DOCSLIB.ORG

Bibliography

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Bibliography BIBLIOGRAPHY Primary Sources—Archival Bundesarchiv-Berlin Bundesarchiv-Ludwigsburg Bundesarchiv-Militärarvchiv Justizvollzugsanstalt Kassel I Laiks Latvijas Valsts Vestures Arhivs (LVVA) National Archives and Records Administration II (NARA II) Staatsarchiv Hamburg (StaH) Tēvija United States Holocaust Memorial Museum (USHMM) Primary Sources—Diaries, Memoirs, and Interviews Berziņš, Ivars. Author’s interview with Ivars Berziņš. Babylon, New York, 11 June 2011. Kleimanis, Bruno. Author’s interview with Bruno Kleimanis. Gaithersburg, Maryland, 10 August 2003. Lettus, Henricus. The Chronicle of Henry of Livonia. James A. Brundage, ed., trans. New York: Columbia University Press, 2003. Rusley, Alma. Author’s interview with Alma Rusley. Garrett Park, Maryland, 10 November 2002. Trial of the Major War Criminals Before the International Military Tribunal. International Military Tribunal: Nuremberg, 1949. © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s) 2018 281 R. Plavnieks, Nazi Collaborators on Trial during the Cold War, The Holocaust and its Contexts, DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-57672-5 282 BIBLIOGRAPHY U., Ruta. Dear God, I Wanted to Live. Rita Liepa, trans. New York: Grāmatu Draugs, 1978. The Unfnished Road: Jewish Survivors of Latvia Look Back. Gertrude Schneider, ed. New York: Praeger, 1991. White, Irene Zarina. Fire Burn: World War II Diaries. Self-published through Xlibris, 2006. Primary Sources—Document Collections 1870–1988. Album Lettonorum. Lincoln, Nebraska: Augstums Printing Services, Inc., 1988. 1940–1991: Latvia Under the Rule of the Soviet Union and National Socialist Germany. Rīga: Museum of the Occupation of Latvia, 2002. “Destroy as Much as Possible…”: Latvian Collaborationist Formations on the Territory of Belarus, 1942–1944. Document Compendium. Johan Beckman, ed. Irina Zhila, trans. Helsinki: Johan Beckmnn Institute, 2010. This is an English-language translation of a Russian-language document collection: ‘Unichtozhit’ kak mozhno bol’she…’ : Latviiskie kollaboratsionistskie formirova- niia no territorii Belorussii, 1942–1944 gg. Sbornik dokumentov. Aleksandr R. Diukov and Vladimir Simindei, eds. Moscow: Historical Memory Foundation, 2009. Since the translated version was consulted for the present work, it is cited in the text rather than the Russian-language original. The Latvian Legion: Heroes, Nazis, or Victims? A Collection of Documents from OSS War-Crimes Investigation Files, 1945–1950. Andrew Ezergailis, ed. Rīga: The Historical Institute of Latvia, 1997. Medalje, Ella and David Silberman. Recht auf Leben: Ein Dokumentarbericht. Rīga, 1966. Nollendorfs, Valters. Latvia Under the Rule of the Soviet Union and National Socialist Germany, 1940–1991. Valters Nollendorfs Matthew Kott, Richards Pētersons, and Heinrihs Strods, eds. Ksenija Broka and Valters Nollendorfs, trans. Rīga: Museum of the Occupation of Latvia, 2002. Secondary Sources—Articles, Conference Papers, Essays, and Dissertations Bohn, Robert. “Kollaboration und Genozid im Reichskommissariat Ostland. Die strafrechtliche Aufarbeitung in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland am Beispiel des Arajs-Verfahrens,” in Reichskommissariat Ostland: Tatort und Erinnerungsobjekt. Sebastian Lehmann, Robert Bohn, and Uwe Danker, eds. Paderborn, Munich, Vienna, and Zurich: Ferdinand Schöningh, 2012. Ezergailis, Andrew. “Collaboration in German Occupied Latvia: Offered and Rejected,” in Latvia Under the Nazi German Occupation, 1941–1945. Materials BIBLIOGRAPHY 283 of an International Conference. Rīga: Symposium of the Commission of the Historians of Latvia, Volume 11. 