiated accines. t that ies in the blood did not surie long ter passing product uality tests, time, existing polio accines deel- enough, the irus could still cause they also had to pass the crucial inal oped in the nited States and the an epidemic. This situation was step o human trials. More specii- Soiet nion generally used injectable conirmed by studies in the nited cally, the accine had to be tested on inactiated accines. xperts held States, Canada and other countries. preschool-aged children. Gu took dierent iews: Some argued that Gu Fangzhou, holding a thick the bold step o administering an inactiated accines were saer and stack o research papers, considered oral accine to his one-month-old that attenuated accines could recoer his options, and ultimately decided son. Moed by his determination, irulence in eces ater leaing the to recommend that the state gie up his colleagues ollowed suit and human body others stressed that the the inactiated accine program in administered the accine to their attenuated accine could be distrib- aor o attenuated accines. own children which proided strong uted in the enironment ater being ter mass production, the next support or preliminary ealuation o discharged rom the body to become problem was deliering the accine the saety and eicacy o the accine. a natural accine that helped human to eery child. This also reuired a The teams actions also ideally orm an immunity barrier that inacti- reined strategy. brought attention to the accine. ated accines could not. merican children could go to Word spread, and soon clini- s the debate raged on, Gu deter- health clinics or injections, but this cal tests o 4.5 million people in mined that an inactiated accine method would not work or Chinas Beijing, Tianjin, Shanghai, ingdao was not suitable or Chinas local children at the time. Children liing and Shenyang eidenced that the conditions. First, inactiated accines in remote areas such as the inghai- incidence rate o polio dropped are costly. Back then, hundreds o Tibet Plateau, the barren areas o signiicantly. The irst attempt at millions o children were eagerly Xinjiang ygur utonomous egion

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May 19, 1987: Children in Yunnan Province taking sugarcoated polio vaccine for free. The live polio vaccine produced by the Institute of Medical Biology under the Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences located in Yunnan Province has accounted for three-quarters of the national output. Xinhua

March 2, 2006: At the Kid Castle Kindergarten in Urumqi, 2.5-year-old Wei Sining is taking a sugar pill. VCG and the deep mountains o Guizhou was ound to be diicult. ter the the diseases incidence rate exponen- Proince were most in need o the inention o sugar pills, epidemic tially. In 1978, China began to accine. minor mistake could hae preention personnel could presere implement a nationwide immuni- led to a relapse. t that time, there the sugar pills in thermos bottles zation program and incidence was no cold chain serice in China. with ice cubes to ensure the eec- continued to plummet. Gu had to igure out how to trans- tieness o the lie accines. In 2000, the World Health port the accine across the country Thanks to such innoatie strate- rganization certiied China polio- while presering its eectieness. gies, the candy accine was embraced ree. The immunization strategy His solution was sugarcoated pills. in eery corner o China. The sugar- that Gu Fangzhou embraced or our Liuid accines were inented irst coated polio accine was aailable in decades wiped out the disease in but transportation o those accines Chinas rural areas by 1965, reducing China, or good.

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The Most Effective Treatment —Ideals of E.R. Doctor Guo Shubin

Text by Wen Zhihong Photographs by Chen Jian

ate one night, a in comprehensie departmen- patients exceeded 120 million as pregnant woman who tal management and innoation. early as 2013. had been in cardiac When he irst arried at Beijing In many countries, more than “ arrest or more than Chaoyang Hospital, the depart- 90 percent o patients make their 20 minutesL came in, recalls Guo ments biggest problem in his mind irst isits to primary hospitals. Shubin. We immediately began to was that emergency resources were Howeer, the situation is dierent perorm the cesarean section opera- being seerely taken up by other in China because Chinese people tion while trying our best to sae departments. hae an obious preerence or her. en though her heart still mergency and non-emergency higher-leel hospitals with better- wasnt beating, and the newborn had cases were oten mixed together, trained medical sta and more no heartbeat either, we couldnt gie he explains. s many as 30 percent adanced euipment. specially in up. ter another 20 minutes, the or more o patients coming to big cities like Beijing, Class hospi- baby suddenly burst out crying, and the emergency department only tals like Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, the mothers heart magically started needed simple treatment or were the highest-ranked hospitals in beating again. suering rom geriatric or chronic China, are oercrowded through- Such breathtaking stories happen diseases. Those who really needed out the year. mergency department almost eery day in the emergency emergency treatment were oten corridors illed with beds are a department o Beijing Chaoyang waiting in line. common scene. Hospital. Guo Shubin, director o This phenomenon is not uniue Guos primary reorm goal was the emergency department, consid- to Beijing Chaoyang Hospital. to ensure emergency resources ers his diision a world apart rom Compared to emergency systems were truly allocated to patients other departments. ying people in deeloped countries such as the with emergent and seere condi- coming back to lie and amilies nited States and some uropean tions or those stricken with diicult deastated by the loss o one or countries, the most prominent diseases. We should neer lose a more members are eeryday scenes, eature o emergency depart- patient who can be saed, stresses says Guo. For many, this is the last ments and een the entire medical Guo. To improe the eiciency o hope to hang on to lie. system in China is the large popula- emergency treatment and resource tion base. Statistics rom Chinas allocation, Guo has been attach- Leave No Patient Behind ational Health Commission show ing importance to regional Guo has been working as an that rom anuary to oember cooperation o medical resources, emergency physician or uite 2018, a total o 7.54 billion people which means integrating resources some time. Beore he transerred receied treatment in the countrys throughout all leels o hospitals to Beijing Chaoyang Hospital in medical and health institutions, within the same area and improing 2015, he had been working in the o which 2.76 billion were treated the eiciency o medical reerrals emergency department o Peking in public hospitals, accounting or between hospitals at arious leels nion Medical College Hospital 36 percent o the total patients based on dierent medical situa- or 13 years, where he excelled treated. The olume o emergency tions o patients. From May 2016,

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in ie minutes, and third- and ourth-grade patients would receie treatment within 15 minutes and two hours, respectiely. The improed process or emergency treatment not only released preiously occupied medical resources, but also guaranteed the uality o rescue, improed clinical operations and enironment and greatly enhanced medical, social and economic beneits.

Internet Plus Medicine Guo oten compares emergency physicians to special orces in the military. They must hae uick reaction capabilities, wide-ranging medical skills and the ability to identiy dangerous and een atal symptoms immediately. They must be able to work under great pressure, handle complex matters and communicate eectiely with patients and their amilies. Contrasting their oreign counterparts, Chinese doctors oten participate in the entire process o Guo Shubin, director of the emergency department of Beijing Chaoyang Hospital. For the rescuing patients, so their compre- past three years, after his reform on process optimization, emergency resources previously occupied by other departments have been released. More efforts have been diverted to hensie skills are oten better. severe and complicated cases, with the treatment order and environment being further improved. Guo majored in gastroenterology rom undergraduate to postdoc- toral studies as a medical student. Guo began to work on the estab- or emergency rooms and obser- Howeer, since graduation, he has lishment o a joint out-o-hospital ation rooms. In a small oice, been working as an emergency physi- medical treatment system to transer a doctor surrounded by a dozen cian or nearly two decades. Because patients who were out o immediate patients and their amilies is uite a o his many years in the emergency danger but suering rom combined common scene in Chinese hospitals. department, Guo has deeloped organic diseases or multi-system For doctors, this kind o situation a proound understanding o the disorders. Patients in the new is uite noisy and makes it hard to general situation. ust as he launched system can receie medical treat- ocus, says Guo. We closed o the the drie to reorm his department, ment o the same uality at hospitals emergency rooms and obseration Beijing started its landmark reorm o the same leels, and the resources rooms to reduce distractions and to separate drug sales rom medical o the emergency department are intererence during our work. treatment at public hospitals. no longer sapped, explains Guo. Guo launched a grading diagno- highlight o the municipal reorm Since the number o beds in the sis and treatment system in his was using the medical reimbursement emergency department is limited, department in February 2017. and medical serice ees as leerage the ast majority must be saed or Patients were classiied by inter- to diert patients to dierent leels patients who need immediate and national standards or dierent o hospitals to increase the workload intensie care. treatment. First- and second-grade o community hospitals and other nother critical step or Guos patients in a lie-threatening situa- medical institutions at grassroots reorm was closed-o management tion would receie actie treatment leels while reeing up higher-leel

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January 18, 2019: A patient with emergent conditions is sent to Beijing Chaoyang Hospital. In the emergency department of the hospital, guidance information for various medical services is clearly displayed for all visitors entering the area from different entrances.

