World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology International Journal of Computer and Information Engineering Vol:9, No:9, 2015

$Q$QDO\VLVRI&RPSUHVVLRQ0HWKRGVDQG ,PSOHPHQWDWLRQRI0HGLFDO,PDJHVLQ:LUHOHVV 1HWZRUN &5DMDQ.*HHWKD6*HHWKD

 LQDSDUWLFXODUILOHDQGLWLQFUHDVHVWKHPHPRU\VSDFH$QGDOVR Abstract²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eywords²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patial Redundancy LQRWKHUFRQWH[WV$FRORULPDJHFRQVXPHVWKUHHYDOXHVIRU 7KLV PHWKRG XVHG WR UHPRYH WKH UHSHDWHG GDWD RI HDFKSL[HODQGWKH\PHDVXUHWKHFKURPLQDQFHDQGLQWHQVLW\RI QHLJKERULQJSL[HOV OLJKW>@ B. Temporal Redundancy International Science Index, Computer and Information Engineering Vol:9, No:9, 2015 waset.org/Publication/10005480 A. Image Compression :KHQ ZH UHSUHVHQW WKH LPDJH GDWD LW PXVW EH LQ QHHG RI 7KH LPDJH FRPSUHVVLRQ PHFKDQLVP LV SULPDULO\ XVHG WR UHGXFLQJWKHQHHGHGELWVLQWKHLPDJH UHGXFHWKHVL]HRIDJUDSKLFVILOHZLWKRXWDIIHFWLQJWKHTXDOLW\ C.Spectral Redundancy RIWKDWLPDJH7KLVSURFHVVOHDGVWRVWRUHPRUHQXPEHURIGDWD ,WUHSUHVHQWVWKHGLIIHUHQWFRORUSL[HOFRUUHODWLRQV  0U&5DMDQ$VVLVWDQW3URIHVVRULVZLWKWKH'HSWRI,7.6  5DQJDVDP\&ROOHJHRI7HFKQRORJ\7DPLO1DGX,QGLD SKRQH HPDLOUDMDQNVUFW#JPDLOFRP  0LVV 6 *HHWKD 3* 6FKRODU LV ZLWK WKH 'HSW RI ,7 . 6 5DQJDVDP\ &ROOHJH RI 7HFKQRORJ\ 7DPLO 1DGX ,QGLD SKRQH  HPDLO VJLWDVHQJRGHQ#JPDLOFRP 

International Scholarly and Scientific Research & Innovation 9(9) 2015 2157 scholar.waset.org/1307-6892/10005480 World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology International Journal of Computer and Information Engineering  Vol:9, No:9, 2015

