Frequency-dependent reflection of elastic wave from thin bed in porous media
Hong-Xing Li(李红星), Chun-Hui Tao(陶春辉), Cai Liu(刘财), Guang-Nan Huang(黄光南), Zhen-An Yao(姚振岸) Citation:Chin. Phys. B . 2020, 29(6): 064301 . doi: 10.1088/1674-1056/ab888b Journal homepage: http://cpb.iphy.ac.cn; http://iopscience.iop.org/cpb
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Frequency-dependent reflection of elastic wave from thin bed in porous media∗
Hong-Xing Li(李红星)1, Chun-Hui Tao(陶春辉)2,3,†, Cai Liu(刘财)4, Guang-Nan Huang(黄光南)1, and Zhen-An Yao(姚振岸)1
1State Key Laboratory of Nuclear Resources and Environment, East China University of Technology, Nanchang 330013, China 2Key Laboratory of Submarine Geosciences, Second Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Hangzhou 310012, China 3School of Oceanography, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China 4Department of Geophysics, Jilin University, Changchun 130026, China
(Received 15 January 2020; revised manuscript received 31 March 2020; accepted manuscript online 12 April 2020)
The reflection of elastic wave from thin bed in porous media is important for oil and gas reservoir seismic exploration. The equations for calculating frequency-dependent reflection amplitude versus incident angle (FDAVA) from thin bed in porous media are obtained based on porous media theory. Some conclusions are obtained from numerical analysis, specifi- cally, slow compression wave may be ignored when considering boundary conditions in most situations; the dispersion of reflection from thin bed is much higher than that from thick layer and is periodic in frequency domain, which is affected by the thickness of thin bed, velocity, and incident angle; the reflection amplitude envelope in frequency domain decays expo- nentially, which is affected by the thickness of thin bed, attenuation, and incident angle; the reflection amplitude increases with thickness of thin bed increasing, and then it decreases when the thickness reaches to a quarter of wavelength.
Keywords: frequency-dependent reflection, porous media, thin bed, reservoir PACS: 43.20.Gp, 43.20.El, 82.33.Ln DOI: 10.1088/1674-1056/ab888b
1. Introduction tions for calculating the frequency-dependent reflection coef- ficient from thin bed based on porous medium are obtained. The reflection seismic survey is the most important The frequency-dependent reflection coefficients versus inci- method in the field of oil and gas reservoir exploration. The dent angle from thin sandstone reservoir and alternating thin amplitude of seismic reflection wave carries the information bed of sandstone and mudstone are calculated and analyzed to about underground media. The reflection amplitude versus in- answer the questions about the effect of wave dispersion, the cident angle (AVA) can be used to predict hydrocarbon. The thickness and structure of thin bed on wave reflection. AVA from thin bed (including interbed) is one of the difficult points for reservoir prospection and prediction. The reflec- tion from thin bed, calculated by Zeoppritz equation which 2. Biot/Squirt theory is based on single phase elastic medium theory, was exten- The BISQ equations of wave propagation can be ex- [1–7] sively studied. But the oil and gas reservoir is typical of pressed as follows:[16] porous media. The theory of wave propagation in porous 2 media has been adopted in the field of soil, ocean sediment, 2 ∂ µ∇ 푢 + (λ + µ)∇(∇ · 푢) − β∇P = (ρ1푢 + ρ2푈), and oil–gas reservoir, and so on.