An open consulting room of internal medicine in Beijing Chaoyang All beds in emergency rooms and observation rooms in Beijing Hospital. Surgery and internal medicine are the two departments Chaoyang Hospital are equipped with vital signs monitors, ensuring which receive the largest number of emergent cases. Open consulting that doctors can observe patients’ conditions. rooms facilitate doctors in keeping an eye on their patients and attending to them in time. hospitals to concentrate on treating the irst place in a hospital to treat increased. Today, the emergency diicult and complicated cases. By emergent and seere cases, says department o Beijing Chaoyang the end o 2017, less than a year ater Guo. The current direction o Hospital receies 260,000 patients the reorm was carried out in the Chinas medical reorm is to diert eery year, and the proportion o capital, the olume o patients isit- patients with common diseases to patients with emergent and seere ing Class hospitals or emergency community hospitals and those with diseases ar exceeds that o many treatment ell by 12 percent. emergent, seere and serious illnesses other hospitals. Guos reorm o Beijing Chaoyang to bigger and higher-leel hospi- ow in the emergency depart- Hospitals emergency department tals. So, although the total number o ment o Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, conormed to the general trend o emergency cases in Class hospitals guidance inormation or arious graded treatment and the establish- has dropped, the olume o dii- medical serices is clearly showed ment o medical unions in China. cult and complicated cases as well to all isitors entering the area rom The emergency department is as emergent and seere cases has dierent entrances. The whole

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treatment procedure, rom regis- ward rounds or discuss compli- chairman. Statistics released at the tration to check-up, is displayed at cated cases in real time. launch ceremony were thought-pro- electronic screens. octors attend- oking: Compared to deeloped ing ward rounds carry mobile deices Science Popularization Western countries, the general public to receie triage inormation and no Guo holds uite a ew social in China doesnt hae adeuate knowl- longer need to sort through thick titles alongside being direc- edge o medical science. 2015 stacks o paper medical records. ll tor o the emergency department surey by China ssociation or beds in emergency rooms and obser- o Beijing Chaoyang Hospital. Science and Technology showed that ation rooms are euipped with The titles he alues most only 6.2 percent o Chinese people ital signs monitors. nd a large include member o the Science were euipped with adeuate scientiic liuid crystal display is installed in Popularization Committee under knowledge. Peoples knowledge about eery emergency room to ensure the Chinese Medical ssociation health and capabilities to rescue others that doctors can keep an eye on and head o the Medical Science in emergencies were also insuicient. patients conditions and attend to Popularization Society under Statistics show that inesting one them in time. the Chinese Medical octor dollar in medical science populariza- t the end o 2018, the Chinese ssociation. tion generates an income o seen cademy o Medical Sciences issued Guo recalls the scene when a dollars, asserts Guo. Inesting a ranking o hospitals emergency senior patient with seere cerebral more can also drop the incidence medicine scientiic and technologi- inarction was sent to the emergency rates or some diseases. Patients cal inluence. The breadth and depth department. The patient was still euipped with enough medical o hospitals scientiic and technolog- conscious when he arried, but knowledge will ind the right help, ical actiities were ealuated on three soon lost consciousness. His amily reducing both their expenses and aspects: scientiic and technologi- couldnt accept that his condi- pain. ll o society will beneit rom cal output, academic inluence, and tions worsened ater he arried at medical science popularization. scientiic and technological condi- the hospital and accused the hospi- Guo oten participates in tions. The emergency department o tal o malpractice. doctor-patient the health programs hosted by Beijing Chaoyang Hospital ranked dispute was about to ensue. well-known Chinese media, spread- second on the list, only behind West I came to the room, spent ing health knowledge to the public China Hospital o Sichuan niersity. seeral minutes uickly analyzing and promoting social awareness But Guos ision is een broader. the patients condition and explained on health and healthy liestyles. He Beginning in 2018, he promoted the whole situation to his amily, also promoted the Chinese nion the establishment o a remote clini- recounts Guo. Much o the general or Medical Science Popularization cal diagnosis and treatment center in public doesnt uite understand that to bring arious organizations his hospital, with an aim to integrate plenty o conditions are not diseases together, to inspire medical proes- thousands o hospitals in China into as much as results o the irreersible sionals to spread science knowledge a system to share remote medical aging process. When some people and to work with mainstream teaching and treatment processes. reach a certain age, some diseases Chinese social media platorms to gainst a backdrop o the ast deel- may become unaoidable. build a large stage or health science opment o both the internet and Guo thinks it important to proide popularization. artiicial intelligence in China, ordinary people with as much medical Guo beliees there are three Guo hopes that more hospitals at science knowledge as possible to help types o good doctors. The irst grassroots leels can share experi- aoid preentable diseases and ensure possesses ine medical skills and ence with large hospitals to push eery condition is treated correctly. saes abundant people. The second the countrys medical system to Such a trend would be greatly signi- has strong management capabilities, become airer. icant or the deelopment o medical so they sae een more people by Guo beliees that in the near science popularization, which aligns leading excellent medical teams. The uture, irtual reality deices or with the uture direction and strategy third was born with a heart or public a pair o Google glasses could o Chinas medical reorm. good. They employ arious means help young doctors at community Two years ago, the Chinese nion to popularize medical knowledge, hospitals in China watch proes- or Medical Science Popularization which could beneit the most people. sors and senior doctors rom was established thanks in part to To Guo, the third type is the charm Beijings Class hospitals attend Guos eorts. Guo was elected its and the top tier o medicine.