   )UDFWDO &RPSUHVVLRQ 5XQOHQJWK &RPSUHVVLRQ 0HWKRGV HQFRGLQJ   $UHDLPDJH &RORUVSDFH  FRPSUHVVLRQ FRQYHUVLRQ   ORVV\ /RVVOHVV  (QWURS\  HQFRGLQJ &KURPD 6XEVDPSOLQJ   &KDLQFRGHV 7UDQVIRUP &RGLQJ  )LJ&RPSUHVVLRQ0HWKRGV  ,,, 7<3(62),0$*(&2035(66,21 YLVXDOTXDOLW\,WXVHGWKUHHELWPDSVWRFRPSUHVVWKHFRORU 7KHFRPSUHVVLRQWHFKQLTXHVDUHZLGHO\FODVVLILHGLQWRWZR LPDJHV7KLVPHWKRGFDQDOVRXVHIRUGDWDKLGLQJ>@ W\SHV B. Methods for lossless Compression   /RVV\FRPSUHVVLRQ ‡ 5XQOHQJWKHQFRGLQJ±WKLVPHWKRGLVXVHGDVWKHGHIDXOW   /RVVOHVV&RPSUHVVLRQ PHWKRG LQ 3&; DV RQH RI WKH SUREDEOH LQ %03 7*$ /RVVOHVVFRPSUHVVLRQLVIDYRUHGIRUDUFKLYDOSXUSRVHVDQG 7,)) IUHTXHQWO\ IRU PHGLFDO LPDJLQJ WHFKQLFDO GUDZLQJV DQG FOLS ‡ $UHDLPDJHFRPSUHVVLRQ DUW/RVV\FRPSUHVVLRQSURFHVVHVSHFLDOO\ZKHQXVHGDWORZ ‡ 3UHGLFWLYH&RGLQJDQG'3&0 ELWUDWHVLQWURGXFHVFRPSUHVVLRQDUWLIDFWV/RVV\PHWKRGVDUH ‡ (QWURS\HQFRGLQJ HVSHFLDOO\DSSURSULDWHIRUQDWXUDOLPDJHVVXFKDVVQDSVKRWVLQ ‡ $GDSWLYH GLFWLRQDU\ DOJRULWKPV VXFK DV /=: ± XVHG LQ SHUIRUPDQFHV ZKHUH PLQRU ORVV RI OR\DOW\ LV DFFHSWDEOH WR *,)DQG7,)) DFKLHYHDVLJQLILFDQWOHVVHQLQJLQELWUDWH>@ ‡ 'HIODWLRQ±XVHGLQ01*7,))DQG31* A. Methods for Lossy Compression ‡ &KDLQFRGHV x &RORU6SDFH&RQYHUVLRQ7KLVLVWKHSURFHVVRIUHGXFLQJ C. Properties of Compression Method WKH FRORU VSDFH WR WKH PD[LPXP FRPPRQ FRORUV LQ WKH 7KHEHVWLPDJHTXDOLW\DWDJLYHQELWUDWHLVWKHPDLQJRDORI PHGLFDO LPDJH 7KH VHOHFWHG FRORUV DUH VSHFLILHG LQ WKH LPDJH FRPSUHVVLRQ KRZHYHU WKHUH DUH RWKHU LPSRUWDQW FRORU SDOHWWH LQ WKH FDSWLRQ RI WKH FRPSUHVVHG PHGLFDO SURSHUWLHVRILPDJHFRPSUHVVLRQVFKHPHV LPDJH(DFKSL[HOLVMXVWUHIHUHQFLQJWKHLQGH[RIDFRORU x Scalability,WJHQHUDOO\UHIHUVWRDTXDOLW\IDOODFKLHYHGE\ LQ WKH FRORU SDOHWWH 7KLV PHWKRG FDQ EH FRPELQHG ZLWK KDQGOLQJ RI WKH ELWVWUHDP RU ILOH 7KH RWKHU QDPHV DUH LUUHVROXWHWRDYRLGSRVWHUL]DWLRQ&RQYHUWLQJIURP5*%WR VXJJHVWHG IRU VFDODELOLW\ LV SURJUHVVLYH FRGLQJ RU <&E&UJLYHVEHWWHUSHUIRUPDQFH>@ HPEHGGHG ELWVWUHDPV ,QVSLWH RI LWV FRQIOLFWLQJ x &KURPD6XE6DPSOLQJ7KLVPHWKRGWDNHVVRPHEHWWHU HQYLURQPHQW VFDODELOLW\ DOVR PD\ EH IRXQG LQ ORVVOHVV DGYDQWDJHRIWKHIDFWWKDWWKHKXPDQH\HSHUFHLYHVVSDWLDO FRGHV XVXDOO\ LQ ZD\ RI FRDUVHWRILQH SL[HO VFDQV FKDQJHVRIEULJKWQHVVPRUHVHYHUHO\WKDQWKRVHRIFRORU 6FDODELOLW\ LV HVSHFLDOO\ EHQHILFLDO IRU VFUHHQLQJ LPDJHV E\ DYHUDJLQJ RU UHGXFLQJ VRPH RI WKH FKURPLQDQFH ZKLOHGRZQORDGLQJWKHPRUIRUSURYLGLQJIOH[LEOHTXDOLW\ LQIRUPDWLRQLQWKHLPDJH DFFHVVHJGDWDEDVHV x 7UDQVIRUP&RGLQJ7KLVPHWKRGLVWKHPRVWIUHTXHQWO\ 7KHUHDUHQXPHURXVW\SHVRIVFDODELOLW\ XVHG PHWKRG ,Q SDUWLFXODU D )RXULHUUHODWHG WUDQVIRUP x 4XDOLW\ SURJUHVVLYH RU OD\HU SURJUHVVLYH +HUH WKH VXFK DV WKH 'LVFUHWH &RVLQH 7UDQVIRUP '&7  LV ZLGHO\ ELWVWUHDPVHTXHQWLDOO\LPSURYHVWKHUHFRQVWUXFWHGLPDJH XVHG 7KH '&7 LV VRPHWLPHV UHIHUUHG WR DV '&7 LQ x 5HVROXWLRQSURJUHVVLYH,QWKLVSURFHVVLQLWLDOO\HQFRGHV WKHFRQWH[WRIDIDPLO\RIGLVFUHWHFRVLQHWUDQVIRUPV7KH D ORZHU LPDJH UHVROXWLRQ DIWHU WKDW LW HQFRGHV WKH International Science Index, Computer and Information Engineering Vol:9, No:9, 2015 waset.org/Publication/10005480 PRVW UHFHQWO\ GHYHORSHG ZDYHOHW WUDQVIRUP LV DOVR XVHG YDULDEOHWRKLJKHUUHVROXWLRQV H[WHQVLYHO\IROORZHGE\TXDQWL]DWLRQDQGHQWURS\FRGLQJ x &RPSRQHQW SURJUHVVLYH LQLWLDOO\ JUD\ SL[HOV DUH >@ HQFRGHGDIWHUWKDWFRORUSL[HOZLOOEHHQFRGHG x )UDFWDO&RPSUHVVLRQ7KHPDLQLGHDRIWKLVPHWKRGLVWR x 5HJLRQ RI LQWHUHVW FRGLQJ VRPH SDUWV RI WKH LPDJH DUH GHFRPSRVH WKH LPDJH LQWR VHJPHQWV (DFK VHJPHQW HQFRGHG ZLWK KLJKHU TXDOLW\ WKDQ RWKHUV 7KLV PD\ EH ORRNHG LQ D OLEUDU\ RI IUDFWDOV ,W FRQWDLQV ,WHUDWHG FRPELQHGZLWKVFDODELOLW\ LQQHHGRIHQFRGHWKHVHSDUWV )XQFWLRQ 6\VWHP ,)6  FRGHV ZKLFK DUH VHWV RI QXPEHUV ILUVWRWKHUVODWHU  >@ x Meta information&RPSUHVVHGLPDJHPD\FRQWDLQVRPH x %ORFN WUXQFDWLRQ FRGH 7KLV ORVV\ FRPSUHVVLRQ PHWKRG LQIRUPDWLRQDERXWWKDWLPDJHZKLFKPD\EHXVHGWR FDQUHGXFHWKHVL]HRIGLJLWDOLPDJHVDORQJZLWKDEHWWHU