12–13 June 2003. ———. “The Holocaust’s Soviet Legacies in Latvia,” in Lessons and Legacies, Volume V: The Holocaust and Justice. Northwestern University Press: Evanston, Illinois, 2002. ———. “Six Versions of the Holocaust in Latvia,” presented at the Conference on Totalitarian Regimes in the Baltic: Research Results and Problems, Reports on the Holocaust. Rīga, 3–4 June, 2004. ———. “Sonderkommando Arājs.” Paper presented at the 9th annual International Conference on Baltic Studies in Scandinavia. Stockholm, 3–4 June, 1987. ———. “Who Killed the Jews of Latvia?” Paper presented at the conference on Anti-Semitism in Times of Crisis. Cornell University, 8–10 April, 1986. Holocaust and Justice: Representation and Historiography of the Holocaust in Post- War Trials. David Bankier and Dan Michman, eds. Jerusalem and New York: Yad Vashem and Berghahn Books, 2010. Klein, Peter. “Dr. Rudolf Lange als Kommandeur der Sicherheitspolizei und des SD in Lettland: Aspekte seines Dienstalltages,” in Täter im Vernichtungskrieg: Der Überfall auf die Sowjetunion und der Voelkermord an den Juden. Wolf Kaiser, ed. Berlin: Propylaeen, 2002. Lazda, Mara. “Family, Gender, and Ideology in World War II Latvia,” in Gender and War in Twentieth Century Eastern Europe. Nancy M. Wingfeld and Maria Bucur, eds. Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press, 2006. Legge, Jerome S., Jr. “The Karl Linnas Deportation Case, the Offce of Special Investigations, and American Ethnic Politics,” in Holocaust and Genocide Studies. Volume 24, Issue 1, Spring 2010. Maegi, Bernard John. Dangerous Persons, Delayed Pilgrims: Baltic Displaced Persons and the Making of Cold War America, 1945–1952. Dissertation. University of Minnesota, 2008. Misco, Thomas John, Jr. Breaking Historical Silences Through Cross-Cultural Curriculum Deliberation: Teaching the Holocaust in Latvian Schools. Dissertation. University of Iowa, 2006. Nazi Crimes and the Law. Nathan Stoltzfus and Henry Friedlander, eds. German Historical Institute and Cambridge University Press: Washington, DC and Cambridge, 2008. Plavnieks, Richards. “Wall of Blood”: The Baltic German Case Study in National Socialist Wartime Population Policy, 1939–1945. Master’s Thesis. The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 2008. Reichelt, Katrin. “Between Collaboration and Resistance? The Role of the Organization ‘Pērkonkrusts’ in the Holocaust in Latvia,” in Latvijas Vēsturnieku komisija, Holokausta Izpētes Jautājumi Latvija. Rīga: Latvijas vēstures instituta apgāds, 2003. 284 BIBLIOGRAPHY Rozītis, Juris. Displaced Literature: Images of Time and Space in Latvian Novels Depicting the First Years of the Latvian Postwar Exile. Dissertation. Stockholm University, 2005. Strods, Heinrihs and Matthew Kott. “The File on Operation ‘Priboi’: A Re-Assessment of the Mass Deportations of 1949,” in The Journal of Baltic Studies. Vol. 33, Issue 1, 2002. Vīksne, Rūdite. “The Arājs Commando Member as Seen in the KGB Trial Files: Social Standing, Education, Motives for Joining It, and Sentences Received,” in Holokausta Izpētes Problēmas Latvijā: Latvijas Vēsturnieku Komisijas Raksti. 2. Sējums. Rīga: Latvijas vēstures institūta apgāds, 2001. Wittmann, Rebecca. “Tainted Law: The West German Judiciary and the Prosecution of Nazi War Criminals,” in Atrocities on Trial: Historical Perspectives on the Politics of Prosecuting War Crimes. Patricia Heberer and Jürgen Matthäus, eds. Lincoln and London: University of Nebraska Press in association with the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, 2008. Zaķe, Ieva. “Controversies of US-U.S.S.R. Cultural Contacts During the Cold War: The Perspective of Latvian Refugees,” in The Journal of Historical Sociology, Vol. 21, No. 1, 2008. ———. “Latvian Nationalist Intellectuals and the Crisis of Democracy in the Inter-War Period,” in Nationalities Papers, Vol. 33, No. 1, March 2005. ———. “Multiple Fronts of the Cold War: Ethnic Anti-Communism of Latvian Émigrés,” in Anti-Communist