1 Senior Freshman 2013-14 Department of Sociology (12 Week

Senior Freshman 2013‐14 Department of Sociology

GENDER, CULTURE AND SOCIETY (2ND SEMESTER)

SUBCULTURES AND GENDER (12 week module, January – April 2014) Dr Maja Halilovic‐Pastuovic

The aim of this second half of the year is to present some more contemporary perspectives on gender and society. It does so through looking at the importance of the concept of ‘subculture’ in 20th century sociology and the difficulties encountered in combining this with a gender analysis. Were the early studies simply ‘gender‐ blind’? or should they be read rather as studies of rampant masculinity? Is ‘femininity’ itself a sub‐culture? If so, then how can half of humanity form a ‘sub’‐ culture? These are the kinds of questions we have to address when we follow these two strands of sociology – subcultures and gender – and see where they intersect. Much of the initial work on subcultures showed a fascination with ‘resistant’ masculine identities (from jazz musicians and marijuana users, to mods and rockers, punks and rastas), and we will study some of this work and its importance in debates about conformity and ‘deviance’ in the USA, and in social class and class conflict in the UK. It was a while before feminist researchers were able to point up this masculine bias, and bring women into a more complicated picture that shows both the reproduction of family values within female urban gangs in the USA, and the double rebellion involved in being a punk teenager with a Mohican and torn t‐shirt in a girls’ school. However, we shall also be doing some re‐reading of the earlier studies to see what they tell us about masculinity, even if this is not what their authors initially intended. In the past decade, various authors have argued the need to move beyond the concept of subculture, particularly in its close alliance with class divisions in the British context, but also because of its celebration of ‘resistant’ masculinity in a gender‐blind way. These authors have theorised a move from subculture to ‘post‐ subculture’, exploring the world of ‘club cultures’, or ‘neo‐tribalism’, as well as non‐ class‐based new social movements. We shall be assessing these claims and the debates that have ensued. These debates parallel those that have asserted the deconstruction of strict gender identities, whether through subcultures like ‘Goth’ that promote androgyny, or through queer subcultures that subvert conventional notions of both ‘gay’ and ‘straight’. We follow these debates into recent writing about lap‐dancers and into the portrayal of the New York subculture of black and Hispanic drag queens in the film ‘Paris is Burning’.

Lectures on this course take place on Wednesdays and Fridays at 9 am. The Friday session will be used mainly to show visual material, including several films, but is sometimes used for a second lecture or discussion session, as detailed on the reading list below. The films shown will be discussed in seminars, and you will also be able to bring them into exam answers.

If you wish to see Maja Halilovic‐Pastuovic about any matter to do with the course, my office hours are on Wednesday 4 – 5 pm, during term time, Room 3.01, 3 College Green. You do not need an appointment to come and see me at that time. My email address is [email protected].

The Teaching Assistant on this course is Yaqoub BouAynaya. He will be arranging and facilitating the seminars (see below). His office hours are: Wed. 12‐1 pm. His email is [email protected].

Seminars will start in week 2 of the course. If you are new to the course this term, please contact Yaqoub ([email protected]) to join a seminar group. Seminars will take place once a week for each student. Small groups of students will work together on running each seminar, the objectives being:

Assessment on this half‐year course will be as follows:

1) a seminar facilitationin groups of 2 to 4 students (20%) 2) an individual exam (80%) 3) a negative mark for incomplete seminar attendance (you forfeit 5 marks if you miss more than 3 out of 10 seminars, i.e. a 57 becomes a 52, a 69 becomes a 64, and so on )

For those of you who also did the course in the first half of the year (Anthropology of Gender), the marks from the first half and second half of the year will be averaged together into one mark out of 100%. This will be your mark for the whole year, i.e. for Gender, Culture and Society.

Visiting students are very welcome on the course, but please note that there are no exceptions to the requirement to take the exam in May if you require credit for the course.

SUBCULTURES AND SOCIETY: GANGS, DRUGS, DEVIANCE AND CONFORMISM

WEEK ONE

1 Anthropology in the city: race and space Wednesday 9 am The readings indented below are all to be found in: *** Ken Gelder, 2007. Subcultures: Critical Concepts in Media and Cultural Studies, Vol. II, Chicago, Birmingham, Scenes and Communities *** Albert K. Cohen, ‘A general theory of subcultures’ (Chapter 21) ** Ken Gelder, ‘Introduction’ ** Frederic M. Thrasher, 1927. ‘Gangland’, (extract from The Gang: a Study of 1,313 Gangs in Chicago ‐ Chapter 18) * Nels Anderson, ‘The Hobo: the sociology of the homeless man’ * Robert E Park, extract from ‘The City’

There is another reader edited by Ken Gelder and Sarah Thornton called simply The Subcultures Reader. This reader is the best one to buy for this course.

