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Structuring Neighborhood Space An Investigation into the Production of Neighborhood Space as Planned, Practiced, and Lived in Post-Industrial Norway by Lucas Adam Griffith Thesis submitted in fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of PHILOSOPHIAE DOCTOR (PHD) University of Stavanger Faculty of Natural Science and Technology Department of Industrial Economics, Risk Management, and Planning 2013 University of Stavanger 4036 Stavanger Norway www.uis.no © Lucas Adam Griffith ISBN: 978-82-7644-538-1 ISSN: 1890-1387 PhD thesis no. 198 Acknowledgements In the fall of 2008 I left San Francisco to begin my doctoral studies in Norway. As I adjusted to the culture and contemplated possible dissertation topics, the stability of every financial market in the world wavered under the strain of the economic crisis. It was an incredible time to be working as an academic in general and examining the social spatial ramifications of urban development in relation to contemporary everyday life in particular. I am grateful for the financial support from the Norwegian Ministry of Research and Education and thankful for the opportunity to critically engage the subject matter. I am thankful for the administrative support from the University of Stavanger and the Faculty of Natural Science and Technology. The administrative staff provided a wealth of support that enabled this work in many ways. And lastly, I am grateful for the support from the Department of Industrial Economics, Risk Management, and Planning. I am particularly grateful for the support from two supervisors, Professor Olsen and Professor Tonning. Over the years they engaged the subject matter and substantially improved the work through their thoughtful contributions. It has been an incredible experience for which I am grateful and thankful. I gained a wealth of knowledge during the past four years in Norway. I am forever grateful to all those who made it possible. Table of Contents Table of Contents i List of Figures iii List of Tables vii Part I I Introduction and Summary 1 Urban Development 2 Everyday Life 7 Rationale 9 Executive Summary 14 I I The Conceived Space of Flows 25 The Network Society 26 The Spatial Turn 38 The roductionP of Space 41 The Urban Space of Lefebvre and Castells 48 Part II III The Production of Neighborhood Space 55 The Conceived Neighborhoood 56 The Perceived Neighborhood 61 The Lived Neighborhood 67 V I An Inquiry into Neighborhood Space 71 Case Study Methodology 73 Descriptive Analysis of Conceived Space 81 Spatial Analysis of Perceived Space 83 Hermeneutical Analysis of Lived Space 86 Part III V Jåttåvågen as a Conceived Space 97 Bernhard Hinna and the Representation of Space 98 Site and Landscape Analysis Report 102 Design Competition Summary Catalog 113 District Master Plan 120 I V Jåttåvågen as a Perceived Space 143 Phase I Development 145 District Center 147 Waterfront Architecture 158 Canal and Pier Area 160 Harbor Area 169 Laberget Area 180 Synthesis 194 VII Jåttåvågen as a Lived Space 205 Frequency Analysis 206 Factor Analysis 249 Correlation and Covariance Analysis 270 Regression Analysis 277 Part IV VIII The Production