[8–25] There are fast compres- ∂t2 2 (1) sional wave (FP wave), slow compressional wave (SP wave) ∂ ∂ −φ∇P = 2 (ρ11푢 + ρ22푈) − b (푢 − 푈), and conversed shear wave (CS wave) in porous media and ∂ t ∂t β − φ the reflection at the interface of thick layer in porous me- P = −FS ∇ · 푈 + ∇ · 푢 , (2) dia have been extensively studied.[26–29] The fluid flows in φ pores will bring about wave attenuation and dispersion, and where the wave dispersion in a seismic frequency range is proved [30,31] 1 β − φ 1 −1 in porous media. Frequency-dependent reflection am- F = + , (3) plitude versus incident angle (FDAVA) was developed in re- Kf φ Ks cent ten years.[32–38] But there has been no paper to describe 2J (λ r) S = 1 − 1 1 , (4) the frequency-dependent reflection from thin bed based on λ1rJ0 (λ1r) porous medium theory. In this paper, the Biot/Squirt model 2 2 ρfω φ + ρs/ρf ηφ λ1 = + i , (5) (BISQ) of porous medium is reviewed first. Then, the equa- F φ κρfω ∗Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 41764006, 41364004, and 41504095), the Chinese Study Abroad Fund (Grant No. 201508360117), the National Key Research and Development Program of China (Grant No. 2018YFC0309901), and the COMRA Major Project, China (Grant No. DY135-S1-01-01). †Corresponding author. E-mail: [email protected] © 2020 Chinese Physical Society and IOP Publishing Ltd http://iopscience.iop.org/cpb http://cpb.iphy.ac.cn 064301-1 Chin. Phys. B Vol. 29, No. 6 (2020) 064301
λ and µ being the elastic modulus of drained skeleton, β the 3. FDAVA theory of thin bed in porous media 2 pore-elastic coefficient, b = ηφ /κ the dissipation coefficient, The geological thin reservoir model is shown in Fig. 1(a). 푢 the displacement vector of solid, 푈 the displacement vec- The medium I is the covering mudstone and the medium III tor of fluid, P the fluid pressure, ρ1 = (1 − φ)ρs, ρ2 = φρf, is the under mudstone. The medium II is the thin reservoir ρ12 = −ρa, ρ11 = ρ1 +ρ12, ρ22 = ρ2 +ρ12, ρs is solid density, which is single thin sandstone or thin sandstone and mudstone interbed. The incident FP wave will introduce the reflected FP ρf is fluid density, ρa is coupling density, κ the permeability, wave, SP wave, CS wave into medium I and transmitted FP η the viscosity, Ks the bulk modulus of grains, Kf the bulk wave, and the SP wave and CS wave into medium III. There modulus of fluid, ω the angular frequency, r the Squirt length, are up-going and down-going FP wave, SP wave, and CS wave φ the porosity, J0 and J1 the zero-order and first-order Bessel in medium II (Fig.1). The frequency, velocity, attenuation, functions, respectively, ∇ the gradient operator, ∇· the diver- thickness, and structure of thin bed all affect the FDAVA re- gence operator, ∇2 the Laplace operator, i the imaginary part sponse from thin reservoir. For better comparisons, figure 1(b) of a complex number. shows thick layer model.
α12 (a) (b) α13 α12 α11 α11 medium I x α13 α α 11 single thin sandstone medium I 11 x h z z FP wave SP wave CS wave FP wave SP wave CS wave Fig. 1. Reflection and transmission from (a) thin bed and (b) thick layer based on BISQ theory. The boundary conditions of reflection and transmission zontal direction, z the vertical direction. P1, P2, and P3 are the 1 2 1 2 1 2 can be expressed by uz = uz z=0, ux = ux z=0, σzz = σzz z=0, fluid pressures in medium I, medium II, and medium III, re- 1 2 1 1 2 2 σxz = σxz z=0, P1 = P2|z=0, φ1 uz −Uz = φ2 uz −Uz z=0, spectively, φ1, φ2, and φ3 the porosities in medium I, medium 2 3 2 3 2 3 2 3 uz = uz z=h, ux = ux z=h, σzz = σzz z=h, σxz = σxz z=h, II, and medium III, respectively, and h is the thickness of thin 2 2 3 3 P2 = P3|z=h, φ2 uz −Uz = φ3 uz −Uz z=h, ux and uz are bed. Then, the