CHINA PICTORIAL 53 ECOLOGY No-Waste Games Text by Zi Mei Photographs courtesy of Novaloop with Friends of Nature

Thanks to zero-waste games and events, public awareness about environmental protection and garbage sorting is on the rise.

gainst a backdrop o items such as plastic bottles, sponges green mountains and clear and ood packaging. apanese water, the Fuxian Lake scholars estimate that the Tokyo Marathon commenced. Marathon, usually inoling about AContrasting traditional marathons, 50,000 persons in total (includ- this eent called or zero-waste ing athletes, working sta and running and 118 runners olun- audience), would produce waste and teered to use non-disposable cups, carbon emission eual to the olume becoming the torchbearers o the discharged by 300,000 persons in a zero-waste campaign. day. So, large-scale races cause extra burden on urban garbage disposal Waste from Races systems which hae already been n eent like the Beijing acing great challenges. Marathon with about 30,000 partici- single marathon eent pants would reuire 500,000 paper produces more wastes, and such cups along with other disposable eents are becoming more reuent. In 2017, China held 1,202 marathons inoling oer 4.98 million participants. In 2011, the two igures were only 22 and 400,000, respectiely. ccording to a plan or deeloping the marathon industry issued by Chinas General dministration o Sport, marathon eents held in China are expected to reach 1,900 by 2020 and attract 10 million runners. It will not be hard to economy. Without any measures, the achiee this goal based on the waste rom those eents would pose current growth rate. The reuency a great threat to the enironment. o outdoor concerts, carnials and other cultural actiities is also rising Green Marathons annually. Traditional and emerg- Wu Xiao is a an o marathons During the Fuxian Lake Marathon, a runner holds a non-disposable cup while pointing to ing tourist cities turn to sports and as well as a green runner. When his zero-waste volunteer badge. cultural eents to promote the local he realized how much waste was

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A recycling station is set up for sorted garbage with volunteers providing a guide for the audience. created by the eents, he decided running experience or eniron- garbage at all, although that is the to do something. In 2016, he and mental protection and sponsors eentual goal o zero-waste practi- seeral other olunteers tried belieed the idea eleated their tioners. They propose the three zero-waste practice in seeral brand alue. t that time, I began to sreduce, reuse and recycle, marathons and other races. We beliee it was promising to promote ocusing on rubbish reduction, elt great, Wu recalled. Both the zero-waste practice in games non-disposable usage and waste runners and organizers recognized and eents. recycling. the idea. Players didnt sacriice their ero-waste does not mean no Later, Wu joined the Friends

CHINA PICTORIAL 55 ECOLOGY

o ature, an enironmental G, to set up oaloop, a team specially engaged in promoting zero-waste games and proiding related serices. lready, they hae sered more than 30 large- scale games and eents. The Fuxian Lake Marathon is one o them. To better protect Fuxian Lake, one o the most important national drink- able water sources, the organizer o the marathon hired Wus team to oersee the games enironmental protection work. pon receiing the organizing committees initation, we were ecstatic that they had such aware- Volunteers have always played an important role in zero-waste games and ness, exclaimed Wu. uring our events, which are gaining popularity in China. preparations, we are surprised by the participants enthusiasm. When we were still brainstorming how to recruit enough runner-olunteers to gie up disposable paper cups, the 118 needed olunteers signed up in less than hal an hour. In addition to reducing paper cups, the team recycled the majority o used cups and sent them to a waste paper treatment plant. t the starting and inishing lines, 30 olunteers managed 54 dustbins or dierent categories o waste and helped collect and sort garbage on the spot. Guided by olunteers, At the end of the MTA Festival, the audience spontaneously picks up trash that participants learned how to sort was created not only by themselves but also by others. garbage including let-oer ood, bottles, paper cups and other waste. Maybe such a campaign only does a little or real-time eniron- estial ended at midnight, 100,000 a stall was set up to display how mental protection, admitted Li spectators let the enue, each waste can be changed into aluable Penghui, head o the Publicity Base holding a garbage bag. nd then things such as T-shirts with recycled o the Publicity and ducation all o them lined up to throw the plastic bottles as raw material. Center under Chinas Ministry o garbage in their bags into six dier- nironmental slogans and posters cology and nironment. But it ent types o dumpsters, which lasted adapted rom lyrics amiliar to does a lot to change peoples habits. until 2 a.m. music ans could also be ound at n May 18 o last year, the 2018 the concert. Cleanest Music Festival MT (Music, Technology and Garbage sorting has been going apans Fuji ock Festial is rt) Festial opened. Wu Xiaos on or 20 years in apanhouse- known as the cleanest estial in team, along with some olunteers hold waste is also sorted. But China the world. Gao Xiaosong, a amous rom apan, endeaored to make it hasnt done it yet. This is a big dier- Chinese musician, recalled his the cleanest in China. In addition ence, noted Kanta Hani, ounder experience at the eent: ter the to reducing and sorting garbage, o iPledge, a apanese enironmental

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At the MTA Festival, environmental slogans and posters adapted from lyrics familiar to music fans can be found to encourage them to practice zero-waste.

protection agency that seres the end o the estial, music ans began gleaned rom past eents includ- zero-waste Fuji ock Festial. Fuji picking up garbage that was created ing the MT Festial will go into ock began the zero-waste practice in not only by themseles but also by reports to be submitted to the 1998. ter just three years o eorts, others. I was really moed. organizing committee as part o it became the cleanest music esti- longside the eorts o the an eort to proide reerences or al in the world. I think the MT public and Gs, goernments at the enironmental protection work Festial still needs at least three to all leels in China are encouraging o Beijing 2022 Winter lympics, ie years to reach the goal. zero-waste games and eents. The explained Wu. With the original Wu Xiao, chie planner o the enironmental protection depart- aspiration or a green lie, we encour- zero-waste campaign or the MT ment o the organizing committee age each organizer to make een tiny Festial, noted that despite the o Beijing 2022 Winter lympics has progress. We dont expect a great gap, the improement in Chinese entrusted Wus oaloop to collect leap and just hope our participation peoples awareness o enironmen- experience rom past eents. can contribute a little bit to Chinas tal protection is obious. t the s case studies, experience enironmental progress.

CHINA PICTORIAL 57 SOCIETY

HebiBig Ideas from a Small City Text by Zhou Xin

The stunning transformation of a small city in central China has attracted many foreign students from emerging markets.

ith little water in An Ancient Town and Foreign its bed in chilly Visitors ecember, a esidents o Xunxian County 500-year-old canal didnt hae much experience Wcrosses in ront o the rebuilt gate meeting oreigners. When the o the ancient county o Xunxian oreign isitors entered through in Hebi City, central Chinas Henan the ront gate o the town, crowds Proince. The canal is part o the ormed to witness the specta- Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal, cle, some een recording ideo which once ueled the prosperity o o the eent with their phones. the county hundreds o years ago. Some oreign students blurted ni Chittanaong Bounnam rom Laos nd it is now part o an amazing hao (hello) to the curious crowd. deemed it a good cultural site. I transormation o the county in a Surprised and excited, the locals really like the culture here, he dierent age. uickly replied with the same. Some grinned. Those people here seem ot long ago, Xunxian County, een dared say in nglish, ice to to hae rarely met any oreign- home to a 2,000-year-old town, meet you too, but uickly turned ers beore. Perhaps they should welcomed a group o 52 interna- away with a shy smile. espite adertise more to attract more tional students rom 30 deeloping encouragement to greet the oreign oreigners. countries including Laos, gypt riends, a small local child opted to Following the lead o this group and Sudan. These students rom hide behind his grandma. o oreign guests, perhaps more and the merging Markets Institute o The rebuilt ancient town was more oreigners will enture to the Beijing ormal niersity isited intended to be a tourist attrac- ancient town. or a glimpse o the brilliant trans- tion. The structure o traditional Kassa braha mare rom ormation o the county as well residences, the oices rom the thiopia is greatly intrigued by as the city o Hebi, to which it is past and ancient ways o Chinese Chinese culture. In such a hotbed ailiated. lie are interesting or oreigners. o ancient Chinese culture, he

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The Qihe National Wetland Park with its beautiful natural environment in Hebi City, Henan Province, in August 2017. The province has made great efforts to promote poverty alleviation and seek prosperity by developing ecotourism. by Feng Dapeng/Xinhua persistently kept notes, especially in places like the rierside park with oer 1,000 Chinese poems cared in an extraordinarily long corridor. He beliees there are many similari- ties between the ancient cultures o China and his motherland. top the narrow streets o the county are the occasional motorized ehicles lanked by a mix o bicycles, electric bicycles and tricycles. The heay concentration o clean-energy transportation is a sign o the towns endeaors to promote green trans- Students from the Emerging Markets Institute of Beijing Normal University examine ancient portation. long the streets, giant Chinese poems carved on the wall in a long riverside corridor in Hebi City, Henan Province. billboards or smartphone brands by Zhou Xin

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such as ppo and Vionow seen in numerous small Chinese towns eidence the massie expansion o smartphone marketing and sales in Chinas rural areas. The inluence o the mobile internet has reached eery corner o China. Some build- ings are a bit run-down but maybe just temporarily as they await renoation.

