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Democratisation Aid As a Challenge for Development Co-Operation

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Democratisation Aid As a Challenge for Development Co-Operation Democratisation Aid as a Challenge for Development Co-operation A Comparative Study of Overall Policies of Two Bilateral and Two Multilateral Development Agencies and How they are Implemented in Malawi Inauguraldissertation Zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades eines Doktors der Sozialwissenschaft der Ruhr-Universistät Bochum - Fakultät für Sozialwissenschaft - vorgelegt von Augustine Titani Magolowondo aus Nkhotakota, Malawi Bochum 2005 1 Dedicated to Justina, Augustine Junior and Chimwemwe Francis 2 Foreword This dissertation was written within the framework of “Systemdynamik und Systemeffizienz in Entwicklungsländern" (Systems Dynamics and Systems Efficiency in Developing Countries), a research theme being addressed at the Graduate School of the Institute for Development Research and Development Policy (IEE) at Ruhr University in Bochum, Germany. The dissertation was submitted at the Faculty of Social Sciences of this university on 2nd February 2005 and was successfully defended on 28th April 2005 I am indebted to a number of people whose invaluable assistance made it possible that the last three years I worked on this thesis should come to an end as a success story. Certainly, the list is long and it is practically not possible for me to mention each one of them. Only a few are mentioned here. I would like to first thank all those people I interviewed in the course of conducting research for this thesis. It is them who provided me with much of the empirical data used in this dissertation. Their readiness to be interviewed and their patience to survive those interviews is greatly appreciated. I am grateful to Professor Uwe Andersen, my ‘Doctoral Father’, who guided me throughout this process. His intellectual insights as manifested in his constant, critical but constructive reviews of my drafts were quite helpful in my work. His moral support in time when the going got tough made him to be more that just an academic supervisor. At the Institute for Development Research and Development Policy (IEE), Professors Christof Hartmann and Wilhelm Loewenstein deserve mention. They not only encouraged me to take on this ‘lonely’ project but also supported me in the process. It was through Professor Loewenstein, as Executive Director of the IEE, that I got the much appreciated financial support from the German Research Foundation (DFG) that enabled me to work on this project. I also thank all my colleagues in the Graduate School who made various comments on my work. Andrea Kramer, who was my office mate in the last three years, became to be the greatest friend in the process, whose moral and material assistance made my stay in Germany a memorable one. I am also particularly grateful to her family, Mama Frauke and Oma Erika for their invaluable support rendered to me and my family. Through them, I got to know that ‘extended families’ in Germany can still be established. 3 Finally, I am deeply grateful to Justina, my wife and our two sons: Augustine, Jnr and Chimwemwe Francis, who endured the loneliness that my studies created. In addition, Justina read all the drafts of my work and made very insightful comments. It is also Justina, together with Justice Kamakwa, my only Malawian friend in Bochum, who proof read this thesis. I thank them for that. Whilst I appreciate all the support that these people and several others rendered, I, alone, am personally responsible for all the views expressed in this thesis. Bochum, May 2005 Augustine Titani Magolowondo. 4 Table of Contents FOREWORD ..............................................................................................................................................................3 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ..................................................................................................................................11 LIST OF FIGURES AND TABLES........................................................................................................................17 PART I: INTRODUCTION, THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK AND RESEARCH DESIGN........................18 CHAPTER 1: SETTING THE CONTEXT............................................................................................................19 1.1 DEMOCRATISATION AID WITH MULTIPLE ACTORS AND DIVERSE POLICIES, STRATEGIES AND PRIORITIES ......19 1.2 THE RESEARCH PROBLEM AND RESEARCH QUESTIONS ....................................................................................20 1.3 ORGANISATION OF THE THESIS .........................................................................................................................23 1.3.1 Part I- Chapters 1-4: Introduction and theoretical framework ...............................................................23 1.3.2 Part II- Chapters 5-9: Democratisation Aid and International Development Co-operation- A Policy Discourse ..........................................................................................................................................................24 1.3.3 Part III- Chapters 10-15: Translating Policies into Action .....................................................................24 1.3.4 Part IV – Chapter 16: Conclusion ...........................................................................................................25 1.4 SUMMARY.........................................................................................................................................................25 CHAPTER 2: DEMOCRACY AND DEMOCRATISATION AID: PRELIMINARY CONCEPTUAL CLARIFICATION ...................................................................................................................................................26 2.1. ON THE QUESTION OF DEMOCRACY.................................................................................................................26 2.1.1 Procedural Democratic Conceptualisation..............................................................................................27 2.1.1.1 Procedural Democratic Conceptualisation as Liberal and Universal?........................................................ 30 2.1.1.2. Lijphart’s Democratic Conceptual Map Reconsidered................................................................................ 31 2.1.2 Liberal Democracy Revisited: The critique .............................................................................................32 2.1.3 Substantive Democracy as an Alternative................................................................................................34 2.2 DEMOCRATISATION AID DELIMITED.................................................................................................................36 2.3 SUMMARY.........................................................................................................................................................37 CHAPTER 3: DEMOCRATISATION AID AS A RESEARCH AGENDA: THE QUEST FOR AN ECLECTIC THEORETICAL APPROACH .........................................................................................................38 3.1 DEMOCRATISATION AID AND INTERNATIONAL POLITICS..................................................................................40 3.1.1 Political Realism and the Role of Interests ..............................................................................................40 3.1.1.1 Aiding Democracy and the Role of Interests.................................................................................................. 42 3.1.1.2 Limitations of Political Realism ...................................................................................................................... 44 3.1.2 Constructivism and the Role of Norms.....................................................................................................45 3.1.2.1 Democracy as an International Norm ............................................................................................................ 45 3.1.2.2 Societal Norms and Democratisation Aid ...................................................................................................... 47 3.1.2.3 Limitations of constructivism.......................................................................................................................... 48 3.1.3 Bureaucratic Politics ...............................................................................................................................49 3.1.3.1 Bureaucratic Politics and Democratisation aid: The Caveats ..................................................................... 50 3.1.3.2 Application of the Bureaucratic Politics Approach to Democratisation Aid............................................... 50 3.2 ON THE QUESTION OF MODE OF CO-OPERATION ..............................................................................................51 3.2.1 A Donor-Dominated Mode of Co-operation ............................................................................................51 3.2.2 A Partnership Oriented Mode of Co-operation........................................................................................52 3.2.3 Mode of Co-operation and Democratisation Aid Policies and Strategies ...............................................54 3.4 IN SUMMING UP: INTEGRATING THE VARIOUS THEORETICAL PERSPECTIVES ...................................................54 CHAPTER 4: RESEARCH DESIGN....................................................................................................................57 4.1 A BRIEF OVERVIEW OF RESEARCH PARADIGMS: QUANTITATIVE
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