Overview of Fluorocarbons
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Reference Guide
Indoor Air Quality Tools for Schools REFERENCE GUIDE Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Indoor Environments Division, 6609J 1200 Pennsylvania Avenue, NW Washington, DC 20460 (202) 564-9370 www.epa.gov/iaq American Federation of Teachers 555 New Jersey Avenue, NW Washington, DC 20001 (202) 879-4400 www.aft.org Association of School Business Officials 11401 North Shore Drive Reston, VA 22090 (703) 478-0405 www.asbointl.org National Education Association 1201 16th Steet, NW Washington, DC 20036-3290 (202) 833-4000 www.nea.org National Parent Teachers Association 330 North Wabash Avenue, Suite 2100 Chicago, IL 60611-3690 (312) 670-6782 www.pta.org American Lung Association 1740 Broadway New York, NY 10019 (212) 315-8700 www.lungusa.org EPA 402/K-07/008 I January 2009 I www.epa.gov/iaq/schools Introduction � U nderstanding the importance of good basic measurement equipment, hiring indoor air quality (IAQ) in schools is the professional assistance, and codes and backbone of developing an effective IAQ regulations. There are numerous resources program. Poor IAQ can lead to a large available to schools through EPA and other variety of health problems and potentially organizations, many of which are listed in affect comfort, concentration, and staff/ Appendix L. Use the information in this student performance. In recognition of Guide to create the best possible learning tight school budgets, this guidance is environment for students and maintain a designed to present practical and often comfortable, healthy building for school low-cost actions you can take to identify occupants. and address existing or potential air quality Refer to A Framework for School problems. -
Chlorofluorocarbons Chem 300A Tyler Jensen, Mackenzie Latimer, Jessie Luther, Jake Mcghee, Adeeb Noorani, Tyla Penner, & Maddy Springle
Chlorofluorocarbons Chem 300a Tyler Jensen, Mackenzie Latimer, Jessie Luther, Jake McGhee, Adeeb Noorani, Tyla Penner, & Maddy Springle 1.1: A Brief History of Chlorofluorocarbons Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), also known as Freons, were first synthesized in 1928 by Thomas Midgley Jr, who was working for General Motors trying to find a safe refrigerant to use in commercial applications. (Rosenbaum, n.d.). They are an anthropogenic compound containing fluorine, carbon, and chlorine atoms, and are classified as halocarbons. CFCs are a family of chemicals based upon hydrocarbon skeletons, where most hydrogens have been replaced with chlorine and/or fluorine atoms. They are chemically stable freons that are non-flammable, tasteless and odourless. CFCs are very volatile, which makes for ideal refrigerant gases, having a boiling point close to zero degrees (Rosenbaum, n.d) They were originally created to replace the toxic gases used in the late 1800’s and early 1900’s. Examples of the toxic gases replaced by CFCs as refrigerants are ammonia (NH3), methyl chloride (CH3Cl), and sulfur dioxide (SO2) (Wilkins, 1999). When first created dichlorodifloromethane was found to be less toxic than carbon dioxide, and as non-flammable as carbon tetrachloride (Midgley & Henne, 1930). The non-toxic, non-flammable, and non-reactive properties of CFCs made them ideal for use as refrigerants. CFCs were used in many developed countries for consumption and production as they were inflammable and non-toxic towards humanity. Chlorofluorocarbons can be used as refrigerants, cleaning agents, foaming agents, and propellants for aerosol sprays (Welch, n.d.). In 1974, Two University of California chemists, Professor F. Sherwood Rowland and Dr. -
Cylinder Valve Selection Quick Reference for Valve Abbreviations