of Jåttåvågen 285 The Illusion of Jåttåvågen 286 The Actuality of Jåttåvågen 288 The verydayE Experience of Jåttåvågen 292 The ignificanceS of Jåttåvågen 295 The Implications of Jåttåvågen 301 IX Conclusion 307 References 311 Appendices 319 Appendix I Survey Cover Letter 320 Appendix II Survey (Norwegian) 322 Appendix III Survey (English) 330 LIST OF FIGURES Chapter 1 Figure 1.01 – Redevelopment in Drammen, Norway 11 Figure 1.02 – Redevelopment in Badedammen, Stavnager 11 Figure 1.03 – Redevelopment in Lervig, Stavanger 11 Figure 1.04 – Redevelopment in Tromsø, Norway 12 Figure 1.05 – Redevelopment in Tønsburg, Norway 12 Figure 1.06 – Redevelopment in Sandnes, Norway 12 Chapter 2 Figure 2.01 – Differential space 41 Figure 2.02 – The Lefebvrian triptych of space 42 Chapter 3 Figure 3.01 – The production of neighborhood space 57 Chapter 4 Figure 4.01 – Three modes of analysis 81 Chapter 5 Figure 5.01 – Morning Mist (Hinna,Bernhard. Morgenstemning. 1890. Kunts Gallery, Stavanger) 98 Figure 5.02 – Motif from Jåttåvågen (Hinna,Bernhard. Morgenstemning. 1930. Kunts Gallery, Stavanger) 99 Figure 5.03 – Boulevard Saint Michel (Hinna,Bernhard. 1910. Kunts Gallery, Stavanger) 100 Figure 5.04 – Heather Fields (Hinna,Bernhard. Myrlænde. 1899. Kunts Gallery, Stavanger) 101 Figure 5.05 – Figure Ground 1900 (DCUD 1999, 9) 102 Figure 5.06 – Views of Gandfjord (Hinna, Bernhard. Utsikt mot Gandsfjorden. circa 1900 Kunts Gallery, Stavanger) 103 Figure 5.07 – Views of Gandfjord (Hinna, Johan. Utsikt mot Gandsfjorden. 1956. Kunts Gallery, Stavanger) 104 Figure 5.08 – Figure Ground 1965 (DCUD 1999, 11) 105 Figure 5.09 – Figure Ground 1999 (DCUD 1999, 13) 107 Figure 5.10 – Shore Morphology (DCUD 1999, 15) 108 Figure 5.11 – Topography (DCUD 1999, 17) 109 Figure 5.12 – Landscape Features (DCUD 1999, 16) 110 iii list of figures Figure 5.13 – Green Dragon (Lund Hagem AS, NAA 2000, 7) 114 Figure 5.14 – Dot.Line (Hund Hagem AS, NAA 2000, 6) 115 Figure 5.15 – Yoto (70° N Architect AS, NAA 2000, 9) 116 Figure 5.16 – Green Corridor (70° N Architect AS,NAA 2000, 8) 117 Figure 5.17 – Urbs in rure (Logg Architect AS, NAA 2000, 11) 118 Figure 5.18 – Land Use Plan 121 Figure 5.19 – Entry Sequence (DCUD 2001, 47) 123 Figure 5.20 – Entry Road (DCUD 2001, 69) 124 Figure 5.21 – Experience Economy (DCUD 2001, 48) 126 Figure 5.22 – Everyday Life (DCUD 2001, 26) 127 Figure 5.23 – Model (DCUD 2001, 24) 128 Figure 5.24 – Promenade (DCUD 2001, 74) 129 Figure 5.25 – Main Road (DCUD 2001, 77) 130 Figure 5.26 – Eastern Harbor (DCUD 2001, 76) 131 Figure 5.27 – Northern Waterfront (DCUD 2001, 28) 132 Figure 5.28 – Sun Shade Diagram (DCUD 2001, 33) 134 Figure 5.29 – Recreational Fields (DCUD 2001, 35) 136 Figure 5.30 – Evening Atmosphere (DCUD 2001, 34) 137 Figure 5.31 – Imaginary Picnic (DCUD 2001, 29) 139 Figure 5.32 – Riparian Ecosystem (DCUD 2001, 31) 140 Figure 5.33 – Coastal Wetlands (DCUD 2001, 32) 140 Chapter 6 Figure 6.01 – Phase I Land Use Plan 145 Figure 6.02 – Jåttå School Land Cover 149 Figure 6.03 – Jåttå School Parking Lot 150 Figure 6.04 – Jåttå School & Train Station 151 Figure 6.05 – Jåttåvågen and Stadium Park Land Cover 153 Figure 6.06 – Inaccessible Building Facade 154 Figure 6.07 – Building Facade 