Big Data Agriculture Henan Proince has been a traditional agricultural power- house. xpectedly, Hebi City is a strong agricultural producer, with per capita output alue o animal husbandry, meat and milk ranking top in the proince or oer two decades in a row. In the era o e-commerce and inormation technology, the city is also modern- izing its agricultural production and sales. Perhaps the most impressie is a digital platorm proiding inormation on agricultural products, serices and e-commerce. n the screen o a smart agricultural experience center, one Drones have been widely applied in agricultural activities in Henan Province. by Feng Dapeng/Xinhua

can ind the inormation o the by Hebi gricultural Silicon Valley, prices o agricultural products, the which has been operating since 2013. situation o arm production in It was established by a Beijing-based certain places and other import- company working with agricultural ant inormation. ccording to inormation. The ambitious agricul- the head o the center, it is also tural inormation platorm has been trying to collect inormation on working on constructing new inra- agricultural products rom Henan structure or agriculture in the Proince and labeling them to internet age: cloud computing, big improe the uality o agricul- data, the Internet o Things, and tural production by tracing the artiicial intelligence. source o eery single agricultural Hisham bubakr Metwally product. longside selling products Mohamed is an economic researcher online, the platorm also inites rom gypt. He praised the deelop- teams o drones to perorm agricul- ment o smart agriculture in Hebi. tural work. The pesticide-spraying This is an adanced system that December 21, 2018: Students from the Emerging Markets Institute of Beijing Normal drones can be ordered online by our country doesnt hae, so there University pose for a group picture at a armers according to their needs. are a lot o opportunities or cooper- tourist spot in Hebi City, Henan Province. by Zhou Xin The technology was deeloped ation, he opined.

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Drones have been widely applied in agricultural activities in Henan Province. by Feng Dapeng/Xinhua March 2, 2018: A smart self-propelled irrigation machine operates at a high-standard agricultural demonstration zone in Xunxian County, Henan Province. by Li An/Xinhua

Experience for Emerging a uarter o the nations wheat and the city, declared that Hebi is in Markets a tenth o all the nations grain. But the process o transormation. Hu Biliang, dean o the Henan is also home to large-scale Its conentional industries are merging Markets Institute o industry, with its GP ranking becoming smarter, he said, citing Beijing ormal niersity, noted among the top in China. The companies producing smart house- that the experience o Hebis trans- proince has enjoyed a relatiely hold decoration and L products ormation is signiicant or other ast economic growth rate, with a instead o coal byproducts. s or deeloping countries. Hu once gradually balanced deelopment o agriculture, he said that the city taught in places including Xunxian agriculture and industry. is working to integrate primary, County in 1985. When he returned s a young city established in secondary and tertiary indus- or a surey arranged by the central 1957, Hebi emerged around its tries as well as large e-commerce goernment in 2007, he was aston- abundant coal mines. With a proen enterprises that oer serices ished by the drastic change that had resere o 1.74 billion tons o coal, to illages. taken place oer 22 years. the city was once prosperous due to This proince, especially He remarked that Henan is industries related to coal and power this city, has become a good strong in both industrial and production. It is now in the process place or deeloping countries to agricultural production. The o restructuring its economy to research agricultural and industrial proince is always known or its become more balanced. modernization and transorma- agricultural production: It produces Liu Wenbiao, ice mayor o tion, added Hu.

CHINA PICTORIAL 61 SOCIETY

Transforming Jobs in the Age of AI Text by Joe Luc Barnes

Should companies use AI to increase productivity and profits, or do they also have a duty to improve the day-to-day routine of their employees?

he uture o labor in a digital China and especially Shanghai is ery part o the job. ur product enables economy has become a attractie, says Stphane Truong, a teacher to sae dozens o hours a heated topic alongside the ounder o ctionable ata, an I week on marking essays. emergence o artiicial intel- consultancy serice company. I hae Is a school likely to pay those Tligence (I). Will the prolieration seen a lot o initiatie rom seeral teachers the same or less work o I and robotics herald human city districts such as collaboration r will it instead use those extra redundancy as a working species with incubators to propose ancillary hours to gie them more classes, This prospect has inspired pessi- serices, organizing competition or which would reduce personnel mism in many Western countries inancial subsidies and proiding a reuirements that is not shared by most Chinese. lexible iscal policy. Such uestions could be some Indeed, according to a surey But Beijing has perhaps created o the deining issues o the digital compiled by the entsu egis the most ertile enironment age. Should companies use I to etwork, just 18 percent o British or tech startups. The capitals increase productiity and proits, and German citizens eel that new hongguancun area is known as or do they also hae a duty to digital technologies will create job Chinas Silicon Valley due to improe the day-to-day routine o opportunities oer the next ie to concentration o tech startups based their employees ten years. In China, a country with there. Its proximity to Chinas two a labor orce o around 800 million, premier academic institutions, Business Optimism 65 percent o people beliee that I Peking and Tsinghua uniersities, Much o the tech community will create een more work. makes it a happy hunting ground or has adopted the belie that these new talent. problems will simply sort themseles Government Backing out. This is certainly the attitude o major actor is that ew Disappearing Jobs Stuart Leitch, ounder o Lollipop.ai, goernments are embracing the ne startup is riental iFly, a Seattle and Shanghai-based digital age with as much gusto as which aims to use I to create an sotware company that uses I to China. In uly 2017, Chinas State automatic grading system or essays improe customer engagement with Council set a national goal o that proides instant eedback to online products. Firms hae a ery becoming the worlds primary I teachers on students work and saes bad habit o hiring or unnecessary innoation center, aiming to oster time spent marking. positions. The employees arent bad, an I industry that produces in I asked one o the companys but their duties usually inole repet- excess o one trillion yuan (S$147.7 product designers, Kailin Xie, itie, brainless and low-alue work. billion) by 2030. whether this innoation might put We want to release people rom Such enthusiasm has seeped right teachers out o work. those positions and reduce the cost down to the municipal leel, with Teachers arent hired to grade, o that kind o work so those people local goernments especially keen to she asserts. s long as there are can do more meaningul things. support startups in the sector. students, teachers will be neces- t the end o the day, we expect to The business enironment in sary. Grading is just an extraneous create jobs across industries rather