Minorities in the US: Political Activism of Ethnic Refugees. New York: Palgrave-Macmillan, 2009. Secondary Sources—Monographs 1882–2007: 125 Jahre Strafvollzug Kassel-Wehlheiden: Geschichte einer Justizvollzugsanstalt. Jörg-Uwe Meister, ed. Kassel: Der Leiter der JVA Kassel I, 2007. Anderson, Benedict. Imagined Communities: Refections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism. Rev. Ed. London: Verso, 2003. Angrick, Andrej and Peter Klein. The ‘Final Solution’ in Riga: Exploitation and Annihilation, 1941–1944. Ray Brandon, trans. New York and Oxford: Berghahn Books, 2009. Avotiņš, E. Daugavas Vanagi – Who Are They? Rīga: Latvian State Publishing House, 1963. Baiba Saberte. Herberts Cukurs: Laujiet man runat! Rīga: Jumava, 2010. Barkahan, Menachem. Extermination of the Jews in Latvia, 1941–1945: Series of Lectures. Emil Tubinshlak, trans. Rīga: Shamir, 2008. Bassler, Gerhard P. Alfred Valdmanis and the Politics of Survival. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2000. BIBLIOGRAPHY 285 Bilmanis, Alfred. Dictionary of Events in Latvia. Washington, DC: The Latvian Legation, 1946. ———. Latvia as an Independent State. Washington, DC: The Latvian Legation, 1947. Bloxham, Donald. Genocide on Trial: War Crimes Trials and the Formation of Holocaust History and Memory. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 2001. Blum, Howard. Wanted! The Search for Nazis in America. New York: Quadrangle and The New York Times Book Co., 1977. Browning, Christopher R. Ordinary Men: Reserve Police Battalion 101 and the Final Solution in Poland. New York: HarperPerennial, 1992. Browning, Christopher R. and Jürgen Matthäus. The Origins of the Final Solution: The Evolution of Nazi Jewish Policy, September 1939–March 1942. Lincoln, Nebraska and Jerusalem: University of Nebraska Press and Yad Vashem, 2004. Celmiņš, Gustavs. Eiropas Krustceļos. Esslingen: Dzintarzeme, 1947. Childs, David and Richard Popplewell. The Stasi: The East German Intelligence and Security Service. New York: New York University Press, 1996. Crossroads Country Latvia.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Please Download Issue 2 2012 Here
    A quarterly scholarly journal and news magazine. June 2012. Vol. V:2. 1 From the Centre for Baltic and East European Studies (CBEES) Academic life in newly Södertörn University, Stockholm founded Baltic States BALTIC WORLDSbalticworlds.com LANGUAGE &GYÖR LITERATUREGY DALOS SOFI OKSANEN STEVE sem-SANDBERG AUGUST STRINDBERG GYÖRGY DALOS SOFI OKSANEN STEVE sem-SANDBERG AUGUST STRINDBERG also in this issue ILL. LARS RODVALDR SIBERIA-EXILES / SOUNDPOETRY / SREBRENICA / HISTORY-WRITING IN BULGARIA / HOMOSEXUAL RIGHTS / RUSSIAN ORPHANAGES articles2 editors’ column Person, myth, and memory. Turbulence The making of Raoul Wallenberg and normality IN auGusT, the 100-year anniversary of seek to explain what it The European spring of Raoul Wallenberg’s birth will be celebrated. is that makes someone 2012 has been turbulent The man with the mission of protect- ready to face extraordinary and far from “normal”, at ing the persecuted Jewish population in challenges; the culture- least when it comes to Hungary in final phases of World War II has theoretical analyzes of certain Western Euro- become one of the most famous Swedes myth, monuments, and pean exemplary states, of the 20th century. There seem to have heroes – here, the use of affected as they are by debt been two decisive factors in Wallenberg’s history and the need for crises, currency concerns, astonishing fame, and both came into play moral exemplars become extraordinary political around the same time, towards the end of themselves the core of the solutions, and growing the 1970s. The Holocaust had suddenly analysis. public support for extremist become the focus of interest for the mass Finally: the historical political parties.