International Scholarly and Scientific Research & Innovation 9(9) 2015 2158 scholar.waset.org/1307-6892/10005480 World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology International Journal of Computer and Information Engineering  Vol:9, No:9, 2015

VHDUFKRUEURZVHLPDJHV6XFKLQIRUPDWLRQOLNHDXWKRURU A. JPEG FRS\ULJKWHWF -3(* LPDJH LV RQH RI WKH SRSXODU WHFKQLTXHV LQ LPDJH x Processing power 7KH FRPSUHVVLRQ DOJRULWKPV QHHG FRPSUHVVLRQ1RZ-3(*LVDSSOLHGPRVWFRPPRQO\LQGLJLWDO YDULRXV UDQJHVDPRXQWV RI SURFHVVLQJ SRZHU WR HQFRGH LPDJH FRPSUHVVLRQ ILHOG 7KH LQSXW LPDJH LV GLYLGHG LQWR DQG GHFRGH SURFHVVHV 6RPH H[WUDRUGLQDU\ FRPSUHVVLRQ VPDOOEORFNVDQGHDFKEORFNFRQVLVWVRIîSL[HOV(DFKEORFN DOJRULWKPV DUH LQ QHHGRI JUHDWHU SURFHVVLQJSRZHU 7KH LV FRQYHUWHG E\ WKH WZR GLPHQVLRQDO GLVFUHWH FRVLQH ZRUOGRIDFRPSUHVVLRQPHWKRGLVRIWHQHVWLPDWHGE\WKH WUDQVIRUPDWLRQ '&7  WR WKH LQFLGHQFH GRPDLQ 7KH 3HDN VLJQDOWRQRLVH UDWLR 3615  ,W PHDVXUHV WKH WUDQVIRUPHGFRHIILFLHQWVDUHTXDQWL]HGWRUHGXFHWKHUHGXQGDQW DPRXQWRIQRLVHLQWURGXFHGYLDDORVV\FRPSUHVVLRQRIWKH GDWD7KHVHOHFWLRQRI'&7FRHIILFLHQWVLVSHUIRUPHGLQRUGHU LPDJHKRZHYHUWKHSDUWLFXODUMXGJPHQWRIWKHRQORRNHU WR WKHLU UHDUUDQJH WKH ]LJ]DJJHG ZD\ IURP ORZ WR KLJK DOVR LV YLHZHG DV DQ LPSRUWDQW PHDVXUH SHUKDSV EHLQJ IUHTXHQFLHV DQG RQO\ PLGGOH DQG ORZ IUHTXHQFLHV DUH WKHPRVWLPSRUWDQWPHDVXUH>@ QRPLQDWHGZLWKRXWPXFKORVVRILQIRUPDWLRQ>@ D. Advantages and Disadvantages of Image Compression   6L]H 5HGXFWLRQ )LOH VL]H UHGXFWLRQ UHVWV WKH VLQJOH PRVW ,QSXW VLJQLILFDQWEHQHILWRILPDJHFRPSUHVVLRQ6XEMHFWRQZKDWILOH ,PDJH