FDAVA equations of a single thin bed in porous the displacement components of solid. Ux and Uz the displace- media can be obtained by ment components of fluid, σ , σ , and σ the stress com- xx xz zz ponents, superscripts 1, 2, and 3 refer to medium I, medium 퐵퐷1 −퐷2 푅T = 0, (6) II, and medium III, respectively, subscript x means the hori- 퐵 = 푀푊 푀 −1, (7) cosα21 cosα22 −sinα23 −cosα21 −cosα22 sinα23 sinα21 sinα22 cosα23 sinα21 sinα22 cosα23 E21k21 E22k22 −G23k23 E21k21 E22k22 −G23k23 푀 = , (8) G21k21 G22k22 H23k23 −G21k21 −G22k22 −H23k23 S21 S22 −T¯ 23 −S21 −S22 T¯23 O21k21 O22k22 0 O21k21 O22k22 0 cosα11 −cosα11 −cosα12 sinα13 W31 cosα31 W32 cosα32 −W32 sinα33 sinα11 sinα11 sinα12 cosα13 W31 sinα31 W32 sinα32 W32 cosα33 E11k11 E11k11 E12k12 −G13k13 W31E31k31 W32E32k32 −W32G33k33 퐷1 = , (9) 퐷2 = , (10) G11k11 −G11k11 −G12k12 −H13k13 W31G31k31 W32G32k32 W32H33k33 S11 −S11 −S12 푇13 W31S31 W32S32 −W32푇33 O11k11 O11k11 O12k12 0 W31O31k31 W32O32k32 0 064301-2 Chin. Phys. B Vol. 29, No. 6 (2020) 064301 W21 0 0 0 0 0 the same as that of 퐵 and J¯ is the number of the layers in the 0 W22 0 0 0 0 thin interbed. 0 0 W 0 0 0 푊 = 23 , −1 (11) " J¯ # 0 0 0 W21 0 0 −1 ∏ 퐵 j퐷1 −퐷2 푅푇 = 0, (20) 0 0 0 0 W22 0 j=1 −1 0 0 0 0 0 W23 T The seismic common depth point gather (CDP) in time 푅푇 = 1 R˜p1 R˜p2 R˜s T˜p1 T˜p2 T˜s , (12) 2 domain can be obtained from the following equation: Elm = Al + 2Nl cos αlm + (Q1 + R1)vlm + Ql, (13) −1 ˜ ˜ Glm = Nl sin2αlm, (14) Sig(t,α) = FFT R(ω,α) ×W (ω) , (21) H = N cos2α , (15) lm l lm where W˜ is the seismic wavelet, Sig(t,α) the seismic CDP Slm = φl (1 − vlm)cosαlm, (16) gather in time-incident angle domain. T¯lm = φl (1 − vlm)sinαlm, (17) Because the wave number in those equations above is Ql + Rlvlm complex number and frequency dependent, so in the equa- Olm = , (18) φl tions considered are the frequency-dependent velocity and at- ihklm cosαlm Wlm = e , (19) tenuation. And the structure of thin interbed is considered in Eq. (20). with k being the complex wave number, α the angle, A and N the elastic parameters of undrained skeleton, Q and R the elas- 4. FDAVA analyses of thin bed tic parameters related to the coupling of fluid and solid, v the ratio of the displacement of fluid to the displacement of solid, The parameters of mudstone (medium I and medium III) l = 1,2,3 the subscripts referring to media I, II, and III, re- are set to be the same value (Table1), which will introduce spectively, m = 1,2,3 the subscripts referring to the FP-wave, small velocity dispersion and low attenuation. The parame- SP-wave, and CS-wave, respectively, R˜ being the reflection ters of sandstone (medium II) are set to be the values (Table1) coefficient, T˜ the transmission coefficient, p1, p2, and s the which will introduce high velocity dispersion and high atten- subscripts referring to the FP wave, SP wave, and CS wave, uation in a range of seismic frequency (Fig.2). The thin in- respectively. terbed is made up of alternating superposition of sandstone In the matter of thin interbed, the equation of AVA re- (medium II) and mudstone (medium I). In Table1, Gb is shear sponse can be expressed by Eq. (20). The definition of 퐵 j is modulus of skeleton and Kb is the bulk modulus of skeleton. Table 1. Parameters of model based on BISQ model. 3 3 Parameters φ/% η/Pa·s κ/mD ρf/(kg/m ) ρs/(kg/m ) Gb/GPa Kb/GPa Ks/GPa Kf/GPa r/mm Medium I 1 0.001 0.01 1000 2650 20 30 35 2.25 0.1 Medium II 30 0.03 1.25 900 2650 14.6 16 38 1.49 5 We use biconjugate gradient-stabilized method to solve and the wavelet is shown in Fig.5. The low frequency com- linear equations (Eq. (6) or Eq. (20)).