SHERWOOD VALVE COMPRESSED GAS PRODUCTS Appendix Cylinder Valve Selection Quick Reference for Valve Abbreviations Use the Sherwood Cylinder Valve Series Abbreviation Chart on this page with the Sherwood Cylinder Valve Selection Charts found on pages 73–80. The Sherwood Cylinder Valve Selection Chart are for reference only and list: • The most commonly used gases • The Compressed Gas Association primary outlet to be used with each gas • The Sherwood valves designated for use with this gas • The Pressure Relief Device styles that are authorized by the DOT for use with these gases PLEASE NOTE: The Sherwood Cylinder Valve Selection Charts are partial lists extracted from the CGA V-1 and S-1.1 pamphlets. They can change without notice as the CGA V-1 and S-1.1 pamphlets are amended. Sherwood will issue periodic changes to the catalog. If there is any discrepancy or question between these lists and the CGA V-1 and S-1.1 pamphlets, the CGA V-1 and S-1.1 pamphlets take precedence. Sherwood Cylinder Valve Series Abbreviation Chart Abbreviation Sherwood Valve Series AVB Small Cylinder Acetylene Wrench-Operated Valves AVBHW Small Cylinder Acetylene Handwheel-Operated Valves AVMC Small Cylinder Acetylene Wrench-Operated Valves AVMCHW Small Cylinder Acetylene Handwheel-Operated Valves AVWB Small Cylinder Acetylene Wrench-Operated Valves — WB Style BV Hi/Lo Valves with Built-in Regulator DF* Alternative Energy Valves GRPV Residual Pressure Valves GV Large Cylinder Acetylene Valves GVT** Vertical Outlet Acetylene Valves KVAB Post Medical Valves KVMB Post Medical Valves NGV Industrial and Chrome-Plated Valves YVB† Vertical Outlet Oxygen Valves 1 * DF Valves can be used with all gases; however, the outlet will always be ⁄4"–18 NPT female. -
Use of Chlorofluorocarbons in Hydrology : a Guidebook
USE OF CHLOROFLUOROCARBONS IN HYDROLOGY A Guidebook USE OF CHLOROFLUOROCARBONS IN HYDROLOGY A GUIDEBOOK 2005 Edition The following States are Members of the International Atomic Energy Agency: AFGHANISTAN GREECE PANAMA ALBANIA GUATEMALA PARAGUAY ALGERIA HAITI PERU ANGOLA HOLY SEE PHILIPPINES ARGENTINA HONDURAS POLAND ARMENIA HUNGARY PORTUGAL AUSTRALIA ICELAND QATAR AUSTRIA INDIA REPUBLIC OF MOLDOVA AZERBAIJAN INDONESIA ROMANIA BANGLADESH IRAN, ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF RUSSIAN FEDERATION BELARUS IRAQ SAUDI ARABIA BELGIUM IRELAND SENEGAL BENIN ISRAEL SERBIA AND MONTENEGRO BOLIVIA ITALY SEYCHELLES BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA JAMAICA SIERRA LEONE BOTSWANA JAPAN BRAZIL JORDAN SINGAPORE BULGARIA KAZAKHSTAN SLOVAKIA BURKINA FASO KENYA SLOVENIA CAMEROON KOREA, REPUBLIC OF SOUTH AFRICA CANADA KUWAIT SPAIN CENTRAL AFRICAN KYRGYZSTAN SRI LANKA REPUBLIC LATVIA SUDAN CHAD LEBANON SWEDEN CHILE LIBERIA SWITZERLAND CHINA LIBYAN ARAB JAMAHIRIYA SYRIAN ARAB REPUBLIC COLOMBIA LIECHTENSTEIN TAJIKISTAN COSTA RICA LITHUANIA THAILAND CÔTE D’IVOIRE LUXEMBOURG THE FORMER YUGOSLAV CROATIA MADAGASCAR REPUBLIC OF MACEDONIA CUBA MALAYSIA TUNISIA CYPRUS MALI TURKEY CZECH REPUBLIC MALTA UGANDA DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC MARSHALL ISLANDS UKRAINE OF THE CONGO MAURITANIA UNITED ARAB EMIRATES DENMARK MAURITIUS UNITED KINGDOM OF DOMINICAN REPUBLIC MEXICO GREAT BRITAIN AND ECUADOR MONACO NORTHERN IRELAND EGYPT MONGOLIA UNITED REPUBLIC EL SALVADOR MOROCCO ERITREA MYANMAR OF TANZANIA ESTONIA NAMIBIA UNITED STATES OF AMERICA ETHIOPIA NETHERLANDS URUGUAY FINLAND NEW ZEALAND UZBEKISTAN FRANCE NICARAGUA VENEZUELA GABON NIGER VIETNAM GEORGIA NIGERIA YEMEN GERMANY NORWAY ZAMBIA GHANA PAKISTAN ZIMBABWE The Agency’s Statute was approved on 23 October 1956 by the Conference on the Statute of the IAEA held at United Nations Headquarters, New York; it entered into force on 29 July 1957. The Headquarters of the Agency are situated in Vienna. -
Evolution of Refrigerants Mark O
This is an open access article published under an ACS AuthorChoice License, which permits copying and redistribution of the article or any adaptations for non-commercial purposes. pubs.acs.org/jced Review (R)Evolution of Refrigerants Mark O. McLinden* and Marcia L. Huber Cite This: J. Chem. Eng. Data 2020, 65, 4176−4193 Read Online ACCESS Metrics & More Article Recommendations *sı Supporting Information ABSTRACT: As we enter the “fourth generation” of refrigerants, we consider the evolution of refrigerant molecules, the ever- changing constraints and regulations that have driven the need to consider new molecules, and the advancements in the tools and property models used to identify new molecules and design equipment using them. These separate aspects are intimately intertwined and have been in more-or-less continuous development since the earliest days of mechanical refrigeration, even if sometimes out-of-sight of the mainstream refrigeration industry. We highlight three separate, comprehensive searches for new refrigerantsin the 1920s, the 1980s, and the 2010sthat sometimes identified new molecules, but more often, validated alternatives already under consideration. A recurrent theme is that there is little that is truly new. Most of the “new” refrigerants, from R-12 in the 1930s to R- 1234yf in the early 2000s, were reported in the chemical literature decades before they were considered as refrigerants. The search for new refrigerants continued through the 1990s even as the hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) were becoming the dominant refrigerants in commercial use. This included a return to several long-known natural refrigerants. Finally, we review the evolution of the NIST REFPROP database for the calculation of refrigerant properties. -