W\SH \RX DUH GHDOLQJ ZLWK \RX FDQ HQGXUH WR FRPSUHVV WKH  LPDJH XQWLO LW LV LQ \RXU FKRVHQ VL]H 7KLV PHDQV WKH LPDJH  WDNHV XS OHVV VSDFH RQ WKH KDUG GULYH DQG NHHSV WKH VDPH 3L[HOVFDQQLQJ SK\VLFDOVL]HZLWKRXW\RXHGLWWKHLPDJH VSK\VLFDOVL]HLQDQ LPDJH HGLWRU 7KH SURFHVV RI ILOH VL]H UHGXFWLRQ ZRUNV  '&7 SHUIHFWO\ IRU WKH ,QWHUQHW SHUPLWWLQJ ZHEPDVWHUV WR JHQHUDWH 7UDQVIRUP LPDJHULFK VLWHV ZLWKRXW XVLQJ PXFK EDQGZLGWK RU VWRULQJ   VSDFH   4XDQWL]DWLRQ 6ORZ 'HYLFHV 6RPH RI WKH HOHFWURQLF GHYLFHV VXFK DV FRPSXWHUVRUFDPHUDVPD\ORDGJURZWKXQFRPSUHVVHGLPDJHV  YHU\VORZO\&'GULYHVIRUH[DPSOHLWFDQMXVWUHDGRQO\WKH  GDWD DW D VSHFLILF UDWH DQG FDQQRW VKRZ ODUJH LPDJHV LQ UHDO (QFRGLQJ WLPH $OVR IRU VRPH ZHE KRVWV WKDW KDQGRYHU GDWD VORZO\  FRPSUHVVHG LPDJHV UHPDLQ QHFHVVDU\ IRU D IXOO\ IXQFWLRQDO 2XWSXW ,PDJH ZHEVLWH 2WKHU V\VWHPV RI VWRUDJH PHGLXPV VXFK DV KDUG GULYHVZLOODOVRKDYHVWUXJJOHGWRORDGLQJWKHXQFRPSUHVVHG  ILOHVTXLFNO\,PDJHFRPSUHVVLRQDOORZVIRUWKHTXLFNHUILOOLQJ )LJ-3(*&RPSUHVVLRQ RIGDWDRQVORZHUGHYLFHV  'HJUDGDWLRQ :KLOH \RX FRPSUHVV D PHGLFDO LPDJH DW ,QRUGHUWRLPSURYHWKHSHUIRUPDQFHRI%D\HU&)$LPDJHV WLPHV\RXZLOOJHWLPDJHGHJUDGDWLRQVLQFHWKHTXDOLW\RIWKH D QHZ PHWKRG LQWURGXFHG LV QHDUORVVOHVV FRPSUHVVLRQ LPDJHKDVIDLOHG,IVDYLQJD*,)RU31*ILOHWKHGDWDUHPDLQ PHWKRG ,W LV EDVHG RQ WKH FKDQQHO VHSDUDWHG ILOWHULQJ HYHQWKRXJKWKHTXDOLW\RIWKHLPDJHKDVEHHQGHFOLQHG,I\RX PHFKDQLVP>@ QHHG WR GHPRQVWUDWH D KLJKUHVROXWLRQ LPDJH WR VRPHERG\ )RU WKH IUDFWDO LPDJH FRPSUHVVLRQ WKH FRPSUHVVLRQ ODUJH RU VPDOO \RX ZLOO ILQG LPDJHV FRPSUHVVLRQ DV D WHFKQLTXHWDNHVPXFKWLPHWRHQFRGHLW7KHIXQGDPHQWDOLGHD GLVDGYDQWDJH RI ),& LV DQ ,WHUDWLRQ )XQFWLRQ V\VWHP 7R RYHUFRPH WKLV 'DWD/RVV:LWKVRPHFRPPRQILOHW\SHVOLNH-3(*ZKLOH SUREOHPZHFDQXVHWKH362DOJRULWKPWRUHGXFHWKH DQLPDJHVKULQNVLQVL]HWKHFRPSUHVVLRQZLOOUHPRYHVRPHRI HQFRGLQJ WLPH %\ XVLQJ WKLV DOJRULWKP ZH FDQ JDLQ EHWWHU WKHSKRWR¶VILJXUHVSHUPDQHQWO\7RFRPSUHVVWKHVHNLQGVRI TXDOLW\LQPHGLFDOLPDJHV>@ LPDJHV ZH ZDQW WR HQVXUH WKDW ZH KDG DQ XQFRPSUHVVHG B.JPEG 2000 EDFNXSEHIRUHVWDUWLQJ2UHOVHZHZLOOPLVVWKHKLJKTXDOLW\ -3(*LPDJHFRPSUHVVLRQLVPRVWFRPPRQO\XVHGIRU RIWKHRULJLQDOXQFRPSUHVVHGLPDJHSHUPDQHQWO\ VWLOOLPDJHV-3(*XVHVZDYHOHWWUDQVIRUPFRPSUHVVLRQ International Science Index, Computer and Information Engineering Vol:9, No:9, 2015 waset.org/Publication/10005480 VRLQLWLDOO\WKHLPDJHPXVWEHWUDQVIRUPHGIURPVSDWLDOGRPDLQ ,9 ,0$*(&2035(66,21$/*25,7+06 UHSUHVHQWDWLRQ WR ZDYHOHW WUDQVIRUP ,W PDMRUO\ GHSHQGV RQ 6RPHRIWKHLPDJHFRPSUHVVLRQDOJRULWKPVDUH WKUHH FORVHO\ FRPSRQHQWV WKH\ DUH 5HYHUVH WUDQVIRUPHU ‡ )ODWGHIODWH TXDQWL]HU DQG (QWURS\ HQFRGHUGHFRGHU ,Q GLVWULEXWHG -3(* ‡ -3(* FRPSUHVVLRQWKHWZREDVLFDSSURDFKHVDUH 'LYLGHE\ ‡ -3(* URZVFROXPQV 7LOLQJ>@ ‡ +XIIPDQ 6RPHRIWKHPHWULFVDUHQHHGWREHFRQFHQWUDWLQJRQORVVOHVV ‡ /=: FRPSUHVVLRQPHWKRGVOLNH361506(DQG0$( ‡ 5/( ‡ 36153HDN6LJQDO1RLVH5DWLRLWXVHGWRHOLPLQDWHWKH QRLVHLQWKHLPDJHV