[39] The dispersion ponent of CDP gather of thick layer (Fig. 6(a)) is much more of FDAVA from 5-m-thin sandstone bed (Fig. 3(a)) is obvious than that of the thin bed (Fig. 6(b)). much higher and more complicated than that of thick layer (Fig. 3(b)). In the thick layer situation, the thickness of sand- -1 4100 stone is much larger than the wavelength of seismic wave, and 4000 the reflection and transmission occur at the interface between 3900 mudstone and sandstone. The stack reflection amplitude of 3800 Velocity/ms 10 0 10 1 10 2 10 3 0◦–60◦ (which means adding the reflection coefficients with incident angle from 0◦ to 60◦) from thick layer shows the prop- 0.04 erty of low-frequency “bright spot” (Fig. 4(a)), but the stack ◦ ◦ -1 0.02 reflection amplitude of 0 –60 of thin sandstone increases with Q frequency increasing (Fig. 4(b)). The difference between re- 0 10 0 10 1 10 2 10 3 flection coefficients of 10-Hz and 50-Hz waves from thin sand- Frequency/Hz stone bed (Fig. 4(d)) is much higher than that from the thick layer (Fig. 4(c)). The CDP gather can be obtained by Eq. (21) Fig. 2. Velocity and attenuation of FP wave versus frequency in sandstone. 064301-3 Chin. Phys. B Vol. 29, No. 6 (2020) 064301 quency domain decays according to exponential function of Modulus Phase (a) −2himag(k21(ω))cosα21 100 e (Fig.8). 0.12 100 -174 (a) 0.12 0 50 50 -176 0.10 100 -178 0.08 Time/ms 200 20 40 60 20 40 60 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 (b) Incident angle/(O) 100 100 (b) 0.15 Frequency/Hz 0 120 0.10 50 50 100 0.05 Time/ms 100 200 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 20 40 60 20 40 60 Incident angle/(O) Incident angle/(Ο) Fig. 6. CDP gathers of (a) thick layer and (b) thin sandstone bed. Fig. 3. FDAVA from (a) thick layer and (b) thin bed. Modulus Phase (a) -5 -0.05 (a) 10 Hz (c) 400 0.20 400 100 50 Hz 0.15 -6 200 0.10 200 0 -0.10 0.05 -100 -7 20 40 60 20 40 60 (b) -8 -0.15 0 50 100 0 30 60 400 0.20 400 100 0.15 0 0 200 0.10 200 0 0.05 -100 (b) (d) Frequency/Hz Stack amplitude Stack -2 -0.02 20 40 60 20 40 60 Reflection coefficient Reflection (c) -4 10 Hz -0.04 400 0.20 400 100 0.15 0 50 Hz 200 0.10 200 -6 -0.06 0 50 100 0 30 60 0.05 -100 Frequency/Hz Incident angle/(O) 20 40 60 20 40 60 Incident angle/(Ο) Fig. 4. Stack reflection amplitude versus frequency for (a) thick layer and (b) thin bed, and reflection coefficient versus incident angle for (c) thick Fig. 7. Periodic FDAVA from thin bed with h = 5 m (a), 10 m (b), and 20 m layer and (d) thin bed. (c), separately. 1 0 (a) -2 0 -4 Amplitude -1 0 50 100 150 200 -6 Time/ms 1.0 -8 (b) Stack amplitude Stack h=5 m -10 0.5 h=10 m h=20 m Amplitude -12 0 0 100 200 300 400 500 0 20 40 60 80 100 Frequency/Hz Frequency/Hz Fig. 8. Stack reflection amplitude of 0◦–60◦ from thin bed with different Fig. 5. Seismic wavelet in (a) time domain and (b) frequency domain. thicknesses. The modulus and phase of reflection coefficient show the The reflection coefficient of 30-Hz wave increases with periodic characteristic in frequency domain (Fig.7). That is the thickness of thin bed increasing if the thickness is smaller because equation (19) involves the periodic phase term. The than a quarter of wavelength. If the thickness is higher than a periodic property has the relationship between the thickness quarter of wavelength, the reflection coefficient decreases with of thin bed and incident angle. So, it has the potential applica- thickness increasing when the incident angle is in a range of tion prospect to obtain the thickness of the thin bed. The am- 0◦ ∼ 40◦ (Fig.9), and this incident angle range is important plitude envelope of frequency-dependent coefficients in fre- for seismic exploration. 