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January 16, 2019: In the clinic hall of the Chinese PLA General Hospital (Hospital 301), four new intelligent guidance robots offer counseling services. VCG than put people out o work, especially diicult to ind talent major uniersities, which is slowly explains Leitch. on the deelopment ront. Since starting to pay o. He has plans to expand his seen- the skills most in-demand or our Tsinghua niersity produced strong team considerably in 2019. business are hard data science and more o the top one-percent most But what o the manuacturing machine-learning skills, were inding highly cited papers in math and jobs that hae sered as the backbone that we need Ph-leel candidates, computing disciplines than any o Chinas economic growth Many which are ew and ar between. It other in the world between 2013 are likely to go, admits enny Xu, may become necessary to just hire and 2016. Much o the situation ice president o the Shanghai Haihe go-getters who can learn uickly but is about money: While Chinese IT Company, which produces intelli- dont necessarily hae experience. proessors still dont earn as much gent speech robots. Stphane Truong at ctionable as their merican counterparts, I will change uture employ- ata has similar issues. My many o them are still oered ment trends and patterns, he company would ideally employ oer S$100,000 per year, making explains. ow, the labor orce is candidates with at least a masters China astly more competitie too costly, so lower-leel labor will degree in computer science. We oer academically. largely be replaced by I-related a ery competitie package, but the .S. ews World eport technology. But humans wont battle or talent is rough because een ranked the uniersity as the be completely unnecessary employees are more attracted to number one computer science insti- human-machine coupling will mature companies. tution in the world in 2018. The act become a uture trend or enter- that China is now competing with prises and businesses. Technology Education Western uniersities in this ital With such a limited talent pool, ield is an immense achieement and Skills Gap domestic Chinese tech giants like will be key to unlocking I poten- To a large extent, the challenge libaba and Tencent usually hae tial in the country. is retraining people. Thousands o irst pick o the best talent. ter all, says enny Xu, I is brand new jobs are being created. But Chinas edge on other a new tech ieldmillions o young In act, a growing complaint rom countries may be its realization people with dreams will choose to business leaders and recruiters is o the role that education plays in work in this realm. a lack o talent with the necessary digitalizing the economy. Beijing skills to ill emerging jobs. has sunk major inestment into The author is a recent graduate from the Stuart Leitch notes, Its computer science programs at its University of Oxford.

CHINA PICTORIAL 63 CULTURE Discovering Children’s Museum

Text by Gong Haiying Education Photographs courtesy of the Children’s Museum Research Center and the Laoniu Children’s Discovery Museum at China National Children’s Center

In today’s China, museum education designed for children is attracting more and more attention. Efforts to harness museum resources have created a better environment to meet the growing needs of children.

Children play in the “Happy Ball” exhibition area. At the Laoniu Children’s Discovery Museum, having fun seems to be the ultimate goal for children.

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The project called “Construction Site” combines hands-on experience with skills such as climbing, using building blocks, transporting and collaborating to inspire children to explore architecture freely.

“Adventurous Stairs” can help children build courage and determination and enhance coordination he Laoniu resembling those and physical balance by Childrens iscoery ound in amusement parks. He climbing up floor to floor. Museum inside China uickly climbed to the highest leel ational Childrens Center seen to eight meters aboe the Tis one o the largest childrens ground. Then, he noticed seeral museums in Beijing. It eatures children throwing oam blocks o exhibits and entertainment acil- arious shapes into a glass tube ities or children up to age seen. and immediately joined in. His nlike the passie entertain- mother discoered that the whole ment acilities in theme parks, climbing area was designed to be the 2,400-suare-meter museum integrated with the glass tube, and is designed to blend knowl- long coneyer belts were installed edge about culture, society and on both sides. Seeral children and science. The exhibitions combine parents were transporting build- interesting educational content ing blocks to the climbing area. to inspire children to think and s all o them worked together, explore actiely. the stacked blocks gradually ormed a wall. Exploration Fun hao Yain, curator o the ter stepping into the museum museum, explained that the The Laoniu Children’s Discovery Museum with his mother or the irst time, project called Construction Site, inside China National Children’s Center is one ie-year-old Guoguo was instantly combined hands-on experience of the largest children’s museums in Beijing. It features exhibits and entertainment drawn to the climbing acilities with skills such as climbing, adding facilities for children up to age seven.

CHINA PICTORIAL 65 CULTURE

On May 31, 2018, with the support of the governments of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region and Hohhot City, another Laoniu Children’s Discovery Museum began trial operation in Hohhot.

building blocks, transporting and Gensheng, ounder o Laoniu when she was studying or a masters collaborating to inspire children to Foundation, during an eniron- degree in education at Columbia explore architecture reely. mental project tour in Hawaii at the niersity. She was struck by the t the museum, haing un end o 2011. By chance he isited dierence between Chinese and seems to be the ultimate goal the Hawaii Childrens iscoery merican educational concepts. or children. ach theme exhibi- Center in the nited States, where ter graduation, she raised the tion area integrates learning into a exhibitions ocus on experience unds by hersel and collaborated game by adding un elements that and interaction. Contrasting tradi- with proessional teams in the nited enhance childrens cognitie abili- tional exhibition-themed museums, States and Singapore to establish the ties. Happy Ball is a aorite or it ocuses on catering to childrens small experimental institution o only children. They place balls on dier- hands-on exploration. ter the 500 suare meters. Shortly ater the ent coneyer belts to eed them isit, iu decided to introduce the Magic Bean House opened, hang into a big box oerhead. When the project to China, which led to the wrote that exhibits o a successul box is illed with balls, it automat- opening o the discoery museum. childrens museum must interact with ically opens, and the balls all t that time, the Magic Bean isitors in some way rather than just together. ager to eel the balls House Childrens Museum in sit on display. alling on them, the children wait Beijing was Chinas only museum ter extensie preparatory in groups below. The task subtly that integrated leading international work inoling hang, the Laoniu demands cooperation rom children educational ideas. Founded in 2010, Foundation and Beijing ormal playing the game. the museum is in act the countrys niersity established the Childrens irst childrens museum registered Museum esearch Center in China, American Concept Comes to as a member o the ssociation o and hang i was inited to sere China Childrens Museums. The idea to as its executie ice-director. The The idea o ounding the disco- establish this museum popped into organization directly pushed or ery museum originated rom iu the head o its ounder hang i the deelopment o the Laoniu

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Childrens iscoery Museums in Beijing, Shanghai, Hong Kong and other regions and eentually became a leading educational research institution in Chinas museum education or children. s hang pointed out, unlike Western childrens museums unded mostly by non-goernmental public welare donations, the Laoniu Childrens iscoery Museums hae receied strong support rom Chinese goernment agencies. For instance, the Beijing-based Laoniu Childrens iscoery Museum that opened in 2015 has receied a special alloca- Zhang Ni (third right), executive vice director of the Children’s Museum Research Center in tion o more than 20 million yuan China, at a seminar on museum education for children in Guangdong Museum in July 2018. (about S$3 million) rom the central These specially designed museums are drawing more and more attention in China these days. goernment. n May 31, 2018, with the support o the goernments o Inner Mongolia utonomous egion and Hohhot City, another Laoniu Childrens iscoery Museum began trial operation in Hohhot.