    [Show full text]
  • The Denaturalization and Deportation of Nazi Criminals: Is It Constitutional
    Loyola of Los Angeles International and Comparative Law Review Volume 11 Number 1 Article 4 1-1-1989 The Denaturalization and Deportation of Nazi Criminals: Is It Constitutional Norine M. Winicki Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.lmu.edu/ilr Part of the Law Commons Recommended Citation Norine M. Winicki, The Denaturalization and Deportation of Nazi Criminals: Is It Constitutional, 11 Loy. L.A. Int'l & Comp. L. Rev. 117 (1989). Available at: https://digitalcommons.lmu.edu/ilr/vol11/iss1/4 This Notes and Comments is brought to you for free and open access by the Law Reviews at Digital Commons @ Loyola Marymount University and Loyola Law School. It has been accepted for inclusion in Loyola of Los Angeles International and Comparative Law Review by an authorized administrator of Digital Commons@Loyola Marymount University and Loyola Law School. For more information, please contact [email protected]. NOTES AND COMMENTS The Denaturalization and Deportation of Nazi Criminals: Is It Constitutional? I. INTRODUCTION On June 22, 1941, Adolf Hitler launched an invasion of the So- viet Union.1 Under the plan for this attack, known as Operation Bar- barossa, Russia was to become an eastern annex of the German Reich, helping to consolidate Hitler's plan of a master Aryan race. 2 Consequently, Operation Barbarossa had two objectives, the military conquest of the Soviet Union and the extermination of Soviet Jews.3 The group whose responsibility it was to effectuate the elimination of the Jews in Russia were mobile killing units of SS troops called 4 Einsatzgruppen. In carrying out Operation Barbarossa, Hitler and his army set out to conquer the Baltic countries of Latvia, Lithuania, and Estonia.5 In Latvia, the Einsatzgruppen formed the locals into the Arjs Kom- mando whose only purpose was to kill all the Jews of Latvia.6 In 1942, an Einsatzgruppe A report to Berlin stated, "'The number of Jews in Latvia in 1935 was 93,479-4.79 percent of the entire popula- tion ...
    [Show full text]
  • Getting to Know You. the Soviet Surveillance System, 1939-1957
    Getting to Know You Domestic Surveillance in the Soviet Union Amir Weiner Forum: The Soviet Order at Home and Abroad, 1939–61 Getting to Know You The Soviet Surveillance System, 1939–57 AMIR WEINER AND AIGI RAHI-TAMM “Violence is the midwife of history,” observed Marx and Engels. One could add that for their Bolshevik pupils, surveillance was the midwife’s guiding hand. Never averse to violence, the Bolsheviks were brutes driven by an idea, and a grandiose one at that. Matched by an entrenched conspiratorial political culture, a Manichean worldview, and a pervasive sense of isolation and siege mentality from within and from without, the drive to mold a new kind of society and individuals through the institutional triad of a nonmarket economy, single-party dictatorship, and mass state terror required a vast information-gathering apparatus. Serving the two fundamental tasks of rooting out and integrating real and imagined enemies of the regime, and molding the population into a new socialist society, Soviet surveillance assumed from the outset a distinctly pervasive, interventionist, and active mode that was translated into myriad institutions, policies, and initiatives. Students of Soviet information systems have focused on two main features—denunciations and public mood reports—and for good reason. Soviet law criminalized the failure to report “treason and counterrevolutionary crimes,” and denunciation was celebrated as the ultimate civic act.1 Whether a “weapon of the weak” used by the otherwise silenced population, a tool by the regime
    [Show full text]
  • London School of Economics and Political Science Department of Government
    London School of Economics and Political Science Department of Government Historical Culture, Conflicting Memories and Identities in post-Soviet Estonia Meike Wulf Thesis submitted for the degree of PhD at the University of London London 2005 UMI Number: U213073 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Dissertation Publishing UMI U213073 Published by ProQuest LLC 2014. Copyright in the Dissertation held by the Author. Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. ProQuest LLC 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 Ih c s e s . r. 3 5 o ^ . Library British Library of Political and Economic Science Abstract This study investigates the interplay of collective memories and national identity in Estonia, and uses life story interviews with members of the intellectual elite as the primary source. I view collective memory not as a monolithic homogenous unit, but as subdivided into various group memories that can be conflicting. The conflict line between ‘Estonian victims’ and ‘Russian perpetrators* figures prominently in the historical culture of post-Soviet Estonia. However, by setting an ethnic Estonian memory against a ‘Soviet Russian’ memory, the official historical narrative fails to account for the complexity of the various counter-histories and newly emerging identities activated in times of socio-political ‘transition’.