064301-4 Chin. Phys. B Vol. 29, No. 6 (2020) 064301 0 -0.008 - h=0.3 m - h//λ -0.010 h=0.5 m -0.05 -h h//λ -0.012 =1.5 m h//λ -0.10 -0.014 -0.016 -0.15 -0.018 Reflection coefficient Reflection -0.020 Reflection coefficient Reflection -0.20 h//λ h//λ -0.022 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 h//λ -0.25 Incident angle/(Ο) 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 Incident angle/(Ο) Fig. 12. Reflection coefficient of 30-Hz wave from thin interbed versus in- cident angle for h¯ = 0.3 m, 0.5 m, 1.5 m. Fig. 9. Reflection of 30-Hz wave from thin bed with different thicknesses. (a) (b) The general rules of FDAVA of thin interbed with fixed 100 -0.08 100 -0.08 80 80 h¯ -0.10 total thickness but different thicknesses of one layer ( ) in the 60 -0.10 60 interbed are basically consistent with each other (Fig. 10). The 40 -0.12 40 -0.12 number of layers in interbed can be obtained from J¯ = h/h¯. 20 20 Frequency/Hz -0.14 -0.14 The stack reflection amplitude of 0◦–60◦ (Fig. 11) and the re- 20 40 60 20 40 60 flection coefficient of 30 Hz (Fig. 12) wave increase slightly Incident angle/(Ο) -4 -0.05 with the thickness of a layer in the interbed increasing. (c) (d) Modulus Phase (a) -6 -0.10 100 100 0.10 150 50 0.06 50 -8 -0.15 Stack amplitude Stack 0 50 100 0 30 60 0.02 100 Frequency/Hz coefficient Reflection Incident angle/(Ο) 20 40 60 20 40 60 (b) Fig. 13. FDAVA from thick layer with (a) and without (b) considering SP- 100 100 150 wave, and (c) stack amplitude and (d) reflection coefficient of 30-Hz wave 0.10 with (line) and without (circle) considering SP-wave. 50 0.06 50 T10 -5 0.02 100 0 -8.5 Frequency/Hz (a) 20 40 60 20 40 60 (c) (c) -0.01 -9.0 100 100 150 0.10 50 50 -0.02 -9.5 0.06 0 50 100 0 30 60 0.02 100 T10 -3 20 40 60 20 40 60 0 -1.0 (b) (d) Incident angle/(Ο) Stack amplitude Stack -1.2 -0.2 Fig. 10. FDAVA from thin interbed (h = 7.5 m) with h¯ = 0.3 m (a), coefficient Reflection 0.5 m (b), and 1.5 m (c), separately. -1.4 -0.4 0 50 100 0 30 60 0 Frequency/Hz Incident angle/(Ο) -1 Fig. 14. Stack reflection amplitude from thin bed (h = 0.1 m (a) and 1 m (b)), and reflection coefficient of 30 Hz from thin bed (h = 0.1 m (c) and -2 1 m (d) with (broken line) and without (solid line) considering SP wave in boundary conditions. -3 There is SP wave in the porous media. The SP wave is dif- - -4 h=0.3 m ficult to receive in the seismic exploration work. That is caused - Stack amplitude Stack h=0.5 m - by the high attenuation of SP wave. We compare the FDAVA -5 h=1.5 m of two types of thick layers: in the first type, the SP wave in -6 0 20 40 60 80 100 the boundary condition is considered but in the second type the Frequency/Hz SP wave in the boundary condition is not considered. They are almost the same (Fig. 13). The stack reflection amplitude and Fig. 11. Stack reflection amplitude of 0◦–60◦ from thin interbed for h = 7.5 m. AVA of 30-Hz wave of 0.1-m thin bed with considering the SP 064301-5 Chin. Phys. B Vol. 29, No. 6 (2020) 064301 wave in boundary condition are different from withthout con- cally consistent with each other. This is because in the exam- sidering the SP wave in boundary condition (Figs. 14(a) and ple in this paper, although the thickness of the single layer in 14(c)). But if the thickness of thin bed is 1 m, there is no ob- the thin interbed is different, the ratio between the sand and vious difference between them (Figs. 14(b) and 14(d)). That mudstone is the same because they are alternately distributed means the effect of SP wave on the AVA response cannot be with the same thickness. ignored only if the thickness of thin bed is very small. So, in most conditions, the SP wave can be ignored in the boundary References conditions. [1] Meissner R and Meixner E 1969 Geophys. Prospect. 