"Fluorine Compounds, Organic," In: Ullmann's Encyclopedia Of
Article No : a11_349 Fluorine Compounds, Organic GU¨ NTER SIEGEMUND, Hoechst Aktiengesellschaft, Frankfurt, Federal Republic of Germany WERNER SCHWERTFEGER, Hoechst Aktiengesellschaft, Frankfurt, Federal Republic of Germany ANDREW FEIRING, E. I. DuPont de Nemours & Co., Wilmington, Delaware, United States BRUCE SMART, E. I. DuPont de Nemours & Co., Wilmington, Delaware, United States FRED BEHR, Minnesota Mining and Manufacturing Company, St. Paul, Minnesota, United States HERWARD VOGEL, Minnesota Mining and Manufacturing Company, St. Paul, Minnesota, United States BLAINE MCKUSICK, E. I. DuPont de Nemours & Co., Wilmington, Delaware, United States 1. Introduction....................... 444 8. Fluorinated Carboxylic Acids and 2. Production Processes ................ 445 Fluorinated Alkanesulfonic Acids ...... 470 2.1. Substitution of Hydrogen............. 445 8.1. Fluorinated Carboxylic Acids ......... 470 2.2. Halogen – Fluorine Exchange ......... 446 8.1.1. Fluorinated Acetic Acids .............. 470 2.3. Synthesis from Fluorinated Synthons ... 447 8.1.2. Long-Chain Perfluorocarboxylic Acids .... 470 2.4. Addition of Hydrogen Fluoride to 8.1.3. Fluorinated Dicarboxylic Acids ......... 472 Unsaturated Bonds ................. 447 8.1.4. Tetrafluoroethylene – Perfluorovinyl Ether 2.5. Miscellaneous Methods .............. 447 Copolymers with Carboxylic Acid Groups . 472 2.6. Purification and Analysis ............. 447 8.2. Fluorinated Alkanesulfonic Acids ...... 472 3. Fluorinated Alkanes................. 448 8.2.1. Perfluoroalkanesulfonic Acids -
Applied and Fundamental Heterogeneous Catalysis Studies
APPLIED AND FUNDAMENTAL HETEROGENEOUS CATALYSIS STUDIES ON HYDRODECHLORINATION OF TRICHLOROETHYLENE AND STEAM REFORMING OF ETHANOL DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Hyuntae Sohn, M.S. Graduate Program in Chemical Engineering The Ohio State University 2016 - Dissertation Committee - Prof. Umit S. Ozkan, Advisor Prof. Andre Palmer Prof. Lisa Hall Prof. T.V. (Babu) RajanBabu Copyright by Hyuntae Sohn 2016 ABSTRACT The dissertation herein reports heterogeneous catalysis studies conducted on two different projects, (1) Hydrodechlorination of trichloroethylene and (2) Ethanol steam reforming. The former is associated with the process for trichloroethylene waste treatment and groundwater remediation technology whereas the latter pertains to hydrogen production. The presented work involves not only investigations on the catalytic activity, but also fundamental studies to understand how and why a catalyst works for a particular reaction. This dissertation is composed of two major parts. (1) Part I (Chapter 1-4): Trichloroethylene (TCE) is a chlorinated hydrocarbon solvent which has been widely used as a vapor degreaser for metal cleaning. TCE contains high level of toxicity, also known as a carcinogen. Recently, contamination of groundwater due to untreated TCE is a rapidly rising environmental issue, affecting the drinking water quality. The current waste treatment process for removal of TCE are mostly based on adsorption and extraction techniques. However, these processes do not provide a complete destruction of the TCE chemical structure; hence, it requires an additional incinerator to convert TCE into non harmful products. Hydrodechlorination (HDC) of TCE is a catalytic chemical reaction where TCE is converted to ethane and hydrochloric acid using hydrogen as a reducing agent. -
THOMAS MIDGLEY, JR., and the INVENTION of CHLOROFLUOROCARBON REFRIGERANTS: IT AIN’T NECESSARILY SO Carmen J