A Brighter Future The museum project adocates the idea that a childrens museum should not coney adults understanding o knowledge, but instead adapt to childrens growth patterns. It proides a new method or improing and enriching the childrens education unction o Chinese museums and a new idea or Chinas The Children’s Museum Research Center has made great efforts to promote children’s museum education. In May 2018, representatives of the research center went to Denmark to early childhood education reorm. participate in the third phase of a Laoniu Chinese early childhood education talent training In 2015, China promulgated project sponsored by H.C. Andersen International Kindergarten College. and enacted the egulations on Museums, which lists education as the primary unction o museums. projects suitable or children, which children, children with special This aligns with the international has achieed promising results. diseases and other ulnerable groups concept o museums. hang pointed s a orm o extensional educa- enjoy childrens museums. rganizers out that traditional museums are tion, how will childrens museum hope that with guidance and educa- also greatly inluenced by childrens education aect oerall educational tion or parents, adanced educational museums and hae begun inesting reorm in China hang beliees concepts can enter eery amily. more into their educational role or that educational euity should be In China, more and more atten- children. She said that the Childrens the primary concern. t present, tion has been placed on childrens Museum esearch Center has been the Laoniu Childrens iscoery museum education. orts to increasing cooperation with tradi- Museums are making tremen- promote childrens museum tional museums in recent years dous eorts in this regard. They education hae created a better and has conducted many training hae launched the Children365 enironment to meet the growing programs on designing exhibition Program, which aims to help poor needs o children.

CHINA PICTORIAL 67 CULTURE Starry Skies —Spring Festival Visit to Beijing Space City by China Artists Association

Text by Zhao Yue Photographs by Guo Shasha

“We hope that the future will bring more chances for artists to visit satellite and rocket launch sites and workplaces of frontline aerospace professionals. We want to see and inspire more artistic works on China’s space heroes.”

look uite resolute and irm industry has deeloped at breakneck in this painting, Chen speed in recent years. From Chinas ong remarked, point- manned spacelight program “ ing at a portrait o him Shenzhou to the countrys lunar that ProessorI Sun Hao o Chinas mission Change, a series o key ational eense niersity o the space projects hae been success- Peoples Liberation rmy created. It ully completed. n anuary 3, 2019, looks like I am ready to get down to Chinas Change-4 probe touched business. Chen, a 41-year-old astro- down on the ar side o the moon, naut, successully participated in stirring up a huge sensation both the Shenzhou-11 manned mission at home and abroad. Many light in 2016. I was uite excited or control tasks or the Change-4 this eent because it was my irst mission were perormed at Beijing chance to work as a model, grinned Space City. To salute to aerospace Chen. stronauts and other space workers, a olunteer group o paint- workers dont usually pose on site or ers and calligraphers rom China artists. The unusual scene happened rtists ssociation isited Beijing during the Spring Festial isit o Space City to pay respect to space China rtists ssociations olun- heroes with their artistic works. teers to Beijing Space City located in Led by Xu Li, secretary o the the northwestern suburb o Chinas Party Committee and ice presi- capital city. The isit was part o the dent o the Standing Committee Going Grassroots and eliering o China rtists ssociation, the oy campaign, a key cultural project olunteer group created works or o the China Federation o Literary space workers. rtists produced and rt Circles. Spring Festial couplets, arious uring the campaign, renowned calligraphic works eaturing the artists olunteered to orm groups Chinese character or happi- Space worker Li Haitao examines his portrait. Li made important contributions to China’s lunar to proide the general public with ness, landscape paintings, and program. artistic serices. Chinas aerospace bird-and-lower paintings. The

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painters also produced portraits o astronauts ing Haipeng, Wang Yaping and Chen ong on site as well as those o three other space science and technology proessionals. ll o the three astronauts had successully returned rom manned space missions. mong them, ing Haipeng has gone to space three times. s or the three space workers, Liu Yong and Li Haitao hae made important contributions to Chinas lunar exploration program, and hang inwei is an outstanding representatie o Chinese aerospace support personnel. Through the brushes o the painters, the eatures and person- alities o those space heroes were iidly captured. rtists also toured the space city to isit scientiic research enues and acilities. Contrasting its counterparts around the world which gained ame due to space programs such as Houston, Beijing Space City is not so much a city,

Wang Yaping (left), but the location o China stronaut the second Chinese esearch and Training Center. It is woman in space for the Shenzhou-10 mission, Chinas irst and the worlds third poses for a picture with space mission control center with Professor Peng Huajing from Capital Normal high-leel capabilities in measure- University beside her ment, light control and orbit portrait painted by Peng. determination. Its tasks include the command, dispatch and light control o Chinas manned spacelight missions, as well as the selection and training o astronauts. It has nurtured seeral world-renowned Chinese astronauts. Through the isit, the artists gained a deeper understanding o the hardship o space work. We elt uite honored and happy to isit Beijing Space City, declared Xu Li. We hope that the uture will bring more chances or artists to isit satellite and rocket launch sites and workplaces o rontline aerospace Space worker Zhang Jinwei examines his portrait. Xu Li, secretary of the Party Committee and proessionals. We want to create Zhang is an outstanding representative of the vice president of the Standing Committee of Chinese aerospace support personnel. China Artists Association, writes calligraphy more artistic works to honor Chinas for space workers. space heroes.

CHINA PICTORIAL 69 CULTURE | BOOKS

Grand Tribute to the Forbidden City The book, The Forbidden City, captures information gathered from the production process of the documentary series with the same title and delivers new understanding and insights into the history and stories of the imperial palace and cultural relics collected there over the centuries.

s the imperial palace o the most important carriers o Chinese The Forbidden City, a book compiled by the production team of the documentary Ming (1368-1644) and ing ciilization. series with the same title and published (1644-1911) dynasties, the The book, The Forbidden by China Workers Publishing House in October 2018. Forbidden City presered City, deries rom the 12-episode Athe cultural essence o ancient large-scale documentary series China, especially o the Ming and with the same title presented by ing periods, and became one o the China Central Teleision (CCTV)

A bird’s-eye view of the Forbidden City. As the imperial palace of the Ming (1368-1644) and Qing (1644-1911) dynasties, the Forbidden City is dubbed one of the most important carriers of Chinese civilization.

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in 2005. Featuring many experts rom CCTV, the Palace Museum and other related ields, the documentary was produced in a parallel structure to comprehen- siely display the rich historical, social and cultural connotations o the Forbidden City rom aspects o its architecture, unctional- ity, cultural relics, deelopment and eolution. The production has been regarded as a model work with grand narration. More than a simple transcript o the documentarys commen- tary, the book proides a deeper interpretation o concepts eatured in the documentary. It highlights many new understandings and perceptions o the construction process and architectural eatures o the imperial palace, important ritual actiities, political and liing unctions, representatie cultural relics and its history and stories oer the centuries. Howeer, the book aligns with the documentary in terms o narratie methods such as detailing, oral style and scene reproduction, so it helps readers grasp the stories o many imperial igures and historical eents including some preiously unknown to the public. It proides a better way to understand history. Furthermore, the documentary series, The Forbidden City, employed many unprecedented techniues in shooting. Chinese cinematographer hao The Qianlong Emperor in Ceremonial Armor on Horseback, by Giuseppe Castiglione (1688– 1766). Castiglione was originally an Italian missionary. After he became a court painter in Xiaoding, who was nominated the Qing Dynasty (1644-1911), he devoted himself to the integration of Chinese and Western or the cademy ward or Best painting, which greatly influenced the style of court painting in the Qing Dynasty. Cinematography in 2005, and amous apanese cinematographer Tsutomu kahira were inited to eer sered as director o the Palace interpreting the history and culture proide photographic consultation, Museum, wrote in the preace to the o the Forbidden City. so the production became Chinas book that the documentarys success hao Wei, lead producer and irst documentary to earn both rae was based on the painstaking eorts writer o the documentary, pointed reiews internationally and impres- o many contributors. ot only was out that this book would not only be sie iewership domestically. it the irst proitable documentary an honor to all contributors to the Former Chinese Vice Minister in CCTV history, but it has become ilm, but also bring new lie to the o Culture heng Xinmiao, who the most highly regarded work documentary.