Web resources relevant to this lecture: http://gangresearch.net/ (Site operated by John Hagedorn at University of Illinois) see especially: John Hagedorn, 2006. ‘Race not Space: a Revisionist History of Gangs in Chicago’, Journal of African American History, 91/2, available on http://gangresearch.net/Archives/hagedorn/articles/racenotspace.pdf see also extract from Thrasher on John Hagedorn’s site: http://gangresearch.net/GangResearch/Seminars/definitions/thrasher.html ) and the piece on ‘The Chicago Race Riots’ at: http://www.uic.edu/orgs/kbc/ganghistory/Industrial%20Era/Riotbegins.html including link to the newspaper report in the Chicago Daily Tribute, 28 July 1919 http://historymatters.gmu.edu/d/4975/

For riots in UK, summer of 2011, see the study by LSE and The Guardian: http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/series/reading‐the‐riots

2 Film showing: Quadrophenia Part I Friday 8.30 am

WEEK TWO

3 Subcultures and how to belong to one Wednesday 9 am *** Howard Becker, 1966. Outsiders: Studies in the Sociology of Deviance: Ch.3 ‘Becoming a marihuana user’ Ch.5 ‘The Culture of a Deviant Group: the Dance Musician’, Ch.6 ‘Careers in a Deviant Occupational Group: the Dance Musician’

** Chris Hackley, et al. 2012. ‘Young people and binge‐drinking: a Bahktinian analysis’, Journal of Marketing Management, http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0267257X.2012.729074 ** Stan Cohen, 2002 [1972]. Folk Devils and Moral Panics: the Creation of the Mods and Rockers Additional reading: * Dick Hebdige, 1979. Subculture: the Meaning of Style

4 Film showing: Quadrophenia Part II Friday 8.30 am

SUBCULTURES, CLASS AND RESISTANCE: THE BIRMINGHAM SCHOOL AND THE QUESTION OF GENDER

WEEK THREE

5 Class as subculture: masculinity and resistance to a life of wage‐labour Wednesday 9 am *** Paul Willis, 1993 [1977]. Learning to Labour: how Working‐Class Kids Get Working‐Class Jobs And see extract from Willis’s book in The Subcultures Reader ** Paul Willis, 1978. ‘The Motor‐Bike Boys’, Chapter 2 of Willis, Profane Culture, also reprinted in Ken Gelder, ed. (2007) Subcultures, Vol. II (see above for full reference) * Angela McRobbie, 1980. ‘Settling Accounts with Subcultures’, in McRobbie, Feminism and Youth Culture; Ch.2; also reprinted in eds. Simon Frith and Andrew Goodwin, (1990) On Record: Rock, Pop and the Written Word Additional reading: * John Abraham, 1989. ‘Gender Differences and Anti‐School Boys’, Sociological Review, vol. 37, no. 1, pp. 65‐88 * Kathleen Lynch and Anne Lodge, 2002. Equality and Power in Schools: redistribution, recognition and representation, Chs.3, and 6 * Jeffrey Smith, 2007. ‘”Ye've got to 'ave balls to play this game sir!” Boys, peers and fears: the negative influence of school‐based “cultural accomplices” in constructing hegemonic masculinity’, Gender and Education, vol. 19, no. 2, pp. 179‐198 * John Abraham, 2008. ‘Back to the future on gender and anti‐school boys: a response to Jeffrey Smith’ Gender and Education, vol. 20, no. 1, pp. 89‐94

6 Class discussion Friday 9 am

The film Quadrophenia in relation to the literature on subcultures (esp. Stan Cohen, ‘Folk Devils and Moral Panics’, and Paul Willis, ‘The Motor‐Bike Boys’).

WEEK FOUR

7/8 Girls in school: is femininity a subculture? Wednesday 9 am/ Friday 9 am *** Angela McRobbie [1977] 2000. Feminism and Youth Culture 2nd ed.: ‐‘The culture of working‐class girls’, Ch.3 ‐‘Jackie magazine: romantic individualism and the teenage girl, Ch. 4 ‐ see also, Introduction, ** Angela McRobbie, 1978. “Working class girls and the culture of femininity”, Ch. 5 of Women take issue: aspects of women's subordination, (ed.) Women's Studies Group, Centre for Contemporary Cultural Studies, Birmingham * Nancy Lesko, 1988. ‘The Curriculum of the Body’ in Becoming Feminine: The Politics of Popular Culture (eds.) Leslie G. Roman and Linda K. Christian‐Smith * Barbara Hudson,1984. ‘Femininity and Adolescence’, in A. McRobbie and M. Nava, (eds.) Gender and Generation * Barrie Thorne, 1993. Gender Play: Boys and Girls in School, Ch.6, ‘Do girls and boys have different cultures?’