66 Bull. Hist. Chem., VOLUME 31, Number 2 (2006) THOMAS MIDGLEY, JR., AND THE INVENTION OF CHLOROFLUOROCARBON REFRIGERANTS: IT AIN’T NECESSARILY SO Carmen J. Giunta, Le Moyne College The 75th anniversary of the first public Critical readers are well aware description of chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) of the importance of evaluating refrigerants was observed in 2005. A sources of information. For ex- symposium at a national meeting of ample, an article in Nature at the the American Chemical Society (ACS) end of 2005 tested the accuracy on CFCs from invention to phase-out of two encyclopedias’ entries on a (1) and an article on their invention sample of topics about science and and inventor in the Chemical Educa- history of science (3). A thought- tor (2) marked the occasion. The story ful commentary published soon of CFCs—their obscure early days as afterwards raised questions on just laboratory curiosities, their commercial what should count as an error in debut as refrigerants, their expansion into assessing such articles: omissions? other applications, and the much later disagreements among generally re- discovery of their deleterious effects on liable sources (4)? Readers of his- stratospheric ozone—is a fascinating torical narratives who are neither one of science and society well worth practicing historians nor scholarly telling. That is not the purpose of this amateurs (the category to which I article, though. aspire) may find an account of a Thomas Midgley, Jr. historical research process attrac- This paper is about contradictory Courtesy Richard P. Scharchburg tive. As a starting point, consider sources, foggy memories, the propaga- Archives, Kettering University the following thumbnail summary tion of error, and other obstacles to writ- of the invention. -
Halocarbon 41, HFC-41
SAFETY DATA SHEET Fluoromethane Issue Date: 16.01.2013 Version: 1.1 SDS No.: 000010021722 Last revised date: 19.03.2021 1/26 SECTION 1: Identification of the substance/mixture and of the company/undertaking 1.1 Product identifier Product name : Fluoromethane Other Name : R41, Halocarbon 41, HFC-41 Additional identification Chemical name: Fluoromethane Chemical formula: CH3F INDEX No. - CAS-No. 593-53-3 EC No. 209-796-6 REACH Registration No. 01-2120746661-53 1.2 Relevant identified uses of the substance or mixture and uses advised against Identified uses : Industrial and professional. Perform risk assessment prior to use. Aerosol propellant. Use as an Intermediate (transported, on-site isolated). Use for electronic component manufacture. Using gas alone or in mixtures for the calibration of analysis equipment. Uses advised against Consumer use. 1.3 Details of the supplier of the safety data sheet Supplier BOC Telephone : 0800 111 333 Priestley Road, Worsley M28 2UT Manchester E-mail: [email protected] 1.4 Emergency telephone number: 0800 111 333 SECTION 2: Hazards identification 2.1 Classification of the substance or mixture Classification according to Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008 as amended. Physical Hazards Gases under pressure Liquefied gas H280: Contains gas under pressure; may explode if heated. Flammable gas Category 1 H220: Extremely flammable gas. SDS_GB - 000010021722 SAFETY DATA SHEET Fluoromethane Issue Date: 16.01.2013 Version: 1.1 SDS No.: 000010021722 Last revised date: 19.03.2021 2/26 2.2 Label Elements Signal Word : Danger Hazard Statement(s) : H220: Extremely flammable gas. H280: Contains gas under pressure; may explode if heated. -
Chlorofluorocarbon and Its Effects on the Ozone Layer: Is Legislation Sufficient to Protect the Environment Glenn M
North Carolina Central Law Review Volume 19 Article 8 Number 1 Volume 19, Number 1 10-1-1990 Chlorofluorocarbon and Its Effects on the Ozone Layer: Is Legislation Sufficient to Protect the Environment Glenn M. Mattei Follow this and additional works at: https://archives.law.nccu.edu/ncclr Part of the Environmental Law Commons Recommended Citation Mattei, Glenn M. (1990) "Chlorofluorocarbon and Its Effects on the Ozone Layer: Is Legislation Sufficient to Protect the Environment," North Carolina Central Law Review: Vol. 19 : No. 1 , Article 8. Available at: https://archives.law.nccu.edu/ncclr/vol19/iss1/8 This Comment is brought to you for free and open access by History and Scholarship Digital Archives. It has been accepted for inclusion in North Carolina Central Law Review by an authorized editor of History and Scholarship Digital Archives. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Mattei: Chlorofluorocarbon and Its Effects on the Ozone Layer: Is Legisla Chlorofluorocarbon and Its Effects on the Ozone Layer: Is Legislation Sufficient to Protect the Environment? INTRODUCTION "Today's weather will be fair skies, temperature 90 degrees and the ultraviolet light index is high;" the television announcer tells the viewing audience. He continues, "Warning: do not go outdoors without protec- tive clothing and eye protection or risk severe burns and cancer." The place is North Carolina and the time is December, 2005. The ozone layer which once protected us from the sun's harmful ultraviolet light has all but vanished. This is not some scene from a science fiction movie. It can become a realty unless Chlorofluorocarbons are eliminated soon. -
Refrigerants
Related Commercial Resources CHAPTER 29 REFRIGERANTS Refrigerant Properties .................................................................................................................. 29.1 Refrigerant Performance .............................................................................................................. 29.6 Safety ............................................................................................................................................. 29.6 Leak Detection .............................................................................................................................. 29.6 Effect on Construction Materials .................................................................................................. 29.9 EFRIGERANTS are the working fluids in refrigeration, air- cataracts, and impaired immune systems. It also can damage sensi- R conditioning, and heat-pumping systems. They absorb heat tive crops, reduce crop yields, and stress marine phytoplankton (and from one area, such as an air-conditioned space, and reject it into thus human food supplies from the oceans). In addition, exposure to another, such as outdoors, usually through evaporation and conden- UV radiation degrades plastics and wood. sation, respectively. These phase changes occur both in absorption Stratospheric ozone depletion has been linked to the presence of and mechanical vapor compression systems, but not in systems oper- chlorine and bromine in the stratosphere. Chemicals with long ating on a gas cycle using a -
DECOMPOSITION PRODUCTS of FLUOROCARBON POLYMERS
criteria for a recommended standard . occupational exposure to DECOMPOSITION PRODUCTS of FLUOROCARBON POLYMERS U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, EDUCATION, AND WELFARE criteria for a recommended standard... OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE TO DECOMPOSITION PRODUCTS of FLUOROCARBON POLYMERS U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, EDUCATION, AND WELFARE Public Health Service Center for Disease Control National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health September 1977 For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402 DHEW (NIOSH) Publication No. 77-193 PREFACE The Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970 emphasizes the need for standards to protect the health and safety of workers exposed to an ever-increasing number of potential hazards at their workplace. The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health has projected a formal system of research, with priorities determined on the basis of specified indices, to provide relevant data from which valid criteria for effective standards can be derived. Recommended standards for occupational exposure, which are the result of this work, are based on the health effects of exposure. The Secretary of Labor will weigh these recommendations along with other considerations such as feasibility and means of implementation in developing regulatory standards. It is intended to present successive reports as research and epidemiologic studies are completed and as sampling and analytical methods are developed. Criteria and standards will be reviewed periodically to ensure continuing protection of the worker. I am pleased to acknowledge the contributions to this report on the decomposition products of fluorocarbon polymers by members of the NIOSH staff and the valuable constructive comments by the Review Consultants on the Decomposition Products of Fluorocarbon Polymers and by Robert B.