CHINA PICTORIAL 71 CULTURE

Celebrating Spring Festival in the Palace Text by Yi Mei

The exhibition “Celebrating Spring Festival in the Forbidden City” takes visitors back hundreds of years to witness how royal families celebrated Chinese New Year.

hinese ew Year, also celebration customs or Chinese igures o the nation. So, the known as the Spring ew Year during the ing ynasty. celebration o Chinese ew Year Festial, is the most import- Imbued with estie atmosphere in the imperial palace carried dual ant traditional estial in and oering extensie interactions, meaning or both the amily and CChina, during which the Chinese the exhibition proides a east or the nation. Shan beliees that people paste couplets on doors, isitors eyes and noses as well. patrons will ind items and make dumplings and watch the ust like today, the central scenes similar to Spring Festial Gala. But in centu- theme o Chinese ew Year in ries past, how did the ing ynasty ancient times inoled, royal (1644-1911) emperors celebrate amilies and ordinary people this major estial Held in the alike, bidding arewell Palace Museum (also known as the to the past year and Forbidden City), the exhibition welcoming the new Celebrating Spring Festial in the one, explains Shan Forbidden City ixiang, director proides some o the Palace insight with 900 Museum. In pieces (or sets) ancient times, o cultural relics emperors on display to were repre- ully illuminate sentatie

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their own lies, but also plenty o to as dragon letter. It would be totally new discoeries. posted in the Palace o Heaenly Purity, where emperors lied and Festive Atmosphere in the dealt with daily political aairs. Forbidden City Then emperors would write uring the Spring Festial, another dozen u to be posted each Chinese household posts a in other palaces. This exhibi- piece o paper with Chinese charac- tion showcases the ersions o u ter u (blessing) on the door. The brushed by mperors Kangxi, royal amily was no exception. Yongzheng, ianlong, iaing and n the irst day o the 12th lunar aoguang, which are expected to month, emperors would use a brush bring abundant specially made or the occasion blessings to called Ciu Cangsheng (liter- spectators. ally bestow blessings on common In addition people) to write the Chinese A close-up to part of a “longevity lamp,” character u on paper featuring the patterns of dragons and Chinese characters for auspicious words. reerred by Yin Xing

A pair of “longevity lamps” is restored to stand in front of the Palace of Heavenly Purity. Having disappeared for 200 years, the tradition to set up “longevity lamps” used to be a major event in the early and mid-Qing Dynasty to celebrate Chinese New Year. It took a considerable amount of labor to set up the tall lamps. by Yin Xing

CHINA PICTORIAL 73 CULTURE

to the u posters, patrons can Palace Museum located historical play the highest-class court music, see arious couplets and pictures records on the custom and methods which would be perormed when o door gods as well as palace and een noted the detailed dimen- ministers, senior oicials and royal lanterns made o aried materials in sions o the special lamps. In the amilies isited emperors during the dierent patterns, shapes and colors. storehouse, they ound the model estial. Full court music reuired 18 In ront o the Palace o Heaenly or the lamps bodies, samples o categories o musical instruments, Purity stand a pair o heaenly their links and their original poles. but only six are exhibited including lamps and a pair o longeity sing these parts, they restored the bell and drum. lamps, a tradition that disappeared the lamps to enable the special 200 years ago. Lighting heaenly eent rom the height o the ing Living Relics lamps and longeity lamps used ynasty to return. In ancient times, an emperors to be a major eent in the early and The royal amily also hosted eery moe could inluence state mid-ing ynasty to celebrate dinners or Chinese ew Year. aairs. lthough emperors would Chinese ew Year. It took a consid- Following a record about imperial hold a stamp-sealing ceremony erable amount o labor to set up the meals dating back to 1783, the to herald the beginning o the tall lamps. In 1840, the eent was exhibition arranged oer 200 relics holidays, they couldnt really stop canceled by mperor aoguang, to recreate the settings or royal working. The exhibition restored a causing the grand ceremony to be amily reunion dinners during the scene o an emperor beginning his lost in history and related relics to Spring Festial. ew Year concert irst writing o the new year. The be scattered sporadically around the was also held in the imperial palace emperor would use a special brush world. Fortunately, ater reading to mark the occasion. The exhibition to write some auspicious words releant literature, researchers at the eatures musical instruments used to on paper to wish blessings or his

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At the exhibition, many varieties of 1 2 1 lanterns are put up just as they used to be during the Chinese New Year holiday in the Qing Dynasty. by Duan Wei

Pictures of the “door god” are posted, a 2 custom prevailing both in today and in ancient times. by Duan Wei

Imperial “red envelopes.” 3 by Duan Wei 3

The royal family also hosted dinners for 4 Chinese New Year. Following a record about imperial meals dating back to 1783, the exhibition arranged over 100 relics to recreate the settings for royal family reunion dinners during the Spring Festival. by Duan Wei

compatriots. The paper would then methods, the exhibition also adopts the relics and better understand be placed in a yellow box which new media such as ideo, anima- Chinese wishes or the ew Year, no one was allowed to open. ot tion, music, projectors, incense blessings or the motherland and until today hae people been able and inrared induction as well as hopes or lie. to see them. many interactie oerings to enrich The exhibition is also the ruit Chinese ew Year is not only a the isitor experience. With new o our introspection, says en amily-gathering holiday but also a technologies like irtual images and Wanping, deputy director o the carnial. Powerul emperors also motion capture, a digitalized pail- Palace Museum. For manage- seized the chance to hae un. The ion eaturing immersie experience ment conenience, we usually sort painting Games on Ice depicts is open to whisk people back to the relics into dierent categories. skating entertainers perorm- estie Forbidden City hundreds o This approach, howeer, remoes ing on the iced Taiye Pond on the years ago. them rom their preious historical eighth day o the 12th lunar month. Thanks to modern technolo- context. Today we dont think such Watching opera was another major gies, the exhibition has reproduced relics hae any relationship with us, entertainment actiity or the imperial celebration actiities during but back then, they were a central royal amily. ight exuisite opera the Spring Festial to proide a part o peoples lies. These items costumes are on display accompa- uniue glimpse into imperial lie. In were not relics originally. They nied by musical instruments, scripts, this exhibition, cultural relics are no were not separate but correlated. opera paintings and a stage, rom longer remoed rom their eniron- So, we decided to put them back which isitors can easily imagine the ment but placed in their original where they used to be and breathe liely and jubilant scene. historical context. This enables new lie into them in ront o the In addition to traditional the audience to eel the lie o publics eyes.