    [Show full text]
  • The Folklore of Deported Lithuanians Essay by Vsevolod Bashkuev
    dislocating literature 15 Illustration: Moa Thelander Moa Illustration: Songs from Siberia The folklore of deported Lithuanians essay by Vsevolod Bashkuev he deportation of populations in the Soviet Union oblast, and the Buryat-Mongolian Autonomous Soviet Social- accommodation-sharing program. Whatever the housing ar- during Stalin’s rule was a devious form of political ist Republic. A year later, in March, April, and May 1949, in rangements, the exiles were in permanent contact with the reprisal, combining retribution (punishment for the wake of Operation Priboi, another 9,633 families, 32,735 local population, working side by side with them at the facto- being disloyal to the regime), elements of social people, were deported from their homeland to remote parts ries and collective farms and engaging in barter; the children engineering (estrangement from the native cultural environ- of the Soviet Union.2 of both exiled and local residents went to the same schools ment and indoctrination in Soviet ideology), and geopolitical The deported Lithuanians were settled in remote regions and attended the same clubs and cultural events. Sometimes imperatives (relocation of disloyal populations away from of the USSR that were suffering from serious labor shortages. mixed marriages were contracted between the exiles and the vulnerable borders). The deportation operations were ac- Typically, applications to hire “new human resources” for local population. companied by the “special settlement” of sparsely populated their production facilities were
    [Show full text]
  • Leps A. Soviet Power Still Thrives in Estonia
    Leps A. ♦ The Soviet power still thrives in Estonia Abstract: It is a historical fact that world powers rule on the fate of small countries. Under process of privatization in the wake of the newly regained independence of Estonia in 1991, a new Estonian elite emerged, who used to be managers of ministries, industries, collective farms and soviet farms. They were in a position to privatize the industrial and agricultural enterprises and they quite naturally became the crème de la crème of the Estonian people, having a lot of power and influence because they had money, knowledge, or special skills. They became capitalists, while the status of the Soviet-time salaried workers remained vastly unchanged: now they just had to report to the nouveaux riches, who instituted the principles of pre-voting (a run-up to the election proper) and electronic voting, to be able to consolidate their gains. However those principles are concepts, unknown to the basic law (Constitution) of the Republic of Estonia – hence the last elections of the 13th composition of the Parliament held in 2015 are null and void ab initio. Keywords: elite of the Republic of Estonia; deportation; „every kitchen maid can govern the state“; industry; agriculture; banking; privatisation; basic law of the Republic of Estonia (Constitution); pre-voting; electronic voting. How they did the Republic of Estonia in It is a very sad story in a nutshell, evolving from 1939, when events and changes started to happen in Europe, having important effects on Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania that couldn’t be stopped. Two major European powers - Germany and the Soviet Union reared their ugly heads and, as had invariably happened in the past, took to deciding on destiny of the small states.
    [Show full text]
  • Volume 66: Number 2, 2020: Summary
    International Affairs: Volume 66: Number 2, 2020: Summary. Sergey Lavrov Turns 70. International Affairs Editorial Board and Staff Members. Dear Sergey Viktorovich, Staff members of the International Affairs journal are sending their sincere, heartfelt wishes on your birthday. We are genuinely proud of the fact that for many years (far from the easiest ones in the history of Russia and humankind), the International Affairs Board has been headed by a Russian politician and statesman such as you. Your diplomatic talent, reinforced by your professionalism, will to victory and sometimes unconventional decisions, give confidence that Russia will pass through this zone of turbulence, the times of arbitrary rules, not international laws, and the sanctions chaos in international relations and will emerge as a model of stability and a sought-after world arbiter. We are grateful that, despite your superhuman schedule of meetings and trips, addressing priority international issues in real time and sometimes actually saving the world, you find an opportunity to get your articles published in our journal and become involved in our projects. This is very important to us. We hope that this will continue to be the case in the future. We wish you good health, well-being and many more years at the service of our Motherland. To Provide Strategic Stability and Form a Just World Order. Vladimir Putin, President of the Russian Federation. DEAR FRIENDS, Let me extend my heartfelt wishes on your professional holiday, Diplomats’ Day. Russian diplomats have always resolutely and consistently defended the interests of our Fatherland. While continuing the glorious traditions of our predecessors, you carry out your duty with honor and deal with challenging and responsible foreign policy tasks.