International Scholarly and Scientific Research & Innovation 9(9) 2015 2159 scholar.waset.org/1307-6892/10005480 World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology International Journal of Computer and Information Engineering  Vol:9, No:9, 2015

‡ 06( 0HDQ 6TXDUH (VWLPDWLRQ LW LV D VHTXHQWLDO ‡ 3L[HO OHYHO LQWHUOHDYLQJ $IWHU &'7 WUDQVIRUPDWLRQ DQG FROOHFWLRQ RI HUURUV EHWZHHQ WKH QHLJKERULQJ SL[HOV RI 4XDQWL]DWLRQ WKH EORFN RI LPDJH SL[HOV GLYLGHG LQWR WZR RULJLQDODQGFRPSUHVVHGLPDJHV SDUWVWRJDLQXSSHUDQGORZHUDUHDV7KHQWKHORZHUDQG ‡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¶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

International Science Index, Computer and Information Engineering Vol:9, No:9, 2015 waset.org/Publication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



International Scholarly and Scientific Research & Innovation 9(9) 2015 2160 scholar.waset.org/1307-6892/10005480 World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology International Journal of Computer and Information Engineering  Vol:9, No:9, 2015

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

7KH *HQHWLF $OJRULWKP SURWRFRO KDV EHHQ WHVWHG IRU 7KLV WHFKQLTXH XVHV ':7 DQG 52, PHWKRGV IRU PRELOH WUDQVIHUULQJ WKH GDWD LQ ZLUHOHVV QHWZRUN HQYLURQPHQW >@ GHYLFHV ,Q WKLV SDSHU ERWK ORVV\ DQG ORVVOHVV FRPSUHVVLRQ 6RPHRIWKHVZDUPLQWHOOLJHQFHDOJRULWKPVZHUHGLVFXVVHGLQ PHWKRGVKDYHRSWLPL]HGWKHQHWZRUNSHUIRUPDQFHV>@

International Science Index, Computer and Information Engineering Vol:9, No:9, 2015 waset.org/Publication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



International Scholarly and Scientific Research & Innovation 9(9) 2015 2161 scholar.waset.org/1307-6892/10005480 World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology International Journal of Computer and Information Engineering  Vol:9, No:9, 2015