WEEK FIVE

9 Pretty in Punk: Girls and Subcultures Wednesday 9 am *** Lorraine Leblanc, 1999. Pretty in Punk: Girls’ Gender Resistance in a Boys’ Subculture ** Norma Coates, 1998 ‘Can’t we just talk about music? rock and gender on the internet’, in eds. Thomas Swiss, John Sloope and Andrew Herman, Mapping the Beat ** Angela McRobbie and Jenny Garber, 1975. ‘Girls and Subcultures’, in ed. Ken Gelder, 2007. Subcultures, Vol. II, and also in The Subcultures Reader * Wendy Fonarow, 2006. Empire of Dirt: the Aesthetics and Rituals of British Indie Music

10 Film showing Friday 9 am Don Letts’ Punk Attitude, section on ‘Women in Punk’ Don’t Do It: short film on Riot Grrl in the US

POST SUBCULTURES: TRIBES OF CHOICE IN A POST‐CLASS SOCIETY?

WEEK SIX

11 Don’t label me: researching punks through conversation analysis Wednesday 9 am *** Sue Widdicombe and Robin Wooffit, 1994. The Language of Youth Subcultures: Social Identity in Action

** Harvey Sacks, 1984. ‘On doing ‘being ordinary’’, in J Maxwell Atkinson and John Heritage (eds.) The Structures of Social Action: Studies in Conversation Analysis * Dylan Clark, 2003. ‘The Death and Life of Punk: the last Subculture’ in The Post‐Subcultures Reader

12 Workshop on conversation analysis *** Ian Hutchby and Robin Wooffitt, 2008. Conversation Analysis: Principles, Practices and Applications, Chapter 1 and 2 ** Paul ten Have, 2007. Doing Conversation Analysis: a Practical Guide ** Harvey Sacks, 1975. 'Everyone Has To Lie', in B. Blount and M. Sanches (eds.) Sociocultural Dimensions of Language Use, pp. 57‐80. Also in H Sacks, ed. Gail Jefferson, 1992. Lectures on Conversation

WEEK SEVEN – READING WEEK

WEEK EIGHT

13 Post‐subcultures: club cultures and neo‐tribalism *** Rupert Weinzerl and David Muggleton, 2003. ‘What is Post‐subcultural Studies Anyway?’ in David Muggleton and Rupert Weinzerl, eds. The Post‐ subcultures Reader ** Andy Bennett, 1999. ‘Subcultures or neo‐tribes? Rethinking the relationship between youth, style and musical taste’, Sociology 33(3): 599‐617 http://diy2.usc.edu/docs/bennett‐subcultures.pdf ** Sarah Thornton, 1995. Club Cultures (Introduction and Chapters 3 and 4) * Graham St John, 2003. ‘Post‐rave Technotribalism and the Carnival of Protest’, in The Post‐Subcultures Reader * Paul Hodkinson, 2003. ‘Net Goths: Internet Communication and (Sub)Cultural Boundaries’ in The Post‐subcultures Reader

14 Film showing 24 hour Party People Friday 9 am

Additional reading: The resurgence of class and culture *** Angela McRobbie, 2004. Notes on ‘What Not to Wear’ and post‐feminist symbolic violence’, in Sociological Review, vol. 52, no.2 This article is reprinted in Angela McRobbie, 2008. The Aftermath of Feminism: Gender, Culture and Social Change ** Beverly Skeggs, ‘Introducing Pierre Bourdieu’s analysis of class, gender and sexuality’, in Sociological Review, vol. 52, no2. ** Mark Rimmer, 2010. ‘Listening to the monkey: class, youth and the formation of a musical habitus’ Ethnography, Vol 11, No.2, pp. 255‐283

* Shane Blackman, 2005. ‘Youth Subcultural Theory: A Critical Engagement with the Concept, its Origins and Politics, from the Chicago School to Postmodernism’, Journal of Youth Studies, vol 8, no.1 * Andy Bennett, 2005. ‘In Defence of Neo‐Tribes: a Response to Blackman and Hesmondhalgh’ Journal of Youth Studies, Volume 8, Issue 2 , pp. 255‐9 * Anoop Nayak, 2006. ‘Displaced masculinities: Chavs, youth and class in the post‐industrial city’, Sociology, vol. 40, no. 5, pp. 813‐31

All the articles in this lecture are available through the library online journals.