    [Show full text]
  • The Deportation Operation “Priboi” in 1949
    The deporTaTion operaTion “priboi” in 1949 Aigi RAhi-TAmm, AndRes KAhAR The operation known as the 1949 deportations materials from6 Russian archives have been of con- was the most massive violent undertaking carried siderable use. out by the Soviet authorities simultaneously in all three Baltic states. The planning of deporTaTions Deportations have been fairly1 thoroughly dealt with in Estonian historiography. It is not unequivocally clear even today when or 2 by whom the idea of a large deportations operation Lists of the deportees have been published; the in the Baltic states was first mentioned. The neces- timeline of events has been documented, as well sity of deportations had been mentioned both in as the individuals and institutions associated with the context of the sovietisation of agriculture and carrying them out; and3 several autobiographies suppression of the Forest Brothers movement. In have been published. The present study is mostly early 1948, Andrei Zhdanov, Secretary of the Central based on archive records available4 in Estonia and Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet papers published in Estonia. Also the works5 of Union (hereinafter the CPSU CC) received a report Russian, Latvian and Moldovan historians and from the officials who had inspected the situation 1 Aigi Rahi-Tamm, “Nõukogude repressioonide uurimisest Eestis” (On the Study of Soviet Repressions in Estonia) in Eesti NSV aastatel 1940–1953 : Sovetiseerimise mehhanismid ja tagajärjed Nõukogude Liidu ja Ida–Euroopa arengute kontekstis (Estonian SSR in 1940–1953 : the Mechanisms and Consequences of Sovietisation in the Context of Developments in the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe), compiled by T.
    [Show full text]
  • The Latvian Jewish Courier, Vol. 34, No. 2
    “I BELIEVE IN THE SUN EVEN WHEN IT IS NOT SHINING” A SAFE AND RESTOraTIVE ROSH HASHANAH TO ALL OUR MEMBERS! July/August 2020 | Tammuz/Av, 5780 JEWISH SURVIVORS OF LATVIA, INC. Volume 34, No. 2 THE DAY OF REMEMBRANCE FOR THE VICTIMS OF THE HOLOCAUST IN LATVIA At the monument to the burnt Gogolshul synagogue on July 4, 2020 This year, due to the Coronavirus quarantine, the Council the site of the Gogolshul synagogue, burned in 1941. of Jewish Communities of Latvia could not organize their Together with the Jewish community and several Riga usual rally that day, but instead gathered at the monument of residents, the President of Latvia Egils Levits, the Chairman of former Gogolshul in Riga to commemorate the Jewish victims the Saeima Inara Murniece, Prime Minister Krishjanis Karinsh, of genocide in Latvia. We always remember that on this day, Minister of Foreign Affairs Edgars Rinkevichs, and other Latvian seventy-nine years ago, the Nazis ordered all the synagogues officials and representatives of the diplomatic corps took part in in Riga to be burned. Jews were locked and burned alive in the the ceremony. most notorious of them: The Great Choral synagogue on Gogol Participants of the memorial event also laid flowers at the Street. We will never forget this terrible crime. monument to the Saviors of the Jews. After the ceremony, On the eve of the Day of Remembrance of the victims of the the President of Latvia Egils Levits talked with the leaders of Jewish Genocide in Latvia on July 3rd, the leaders of the Council the Jewish community of Latvia—Arkady Suharenko, Dmitry of Jewish Communities of Latvia laid flowers at the memorial on Krupnikov, Benjamin Kajem, and David Kagan.
    [Show full text]
  • I ESCALATION in the BALTICS: an OVERVIEW of RUSSIAN INTENT Author-Joseph M. Hays Jr. United States Air Force Submitted in Fulfil
    ESCALATION IN THE BALTICS: AN OVERVIEW OF RUSSIAN INTENT Author-Joseph M. Hays Jr. United States Air Force Submitted in fulfillment of the requirements for AIR UNIVERSITY ADVANCED RESEARCH (NEXT GENERATION INTELLIGENCE, SURVEILLANCE, AND RECONNAISSANCE) in part of SQUADRON OFFICER SCHOOL VIRTUAL – IN RESIDENCE AIR UNIVERSITY MAXWELL AIR FORCE BASE December 2020 Advisor: Ronald Prince ISR 200 Course Director Curtis E. LeMay Center i THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK ii ABSTRACT Russia poses a significant threat to the Baltics. Through hybrid warfare means, Russia has set the stage for invasion and occupation in Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania. This paper begins with an exploration of the motivations and history Russia has for occupying the Baltics by primarily addressing the issues of energy dominance and the Baltics’ precedence for insurgency. The Baltic states have whole-of-nation defense strategies in conjunction with NATO interoperability which should most likely deter a full-scale invasion on the part of Russia, despite Russia possessing military superiority. However, Russia has a history of sewing dissent through information operations. This paper addresses how Russia could theoretically occupy an ethnically Russian city of a Baltic country and explores what measures Russia may take to hold onto that territory. Specifically as it pertains to a nuclear response, Russia may invoke an “escalate to de-escalate” strategy, threatening nuclear war with intermediate-range warheads. This escalation would take place through lose interpretation of Russian doctrine and policy that is supposedly designed to protect the very existence of the Russian state. This paper concludes by discussing ways forward with research, specifically addressing NATO’s full spectrum of response to Russia’s escalation through hybrid warfare.