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±=LY±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± =LY ±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³EHVW HIIRUW DQ\FDVW FRPSUHVVLRQ SURFHVVHV ,Q WKLV VXUYH\ SDSHU VRPH RI WKH GDWDJUDPFRPPXQLFDWLRQWRRQHRIWKHFROOHFWLRQURXWHVLQD PHWKRGVDQGLWVSURFHVVKDYHEHHQDQDO\]HG7KHDOJRULWKPV QHWZRUN´7KHWZRW\SHVRIPHVVDJHVXVHGLQ&73DUHURXWLQJ XVHG IRU FRPSUHVVLRQ WHFKQLTXHV DOVR GHVFULSWLYHO\ %\ PHVVDJHV DQG GDWD PHVVDJHV '6& ±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³$ /RZ (QHUJ\ JDYH D EHWWHU FRPSUHVVLRQ UHVXOW WKDQ FRQWHPSRUDU\ VLQJOH ,PDJH &RPSUHVVLRQ DQG 7UDQVPLVVLRQ LQ :LUHOHVV 0XOWLPHGLD 6HQVRU VRXUFHLPDJHFRGLQJ>@ 1HWZRUNV´(OVHYLHU ,Q>@WKHDXWKRUVSURYLGHDIUDPHZRUNIRUPHGLFDOLPDJH >@ 6KDQ%DRWDQJD6KHQ7LQJ]KLEDQG:DQJ:HLMLDQJE³$5HPDLQGHU6HW 1HDU/RVVOHVV &RPSUHVVLRQ 0HWKRG IRU %D\HU &RORU )LOWHU $UUD\ DUFKLYLQJSURFHVVLQJDQDO\VLVDQGFRPPXQLFDWLRQV\VWHPIRU ,PDJHV´,QWHUQDWLRQDO&RQIHUHQFHRQ6ROLG6WDWH'HYLFHVDQG0DWHULDOV 7HOHUDGLRORJ\7KLVZRUNFRQVLVWVRIWZRZRUNV&DSWXULQJ 6FLHQFH DQDORJLPDJLQJGDWD%ULQJLQJGLJLWDOLPDJLQJGDWD2QHRI >@ $0XUXJDQDQGKDPDDQG56':DKLGD%DQXE³$GDSWLYH)UDFWDO,PDJH &RPSUHVVLRQ XVLQJ 362´ Procedia Computer Science 2 338–344, WKH PDMRU FULWHULD ZKLOH FRPSUHVVLQJ DQ LPDJH LV HQHUJ\ ,Q (OVHYLHU RUGHU WR PDNH WKH HQHUJ\ HIILFLHQW FRPSUHVVLRQ DQG LPDJH >@ +DQDD =DLQ(OGLQ  0RVWDID $ (OKRVVHLQL DQG +HVKDP $ $OL ³,PDJH TXDOLW\ D GLVWULEXWHG LPDJH FRPSUHVVLRQ PHWKRG KDV EHHQ FRPSUHVVLRQ DOJRULWKPV LQ ZLUHOHVV PXOWLPHGLD VHQVRU QHWZRUNV $ VXUYH\´Ain Shams Engineering Journal 6, 481–4. XVHG,WDOVRLQWHUVHFWVZLWKWKH'LVFUHWH:DYHOHWPHWKRG7KH >@ 6RQDO 'LQHVK .XPDU ³$ 6WXG\ RI 9DULRXV ,PDJH &RPSUHVVLRQ SHUIRUPDQFH VKRZV WKDW LW FDQ SURYLGH ORQJHU OLIHWLPH 7KH 7HFKQLTXHV´IEEE  PDMRUFRQFHQWUDWLRQVRIWKLVPHWKRGDUH%DFNJURXQGRQLPDJH >@ +XDPLQJ:XDQG$OKXVVHLQ$$ERX]HLG³(QHUJ\(IBFLHQW'LVWULEXWHG -3(*,PDJH&RPSUHVVLRQLQ0XOWLKRS:LUHOHVV1HWZRUNV´ FRPSUHVVLRQ'LVWULEXWHGZDYHOHWWUDQVIRUPDQG4XDQWL]DWLRQ >@ 5RJHOLR +DVLPRWR %HOWUDQ ³3L[HO OHYHO LWHUOHYLQJ VFKHPHV IRU UREXVW FRGLQJ>@ LPDJHFRPPXQLFDWLRQ´ International Science Index, Computer and Information Engineering Vol:9, No:9, 2015 waset.org/Publication/10005480 7KH DXWKRUV LQ >@ SURSRVHG D SDUDPHWHU IUHH LPDJH >@ 6X-LQ/HHDQG0RRQ+DH.LP³.R0,36$ZHEEDVHGPHGLFDOLPDJH FODVVLILFDWLRQPHWKRGZKLFKLVEDVHGRQWKHGDWDFRPSUHVVLRQ SURFHVVLQJV\VWHPIRUWHOHPHGLFLQHDSSOLFDWLRQV´IEEE,7(1&21 >@ +ZDQJ :- &KLQH &) DQG /L .-  ³6FDODEOH 0HGLFDO 'DWD PHWKRG +HUH WZR NLQGV RI FRPSUHVVRUV ZHUH XVHG IRU &RPSUHVVLRQ DQG 7UDQVPLVVLRQ 8VLQJ :DYHOHW 7UDQVIRUP IRU HIILFLHQW FRPSUHVVLRQ PHWKRG 7KH\ DUH   =,3 WKH JHQHUDO 7HOHPHGLFLQH $SSOLFDWLRQV´ IEEE Transactions on Information SXUSRVHFRPSUHVVRU -3(*FRPSUHVVRU7KLVZRUNLVDSSO\ Technology in Biomedicine, Vol. 7, no. 1, March  >@ 56'LOPDJKDQL$$KPDGLDQ$+$JKYDPL³3URJUHVVLYH0HGLFDO WR WKH 6KDQQRQ LQIRUPDWLRQ WKHRU\ DQG .ROPRJRURY ,PDJH7UDQVPLVVLRQDQG&RPSUHVVLRQ´IEEE Signal Processing Letters, FRPSOH[LW\ &RPSUHVVLRQ PHWKRG DOVR XVHG LQ WHOHPHGLFLQH Vol. 11, No. 10, October DSSOLFDWLRQV /D\HUHG 6HW 3DUWLWLRQLQJ LQ KLHUDUFKLFDO 7UHHV >@ ;LDROLQ :X  DQG 7RQJ 4LX ³:DYHOHW &RGLQJ RI 9ROXPHWULF 0HGLFDO ,PDJHV IRU +LJK 7KURXJKSXW DQG 2SHUDELOLW\´ IEEE Transactions ON /63,+7 DOJRULWKPLWGLYLGHVWKHHQFRGHGELWVLQWRDQXPEHU Medical Imaging, Vol. 24, No. 6, June RI OD\HUV IRU WUDQVPLVVLRQ ,W UHTXLUHV PRUH UHVRXUFHV DQG LW



International Scholarly and Scientific Research & Innovation 9(9) 2015 2162 scholar.waset.org/1307-6892/10005480 World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology International Journal of Computer and Information Engineering  Vol:9, No:9, 2015