POST‐GENDER?: SEXUALITY, CHOICE, AND QUEERING

WEEK NINE 15 Queer culture/s Wednesday 9 am *** D. Bell, J. Binnie, J. Cream and G. Valentine, 1994. ‘All Hyped Up And No Place To Go’, Gender, Place and Culture, Vol. 1, No.1 ** Judith Halberstam, 2003. ‘What’s that smell?: Queer temporalities and subcultural lives’, International Journal of Cultural Studies, Vol. 6., No. 3 * Barbara Bradby, 1993 ‘Lesbians and Popular Music: Does it Matter Who is Singing?’ in G. Griffin, Outwrite: Popular/Rising Lesbian Texts

16 Film showing: Paris is Burning Friday 9 am

WEEK TEN

17 From taxi‐dancers to lap‐dancing: the empowerment/exploitation debate *** Rachela Colosi, 2010. ‘A return to the Chicago school? From the “subculture” of taxi dancers to the contemporary lap dancer’, Journal of Youth Studies, Vol. 13, no.1, pp. 1‐16 ** Rachela Colosi, 2010. Dirty Dancing? An Ethnography of Lap‐Dancing ** Esther Bott, 2006. ‘Pole position: migrant British women producing'selves' through lap dancing work’, Feminist Review, No. 83, pp. 23‐41 * Paul G Cressey, [1932] 1997‘The Life‐cycle of the Taxi‐dancer [1932], in The Subcultures Reader, eds. Ken Gelder and Sarah Thornton Additional reading: * Mary Nell Trautner, 2005. ‘Doing Gender, Doing Class: The Performance of Sexuality in Exotic Dance Clubs’, Gender & Society,vol. 19 no. 6, pp. 771‐788 * Elizabeth Bernstein, 2007. ‘Sex Work for the Middle Classes’, Sexualities, vol. 10, no. 4, pp. 473‐488 * Katherine Frank, 2007. ‘Thinking Critically about Strip Club Research’, Sexualitiesvol. 10 no. 4, pp. 501‐517

18 Film showing Friday 8.30 am Ten Cents a Dance (dir Lionel Barrymore and starring Barbara Stanwyck, 1931) You can read about the film on the IMDB data base, http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0022469/ And check out these versions of the song that inspired the film: http://www.dailymotion.com/video/xcriwl_yyyten‐cents‐a‐dance‐yyy_music (contains photos of taxi‐dancers and a recording of Ruth Etting from 1930) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wN2bkQMs4Zw (Ella Fitzgerald, 1956)

WEEK ELEVEN

19 Post‐gender debates: the case of Goths and androgyny Wednesday 9 am *** Dunja Brill,2007 ‘Gender, status and subcultural capital in the goth scene’, in Paul Hodkinson, ed. Youth culture: scenes, subcultures and tribes ** Dunja Brill, 2008. Goth Culture, Gender, Sexuality and Style ** John Abraham, 1989. ‘Gender Differences and Anti‐School Boys’, Sociological Review, vol. 37, no. 1, pp. 65‐88 * Paul Hodkinson, 2002. Goth Identity, Style and Subulture * Richard Griffiths, 2010. ‘The gothic folk devils strike back! Theorizing folk devil reaction in the post‐Columbine era’, Journal of Youth Studies, Vol. 13 Issue 3, pp. 403‐422

20 Class discussion of Paris is Burning and Ten Cents a Dance Friday 9 am

WEEK TWELVE

21/22 Conclusions, revision and exam preparation from past exam papers

SF 2013‐14 Department of Sociology Senior Freshman

SUBCULTURES AND GENDER SEMINARS YAQOUB BOUAYNAYA

Yaqoub BouAynaya, Teaching Assistant on the course, will give an introduction to the series during the first lecture hour, but seminars will start in Week 2.

Note on seminar readings: We have chosen readings for the seminars that are well‐focussed on one topic for the week. However, please note that it is also important to relate these readings to the lecture readings and to broader reading on the topic.

Your seminar facilitation counts for 20% of your overall mark for this module. The criteria for assessment are:

1. the formulation of questions and debates 2. facilitation of class discussion 3. teamwork in the organisation of the hour.