CHINA PICTORIAL 75 CULTURE | SENSING CHINA

Worth the Effort Text by José A. Morente Pérez After enduring the challenges of studying Chinese for several years, I am sure that embarking on this journey was the right choice.

will learn Chinese This reasons. Back in 2010, Chinese was idea popped into my head not as popular with oreigners as some time ago. It was it is today. For certain groups o “ not a new years resolu- oreigners, Chinese was considered tion, Ibet among riends or a sudden esoteric and not a tool as aluable as thought. It was born o something it may be considered today. espite deeper inside. The idea has changed this, my amily lent me irm support my lie completely. When other rom my irst year abroad in China people asked me why I started study- to today, years later when I still lie ing Chinese, I reuently joked there. en though they cannot see that I was inspired by the nice tank me oten and miss me so much, I o goldish in the Chinese restau- still hae their support. I was also rant my amily reuented when I ery ortunate that a Conucius was young. The real reason is that Institute opened in Granada, the I started studying Chinese because city where I was liing. I will always I was always attracted to Chinese be grateul to its excellent sta and culture, and I knew that learning the all the great people I met there. remember the irst day on my way language was key to ulilling my i hao The word hello in back home ater class, I was illed dream o traeling around China. Chinese was the irst word I learned with enthusiasm and couldnt stop in my irst Chinese class at the thinking about ni hao and all Starting with “Ni Hao” marelous Conucius Institute the new words yet to come. ot I admit I was lucky or many at the niersity o Granada. I only were many more words and

With his Chinese grammar teacher and classmates, the author (right) The author (left) in an activity about China's traditional musical visits the Old Summer Palace in Beijing. instruments during his stay in Beijing in 2013.

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o a year-long ull scholarship. But it was not my irst isit to China. Because I had joined the Conucius Institutes summer and winter programs and the Chinese Bridge competition beore, it was my ourth isit in two years. But only in Beijing did I really start learning Chinese. In act, learning Chinese is interesting and conducting your irst conersation with local Chinese is een more un. Learning the language goes hand in hand with learning and understanding the local culture. I hae always thought that the essence o a culture lies in language, and o course Chinese language and its accompanying culture are eually ascinating. ter considerable eorts to learn Chinese oer seeral years, I am sure that I took the right decision when embarking on this February 3, 2018: Chinese and American students participate in an activity to spread Chinese culture. by Wang Ying/Xinhua journey. The ability to speak a new language and understand its culture has opened the door to phrases awaiting, but also a succes- language is not easy to learn, a new world o possibilities. My sion o enriching experiences I especially or Westerners, so the career has made a 180-degree turn. neer expected. language and culture gap is huge. Perhaps because Chinese is so dii- Chinese people, who conersely cult to learn, my ability to read and Your Chinese Is Good struggle with uropean languages, speak Chinese has proided plenti- t my school, Chinese learners seem to relate to this diiculty. ul career opportunities. uring were only a minority, but we all elt wareness o the big challenge in the wonderul years I hae been motiated. I was eager to partici- learning Chinese makes you partic- working in China, I hae always pate in any Chinese-related actiity ularly patient during the learning worked in a Chinese enironment. I heard about. mong them, I can process. It also helps you eel Talking eery day with Chinese still remember my special aection less embarrassed when making colleagues and customers has been or Chinese Bridgethe Chinese mistakes, which is extremely helpul key to learning and understand- language competition or oreign- and makes you comortable with ing both the language and culture. ers. In the 2012 eent in Spain, I using Chinese. s time passes, my enthusiasm or inished third and was rewarded Chinese language and culture has with an initation to attend the Moving to China not diminished, but only increased. Chinese Bridge Final in China. Because the Chinese language What began as a hobby slowly Your Chinese is ery good is diicult to learn, I recom- became something serious and This is a phrase you will hear oten mend that anyone committed to it eoled into a central pillar o my during your learning process. Local consider moing to China. That is lie. Chinese are extremely support- exactly what I did ater my second ie to oreign people learning their year studying Chinese. Thanks to language and, beliee me, you will the Conucius Institutes scholar- need a lot o support and encourage- ships program, I got the chance to The author is a Spanish engineer who has ment during this journey. Chinese go to Beijing and take adantage been living in China for six years.

CHINA PICTORIAL 77 CULTURE | ON DISPLAY

Pioneering: Chinese Artists Abroad in France and Chinese Modern Art (1911-1949) January 12, 2019 – March 3, 2019 Central Academy of Fine Arts, Beijing This exhibition highlights the phenomenon o Chinese artists studying abroad in France in the irst hal o the 20th century. number o art pioneers returned to China ater graduation, bringing along new art orms, languages and concepts such as oil painting and sculpture that contrast traditional Chinese painting and calligraphy. This era greatly contributed to the modern transition o Chinese art rom traditional expressions. The exhibition displays more than 200 works o oer 50 Chinese artists who eer studied in France. This is the largest research exhibition concerning works o Chinese artists studying abroad in the early 20th century. It aims to relect on the deelopment and nature o Chinese contemporary art and the possibilities or uture art in the digital and image era.

The Forbidden City by André Claudot, oil on Pomegranate by Li Chaoshi, pastel on paper, The Son of the Earth by Pang Xunqiang, canvas, 57×70cm, 1928. 36.1×46.9cm, 1952. watercolor on paper, 45×37.2cm, 1934.

Splendors of Great Han: Exhibition Commemorating the 50th Anniversary of the Excavation of the Han Dynasty Tombs in Mancheng December 28, 2018 – March 28, 2019 National Museum of China, Beijing Tombs o the Han ynasty (202 B.C.-220 ..) at Mancheng are ranked among the top 100 archaeological discoeries in China during the 20th century. s a large- scale cli cae tomb cluster o a king o the Han ynasty, the tombs at Mancheng are large and well presered. Tens o thousands o precious cultural relics were unearthed in the tombs. The exhibition was designed based on the lie o Liu Sheng (a son o Liu ing, mperor ing o the Han ynasty, 165-113 B.C.) and the lourishing era in China Poster for “Splendors of Great at the time to illustrate the archaeological excaation results o the tombs, which Han: Exhibition Commemorating includes 151 sets o 724 cultural relics, including 62 sets o irst-class relics, demon- the 50th Anniversary of the Excavation of the Han Dynasty strating the great historical and cultural alue o the tombs at Mancheng. Tombs in Mancheng.”

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New Directions: Yu Honglei January 19 – April 14, 2019 Ullens Center for Contemporary Art, Beijing For the latest installment o the ew irections series o solo shows eaturing emerging artists throughout China, the llens Center or Contemporary rt (CC) presents a new series o sculptures and ideos by contemporary young Chinese artist Yu Honglei. These works were born in an era in which the internet and moies, teleision and computer screens oer constant distractionthey imitate and respond to these phenomena. Yu Honglei was born in 1984 in northern Chinas Inner Mongolia utonomous egion and currently lies and works in Beijing. He has been eatured at seeral major exhibitions in China and Germany. Poster for “New Directions: Yu Honglei.”

8102—On Reality December 29, 2018 – March 10, 2019 OCT Contemporary Art Terminal, Shanghai 8102n eality is the sixth installment o CT Shanghais annual emerging artists exhibition series. The exhibition takes its title 8102 rom a satirical internet meme that jumbles the digits o the year 2018. The title presents a realistic landscape o the narratie and ealuatie peculiarities and imaginatie isions o six young Chinese artists rom the 80s and 90s generations.

Poster for “8102—On Reality.”

The Momentary Temple: Gong Xu & SHDK Studio December 8, 2018 – February 24, 2019 Hive Center for Contemporary Art, Shenzhen This exhibition is diided into two sections. The irst eatures Chinese artist Gong Xus mythical paintings since 2011 including his most amous painting, The ragons Plan. The second eatures trendy toys rom SHK Studio created with images o the paintings and other deria- ties that Gong deeloped collaboratiely with other artists. Gong Xu was born in Shanghai in 1986. He receied a bachelors degree rom the oil painting department o China cademy o rt in 2010. The exhibition uses his identities as an artist and ounder o a ashionable toy brand.

Poster for “The Momentary Temple: Gong Xu & SHDK Studio.”

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