>@ 5RELQD $VKUDI DQG 0XKDPPDG $NEDU ³$EVROXWHO\ /RVVOHVV 0U&5DMDQUHFHLYHGKLV%('HJUHHLQ&RPSXWHU6FLHQFHDQGHQJLQHHULQJ &RPSUHVVLRQ RI 0HGLFDO ,PDJHV´ IEEE Engineering in Medicine and IURP661&ROOHJHRIHQJLQHHULQJDW8QLYHUVLW\RI0DGUDV7KHQKHREWDLQHG Biology 27th Annual Conference Shanghai, China, September 1-4, KLV 0DVWHU¶V GHJUHH LQ &RPSXWHU 6FLHQFH +H LV SXUVXLQJ 3K' DW $QQD >@ & 1 'RXNDV , 0DJORJLDQQLV DQG * .RUPHQW]DV ³0HGLFDO ,PDJH 8QLYHUVLW\ RI 7HFKQRORJ\ &RLPEDWRUH +H LV FXUUHQWO\ ZRUNLQJ DV DQ &RPSUHVVLRQ XVLQJ :DYHOHW 7UDQVIRUP RQ 0RELOH 'HYLFHV ZLWK 52, $VVLVWDQW 3URIHVVRU LQ WKH 'HSDUWPHQW RI ,QIRUPDWLRQ 7HFKQRORJ\ .65 FRGLQJ VXSSRUW´ IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology 27th &ROOHJH RI 7HFKQRORJ\ +H KDV  \HDUV RI WHDFKLQJ H[SHULHQFH +H KDV Annual Conference Shanghai, China, September 1-4, SUHVHQWHG  SDSHUV LQ YDULRXV QDWLRQDO DQG LQWHUQDWLRQDO MRXUQDOV +LV >@ %LQGXODO76DQG05.DLPDO³$GDSWLYH6FDODEOH:DYHOHW'LIIHUHQFH UHVHDUFK LQWHUHVWV 0XOWLFDVWLQJ 1HWZRUNV .H\ 0DQDJHPHQW DQG 1HWZRUN 5HGXFWLRQ 0HWKRG IRU (IILFLHQW 0HGLFDO ,PDJH 7UDQVPLVVLRQ´ IEEE 6HFXULW\   >@ $GYDQFHG 0HGLFDO 9LGHR 6HUYLFHV WKURXJK &RQWH[W$ZDUH 0HGLFDO 0LVV 6 *HHWKD KROGV D %7HFK GHJUHH LQ ,QIRUPDWLRQ 7HFKQRORJ\ IURP 1HWZRUNV´ Conference of the IEEE EMBS Cité Internationale, Lyon, .65DQJDVDP\ &ROOHJH RI 7HFKQRORJ\ DIILOLDWHG WR $QQD 8QLYHUVLW\ RI France August 23-26 7HFKQRORJ\ &KHQQDL 7DPLO 1DGX ,QGLD LQ  1RZ VKH LV DQ 07HFK >@ 4LXVKD 0LQ 5REHUW -7 6DGOHLU ³$ +\EULG /RVVOHVV &RPSUHVVLRQ VWXGHQWRI,QIRUPDWLRQ7HFKQRORJ\GHSDUWPHQWLQ.65DQJDVDP\&ROOHJHRI 6FKHPHIRU(IILFLHQW'HOLYHU\RI0HGLFDO,PDJH'DWDRYHUWKH,QWHUQHW´ 7HFKQRORJ\ 6KH KDV SXEOLVKHG  LQWHUQDWLRQDO MRXUQDOV DQG SUHVHQWHG RQH 2010 Second International Conference on Computer Modeling and SDSHU LQ 1DWLRQDO OHYHO &RQIHUHQFHV +HU 5HVHDUFK LQWHUHVWV LQFOXGH LPDJH Simulation. FRPSUHVVLRQ$GKRF1HWZRUNVDQG6HFXULW\ >@ @ =KLQRRV 5D]DYL +HVDEL 0RKVHQ 6DUGDUL DQG $KPDG %HLUDPL ³$ DQG0(GHJUHHLQ&RPSXWHU6FLHQFHDQG(QJLQHHULQJIURP.65DQJDVDP\ 0HPRU\$VVLVWHG /RVVOHVV &RPSUHVVLRQ $OJRULWKP IRU 0HGLFDO &ROOHJH RI 7HFKQRORJ\ DIILOLDWHG WR $QQD 8QLYHUVLW\ RI 7HFKQRORJ\ ,PDJHV´2014 IEEE International Conference on Acoustic, Speech and &RLPEDWRUH7DPLO1DGX,QGLDLQ1RZ6KHLVFXUUHQWO\ZRUNLQJDVDQ Signal Processing (ICASSP) $VVLVWDQW 3URIHVVRU LQ WKH 'HSDUWPHQW RI ,QIRUPDWLRQ 7HFKQRORJ\ ([FHO >@ /RJDQDWKDQ5DQG<6.XPDUDVZDP\³0HGLFDO,PDJH&RPSUHVVLRQ (QJLQHHULQJ &ROOHJH 6KH KDV  \HDUV RI WHDFKLQJ H[SHULHQFH 6KH KDV ZLWK /RVVOHVV 5HJLRQ RI ,QWHUHVW 8VLQJ $GDSWLYH $FWLYH &RQWRXU´ SXEOLVKHGLQWHUQDWLRQDOMRXUQDOVDQGSUHVHQWHGWKUHHSDSHUVLQWKHQDWLRQDO Journal of Computer Science 8 (5): 