Rather than a ‘presentation’, which many find stressful, think of this as a ‘facilitation’ of talk by others and a chance to interact with the class. You will enjoy it much more! The assessment will be strictly in relation to the criteria set out above, and will not reward ‘mini‐lectures’ or PowerPoint presentations, however good they are.

Week Two Race and Space seminar groups

*** Al Cohen, 2007 ‘A General Theory of Subcultures’, in Gelder, Ken (ed) The Subcultures Reader, Rutledge: London. ** John Hagedorn, 2006. ‘Race not Space: a Revisionist History of Gangs in Chicago’, Journal of African American History, 91/2.

Week Three Can Becker’s analysis of subculture help to understand young people’s use of alcohol and drugs in Ireland today? seminar groups

*** Howard Becker, 1966. Outsiders: Studies in the Sociology of Deviance: Ch.3 ‘Becoming a marihuana user’ Ch.5 ‘The Culture of a Deviant Group: the Dance Musician’,

** Chris Hackley, et al. 2012. ‘Young people and binge‐drinking: a Bahktinian analysis’, Journal of Marketing Management, http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0267257X.2012.729074

Week Four Lynch argues that Irish society is ‘in denial’ about class differences. Discuss in relation to cultures of masculinity in schools. seminar groups

*** Paul Willis, 1978. ‘The Motor‐Bike Boys’, Chapter 2 of Willis, Profane Culture, also reprinted in Ken Gelder, ed. (2007) Subcultures, Vol. II. ** John Abraham, 1989. ‘Gender Differences and Anti‐School Boys’, Sociological Review, vol. 37, no. 1, pp. 65‐88

Week Five What is femininity? seminar groups

*** Angela McRobbie, 1978. “Working class girls and the culture of femininity”, Ch. 5 of Women take issue: aspects of women's subordination, (ed.) Women's Studies Group, Centre for Contemporary Cultural Studies, Birmingham ** Nancy Lesko, 1988. ‘The Curriculum of the Body’ in Becoming Feminine: The Politics of Popular Culture (eds.) Leslie G. Roman and Linda K. Christian‐Smith ** Barbara Hudson,1984. ‘Femininity and Adolescence’, in A. McRobbie and M. Nava, (eds.) Gender and Generation

Week Six Girls in/out of subcultures (Leblanc, Coates) seminar groups *** Lorraine Leblanc, 1999. Pretty in Punk: Girls’ Gender Resistance in a Boys’ Subculture (Chapter 5) ** Norma Coates, 1998 ‘Can’t we just talk about music? rock and gender on the internet’, in (eds.) Thomas Swiss, John Sloope and Andrew Herman, Mapping the Beat

READING WEEK (WEEK SEVEN)

Week Eight How do we negotiatethe tension between individualism and group membership, e.g. in style, musical taste, ways of speaking? seminar groups *** Sue Widdicombe and Robin Wooffit, 1994. The Language of Youth Subcultures: Social Identity in Action

Week Nine Has ‘club culture’ supplanted subcultures? seminar group

*** Andy Bennett, 1999. ‘Subcultures or neo‐tribes? Rethinking the relationship between youth, style and musical taste’, Sociology 33(3): 599‐617 http://diy2.usc.edu/docs/bennett‐subcultures.pdf ** Sarah Thornton, 1995. Club Cultures (Introduction and Chapters 3 and 4)

Week Ten How does ‘queer culture’ differ from ideas of gay or lesbian identity? seminar group *** D. Bell, J. Binnie, J. Cream and G. Valentine, 1994. ‘All Hyped Up And No Place To Go’, Gender, Place and Culture, Vol. 1, No.1 ** Judith Halberstam, 2003. ‘What’s that smell?: Queer temporalities and subcultural lives’, International Journal of Cultural Studies, Vol. 6., No. 3

Week Eleven Is lap‐dancing a subculture? seminar group

*** Rachela Colosi, 2010. ‘A return to the Chicago school? From the “subculture” of taxi dancers to the contemporary lap dancer’, Journal of Youth Studies, Vol. 13, no.1, pp. 1‐16 ** Rachela Colosi, 2010. Dirty Dancing? An Ethnography of Lap‐Dancing * Paul G Cressey, [1932] 1997‘The Life‐cycle of the Taxi‐dancer [1932], in The Subcultures Reader, eds. Ken Gelder and Sarah Thornton

Week Twelve Whatever happened to androgyny? seminar group

*** Dunja Brill,2007 ‘Gender, status and subcultural capital in the goth scene’, in Paul Hodkinson, ed. Youth culture: scenes, subcultures and tribes ** Dunja Brill, 2008. Goth Culture, Gender, Sexuality and Style