    [Show full text]
  • English French German Italian Russian Spanish
    OSCE Quarterly Selections 3/2014 August – November 2014 The six following groups have been designed with view to help readers to navigate among the “official document” collections available on the web. These selections cover in general a period of four months. Each group is chronologically organized and provides links to individual documents as well as their language variations (when available): I. OSCE PERIODICALS AND PUBLICATIONS II. DECISIONS, CONSENSUS DOCUMENTS AND JOURNALS OF THE DAY yielded by regular OSCE negotiating and decision making bodies (e.g. document groups for individual plenary meetings of the Permanent Council and the Forum for Security Co-operation and their joint meetings). III. SELECTED STATEMENTS, INTERVENTIONS, REGULAR REPORTS AND CONTRIBUTIONS made by the OSCE Chairperson-in- Office and High Officials representing OSCE structures, institutions and field activities. Statements and speeches by representatives of OSCE participating States delivered at regular negotiating and decision-making bodies can be found on the OSCE public web under the document group created for each PC and FSC session. IV. CONSOLIDATED SUMMARIES – (non-consensus) REPORTS AND AGENDAS released by/at OSCE meetings, events, conferences, seminars and workshops. V. ELECTION OBSERVATION REPORTS prepared by various types of election missions, as well as statements or invitations concerning elections in participating States. VI. SELECTED INTEREST AND REFERENCE DOCUMENTS. This section includes various items relating to events or activities within the
    [Show full text]
  • Autodefensa Judía En Uruguay, 1960-19871
    CLAVES. REVISTA DE HISTORIA, VOL. 6, N° 11 MONTEVIDEO, JULIO - DICIEMBRE 2020 (PP. 319 -349) - ISSN 2393-6584 «Hay que formar unidades de autodefensa como respuesta efectiva a los hooligans antisemitas»: autodefensa judía en Uruguay, 1960-19871 “Self-Defense Units Should Be Formed as an Effective Response to Anti-Semitic Hooligans”: Jewish Self-Defense in Uruguay, 1960-1987 Raanan Rein Universidad de Tel Aviv (Israel) https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0249-6084 DOI: https://doi.org/10.25032/crh.v6i11.12 Recibido: 28/8/2020 Aceptado: 2/10/2020 Resumen. La captura del criminal de guerra nazi Adolf Eichmann en Buenos Aires en mayo de 1960 por parte de agentes del Mossad israelí desencadenó una ola de antisemitismo violento en Argentina y Uruguay, que a su vez provocó la consolidación de un marco de autodefensa judía que se conoció en Argentina con el vocablo hebreo Irgún (organización) y en Uruguay como Bitajón (seguridad), Misgueret (marco), o simplemente en vernáculo, La Orga. Numerosos jóvenes decidieron contrarrestar el fenómeno con métodos igualmente agresivos, defendiendo a las instituciones comunitarias y castigando a los hooligans antisemitas, mostrándoles que los judíos no serían ya víctimas pasivas. Este artículo analiza tres momentos en el desarrollo de la autodefensa judía en Uruguay: el secuestro de Eichmann y sus repercusiones; la ejecución del criminal de guerra letón Herberts Cukurs en Uruguay en 1965 por parte de agentes del Mossad, y el añadido de blancos árabes a sus operaciones, especialmente en los años posteriores a la guerra de 1967 en Medio Oriente. La historiografía existente hasta ahora se ha mantenido apartada del tema y por lo tanto, este artículo intenta llenar el vacío en cuanto a la historia de la autodefensa judía, enfatizando las características peculiares de la organización en Uruguay y resaltando la influencia del 1 Muchas personas me ayudaron a conseguir material relevante para esta investigación.
    [Show full text]