747-751, DQG LQWHUQDWLRQDO &RQIHUHQFHV 6KH LV DQ DFWLYH PHPEHU RI ,67( +HU >@ 7DQLPD 'XWWD µ0HGLFDO GDWD FRPSUHVVLRQ DQG WUDQVPLVVLRQ LQ ZLUHOHVV 5HVHDUFKLQWHUHVWVLQFOXGH0RELOHFRPSXWLQJ$GKRF1HWZRUNVDQG1HWZRUN $GKRFQHWZRUNV¶IEEE Sensor journal vol. 15 no.2 6HFXULW\ >@ 3DEOR$(VWHYH]5RGULJR-)ORUHVDQG&ODXGLR$3HUH]³&RORU,PDJH  6HJPHQWDWLRQ 8VLQJ )X]]\ 0Q0D[ 1HXUDO 1HWZRUNV´ Intemational  Joint Conference on Neural Networks, Canada,(((  >@ +' &KHQJ ;+ -LDQJ < 6XQ DQG - :DQJ &RORU LPDJH  VHJPHQWDWLRQ DGYDQFHV DQG SURVSHFWV Pattern Recognition YRO   SDJHV  >@ 0RKDPDGUH]D -DPDOL 6DDGDQ =RNDHL DQG +DPLG 5 5DELHH ³$ 1HZ $SSURDFKIRU'LVWULEXWHG,PDJH&RGLQJLQ:LUHOHVV6HQVRU1HWZRUNV´ ,((( >@ )DKHG$ZDG(\DG7DTLHGGLQ0RDG0RZDILDQG2PDU%DQLPHOKHP $PDQL $EX4GDLV ³$ 6LPXODWLRQ 7HVWEHG WR -RLQWO\ ([SORLW 0XOWLSOH ,PDJH &RPSUHVVLRQ 7HFKQLTXHV IRU :LUHOHVV 0XOWLPHGLD 6HQVRU 1HWZRUNV´,((( >@ +XDPLQJ :X $OKXVVHLQ $ $ERX]HLG ³(QHUJ\ HIILFLHQW GLVWULEXWHG LPDJH FRPSUHVVLRQ LQ UHVRXUFHFRQVWUDLQHG PXOWLKRS ZLUHOHVV QHWZRUNV´Computer Communications  ±(OVHYLHU >@ 0DUWKD 5 4XLVSH$\DOD .ULVWD $VDOGH$OYDUH] DQG $YLG 5RPDQ *RQ]DOH]³,PDJH&ODVVLILFDWLRQ8VLQJ'DWD&RPSUHVVLRQ7HFKQLTXHV´ IEEE 26-th Convention of Electrical and Electronics Engineers >@ 3L\DPDV 6XDSDQJ DQG .LQJ 0RQJNXW¶V ,QVWLWXWH RI 7HFKQRORJ\ /DGNUDEDQJ ³0HGLFDO ,PDJH $UFKLYLQJ 3URFHVVLQJ $QDO\VLV DQG &RPPXQLFDWLRQ6\VWHPIRU7HOHUDGLRORJ\´TENCON,((( >@ % 5X[DQD\DVPLQ % $QDQGD .ULVKQD DQG 7 6XEKDVKLQL ³ ,PSOHPHQWDWLRQ RI 'DWD &RPSUHVVLRQ 7HFKQLTXHV LQ 0RELOH $G KRF 1HWZRUNV´ International Journal of Computer Applications  ±  9ROXPH±1R2FWREHU >@ $ $ODUDEH\\DW 6 $O+DVKHPL DQG 7 .KGRXU ³/RVVOHVV ,PDJH &RPSUHVVLRQ 7HFKQLTXH 8VLQJ &RPELQDWLRQ 0HWKRGV´ Journal of Software Engineering and Applications >@ &5DMDQ³*HQHWLFEDVHG2SWLPL]DWLRQIRUPXOWLFDVW5RXWLQJDOJRULWKP IRU0DQHW¶¶ Sadhana - Academy Proceedings in Engineering Science 9RO1R >@ &5DMDQ.*HHWKD&5DVL3UL\D6*HHWKD³,QYHVWLJDWLRQRQ1RYHO %DVHG 1DWXUDOO\ ,QVSLUHG 6ZDUP ,QWHOOLJHQFH $OJRULWKPV IRU International Science Index, Computer and Information Engineering Vol:9, No:9, 2015 waset.org/Publication/10005480 2SWLPL]DWLRQ 3UREOHPV LQ 0RELOH $G +RF 1HWZRUNV´ Journal of Mathematical, Computational, Natural and Physical Engineering :RUOG$FDGHP\RI6FLHQFH(QJLQHHULQJDQG7HFKQRORJ\YROQR  >@ Image Compression: Available: http://videocodecs.blogspot.in/2007/05/image-coding- fundamentals_08.html. >@ Image Compression Methods: Available: http://www.mvnet.fi/index.php?osio=Tutkielmat&luokka=Yliopisto&sivu =Image_compression.   



International Scholarly and Scientific Research & Innovation 9(9) 2015 2163 scholar.waset.org/1307-6892/10005480