155 Figure 6.08 – Open Space Corridor 156 Figure 6.09 – Opaque Building Facade 157 Figure 6.10 – Waterfront Architecture Types 159 Figure 6.11 – Eastern Area Key Map 161 Figure 6.12 – Canal and Pier Area Key Map 161 Figure 6.13 – Canal Promenade and Plaza Land Cover 163 Figure 6.14 – Canal Promenade 164 Figure 6.15 – Canal Plaza 165 Figure 6.16 – Lifjell Promenade Land Cover 167 iv list of figures Figure 6.17 – Residential Courtyard 168 Figure 6.18 – Harbor Area Key Map 169 Figure 6.19 – Harbor Promenade West Land Cover 171 Figure 6.20 – Harbor Promenade West 172 Figure 6.21 – Harbor Plaza 173 Figure 6.22 – Harbor Promenade Central Land Cover 175 Figure 6.23 – Harbor Promenade Central Plaza 176 Figure 6.24 – Landscape Corridor 177 Figure 6.25 – Harbor Promenade East Land Cover 179 Figure 6.26 – Laberget Area Key Map 180 Figure 6.27 – Laberget East Land Cover 183 Figure 6.28 – Landscape Corridor 184 Figure 6.29 – Detached Houses 184 Figure 6.30 – Labgerhagen Parking 185 Figure 6.31 – Landscape Corridor as Parking Lot 185 Figure 6.32 – View from Landfill Park 185 Figure 6.33 – Laberget West Land Cover 187 Figure 6.34 – Laberget Landscapes East Land Cover 189 Figure 6.35 – Laberget Landscapes West Land Cover 191 Figure 6.36 – Laberget Central Plaza and Office Courtyard Land Cover 193 Figure 6.37 – Land Cover Synthesis 195 Figure 6.38 – Spatial Frequency of Play Structures 196 Figure 6.39 – District Access 197 Figure 6.40 – Building Opacity 198 Figure 6.41 – Vehicle Access 198 Figure 6.42 – Inaccessible Buildings 199 Figure 6.43 – Land Ownership 200 Figure 6.44 – Bergen 203 Chapter 7 Figure 7.01 – Transit Modality 219 Figure 7.02 – Vehicle Use by Time and Day 221 Figure 7.03 – Spatial Distribution of Destinations 225 Figure 7.04 – Very Strong Directional Likert Responses 245 Figure 7.05 – Strong Directional Likert Responses 246 Figure 7.06 – Moderate Directional Likert Responses 247 Figure 7.07 – Central Likert Responses 247 Figure 7.07 – Central Likert Responses 248 v list of tables List of TABLES Chapter 7 Table 7.01 – Frequencies for Demographic Variables 207 Table 7.02 – Frequencies for Demographic Variables 211 Table 7.03 – Frequencies for Demographic Variables 213 Table 7.04 – Frequencies for Physical Features of Residence 215 Table 7.05 – Frequencies for Transit Modality 217 Table 7.06 – Frequencies for Transit Modality 218 Table 7.07 – Frequencies for Patronage of Local Shops 227 Table 7.08 – Frequencies for Patronage of Local Shops 228 Table 7.09 – Frequencies for Use of Neighborhood Open Space 229 Table 7.10 – Frequencies for Time Spent in Neighborhood Open Space 231 Table 7.11 – Frequencies for Perception of Daily Mobility 233 Table 7.12 – Frequencies for Perception of Actual Neighborhood 235 Table 7.13 – Frequencies for Perception of Ideal Neighborhood 237 Table 7.14 – Frequencies for Perception of Neighborhood Identity 241 Table 7.15 – Frequencies for Perception of Place Attachment 242 Table 7.16 – Frequencies for Perception of Neighborhood Triad 244 Table 7.17 – Principal Axis Factor Analysis 252 Table 7.18 – Frequencies for Actual Neighborhood Scales and Items 255 Table 7.19 – Frequencies and Indices for Place Attachment 257 Table 7.20 – Frequencies