17 1 [2] Widess M B 1973 Geophysics 38 1176 [3] Kallweit R S 1982 Geophysics 47 1035 5. Conclusions [4] Chung H M and Lawton D C 1995 Geophysics 60 223 [5] Liu Y and Schmitt D R 2003 Geophysics 68 1161 The equations for calculating FDAVA from thin bed in [6] Yang C, Wang Y and Wang Y H 2016 Geophysics 81 N31 porous media are obtained, with considering the effect of [7] Lu Y F and Han Y P 2019 Chin. Phys. 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Porous Media 22 435 frequency “bright spot”, but the stack reflection amplitude of [31] Wang T, Zheng K C, Jia Y P, Fu C L, Gong Z J and Wu W F 2017 Chin. FDAVA from the thin bed increases with frequency increasing. Phys. B 26 074701 This phenomenon can be used for thin reservoir to be identi- [32] Chapman M, Liu R and Li X Y 2005 Leading Edge 24 1120 [33] Chapman M, Liu E R and Li X Y 2006 Geophys. J. Int. 167 89 fied. [34] Ren H T, Goloshubin G and Hilterman F J 2009 Geophysics 74 N41 (iii) The reflection coefficient increases with the thickness [35] Silin D B, Korneev V A, Goloshubin G M and Patzek T W 2006 Transp. of the thin bed increasing if the thickness is smaller than a Porous Med. 62 283 [36] Quinta B 2012 J. Appl. Geophys. 82 119 quarter of wavelength and then decreases when the thickness [37] Chabyshova E and Goloshubin G M 2014 Geophysics 79 417 is higher than a quarter of wavelength. The general rules of [38] Guo Z Q, Liu C, Li X Y and Lan H T 2016 Chin. J. 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Geophys. the same but each layer thickness may be changed, are basi- 55 2141 (in Chinese) 064301-6 Chinese Physics B Volume 29 Number 6 June 2020 TOPICAL REVIEW — Advanced calculation & characterization of energy storage ma- terials & devices at multiple scale 068201 Design and management of lithium-ion batteries: A perspective from modeling, simula- tion, and optimization Qian-Kun Wang, Jia-Ni Shen, Yi-Jun He and Zi-Feng Ma SPECIAL TOPIC — Advanced calculation & characterization of energy storage mate- rials & devices at multiple scale 068202 Understanding the Li diffusion mechanism and positive effect of current collector volume expansion in anode free batteries Yan Zhuang, Zheyi Zou, Bo Lu, Yajie Li, Da Wang, Maxim Avdeev and Siqi Shi SPECIAL TOPIC — Active matters physics 060502 Symmetry properties of fluctuations in an actively driven rotor He Li, Xiang Yang and Hepeng Zhang 064704 Self-assembled vesicle–colloid hybrid swimmers: Non-reciprocal strokes with reciprocal actuation Jaime Agudo-Canalejo and Babak Nasouri 064705 Diffusion and collective motion of rotlets in 2Dspace Daiki Matsunaga, Takumi Chodo and Takuma Kawai SPECIAL TOPIC — Topological 2D materials 067403 Effect of graphene grain boundaries2 onMoS /graphene heterostructures Yue Zhang, Xiangzhe Zhang, Chuyun Deng, Qi Ge, Junjie Huang, Jie Lu, Gaoxiang Lin, Zekai Weng, Xueao Zhang and Weiwei Cai 067801 Acoustic plasmonics of Au grating/Bi2Se3 thin film/sapphire hybrid structures Weiwu Li, Konstantin Riegel, Chuanpu Liu, Alexey Taskin, Yoichi Ando, Zhimin Liao, Martin Dressel and Yuan Yan SPECIAL TOPIC — Optical field manipulation 064203 Non-Gaussian statistics of partially coherent light in atmospheric turbulence Hao Ni, Chunhao Liang, Fei Wang, Yahong Chen, Sergey A. 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