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Ethnic Marital Endogamy in Northern Cyprus A

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Ethnic Marital Endogamy in Northern Cyprus A BEYOND THE SPOKEN: ETHNIC MARITAL ENDOGAMY IN NORTHERN CYPRUS A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF SOCIAL SCIENCES OF MIDDLE EAST TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY BY HALE ÇAĞANSOY IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE IN THE DEPARTMENT OF SOCIOLOGY NOVEMBER 2018 Approval of the Graduate School of Social Sciences _______________________ Prof. Dr. Tülin Gençöz Director I certify that this thesis satisfies all the requirements as a thesis for the degree of Master of Science. _______________________ Prof. Dr. Sibel Kalaycıoğlu Head of Department This is to certify that we have read this thesis and that in our opinion it is fully adequate, in scope and quality, as a thesis for the degree of Master of Science. _______________________ Prof. Dr. Ayşe Ceylan Tokluoğlu Supervisor Examining Committee Members Assoc. Prof. Dr. Cenk Saraçoğlu (Ankara Uni., ILEF) ________________________ Prof. Dr. Ayşe Ceylan Tokluoğlu (METU, SOC) ________________________ Prof. Dr. Ayşe Gündüz Hoşgör (METU, SOC) ________________________ I hereby declare that all information in this document has been obtained and presented in accordance with academic rules and ethical conduct. I also declare that, as required by these rules and conduct, I have fully cited and referenced all material and results that are not original to this work. Name, Last name : Hale Çağansoy Signature: iii ABSTRACT BEYOND THE SPOKEN: ETHNIC MARITAL ENDOGAMY IN NORTHERN CYPRUS Çağansoy, Hale M.S. Department of Sociology Supervisor: Prof. Dr. Ayşe Ceylan Tokluoğlu November 2018, 154 pages This thesis presents the ways marital endogamy contributes to the maintenance and persistence of Turkish Cypriot identity and the integrity of the community. Although the Western ideology of romantic love seems to be welcomed in North Cyprus, Turkish Cypriot people tend to select their marital partners from their own community. In this context, it is important to comprehend how Turkish Cypriots perceive and define marriage on the basis of ethnic identity. By understanding how endogamy is perceived and how the boundaries between themselves and the outsiders are drawn, this study aims to investigate the motivations behind endogamous marriages in Northern Cyprus in accordance with their traditional cultural and linguistic affiliations. Patterns of endogamy among the Northern Cyprus population are studied through thirty semi- structured interviews which were conducted with Turkish Cypriot women in the summer of 2017. Although the nature of endogamy has changed in North Cyprus, it is still important in the sustenance of the group continuity, cultural continuity and distinctive language. Keywords: Turkish Cypriot identity, Endogamy, Marital endogamy, Group integrity, Group continuity iv ÖZ KONUŞULANIN ÖTESİNDE: KUZEY KIBRIS’TA ETNİK TEMELLİ GRUP İÇİ EVLİLİKLER Çağansoy, Hale Yüksek Lisans, Sosyoloji Bölümü Tez Yöneticisi: Prof. Dr. Ayşe Ceylan Tokluoğlu Kasım 2018, 154 sayfa Bu çalışma Kuzey Kıbrıs’ta yaşayan Kıbrıslı Türk kadınların grup içi (içten evlenme) ve grup dışı evliliğe (dıştan evlenme) dair fikirlerini ve tutumlarını incelemeyi amaçlamaktadır. Kuzey Kıbrıs’ta grup içi evliliklerin ardındaki motivasyonu anlamak ve bunu Kıbrıs Türk kimliği ve grup ilişkileri çerçevesinde incelemek araştırmanın odak noktasıdır. Kuzey Kıbrıs’ta evliliklerin temelinde romantik aşk/sevgi olduğu varsayımı olsa da, Kıbrıslı Türkler eşlerini kendi etnik kökenlerinden seçmeye eğilim göstermektedirler. Bu nedenle, bu araştırmada Kıbrıslı Türklerin etnik kimlik temelinde evlilikleri nasıl algıladıkları ve tanımladıkları, grubun ‘biz’ ve ‘ötekiler’ arasında yaptığı ayrım ve çizdiği sınırlar göz önünde bulundurularak incelenmiştir. Nitel araştırma metodu kullanılarak 2017 yazında Kuzey Kıbrıs’ta Kıbrıslı Türk kadınlarla yarı yapılandırılmış mülakatlar yapılmıştır. Araştıma bulguları, Kuzey Kıbrıs’ta grup içi evlenme pratiklerinin zaman içerisindeki dönüşümüne rağmen, bu pratiğin grubun devamlılığı, kültürün devamlılığı ve özgün dilin korunması açısından hâlâ önemli olduğunu göstermiştir. Anahtar kelimeler: Kıbrıslı Türk kimliği, Grup içi evlilik, İçten evlenme, Grup bütünlüğü, Grup devamlılığı v To the shattered streets of N I C O S I A vi ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I must express my very profound gratitude to my advisor Prof. Dr. Ceylan Tokluoğlu for her motivation, patience and immense knowledge. Her valuable guidance helped me in all the time of my research. This work would not have been possible without her support; I could not have imagined having a better advisor. I would like to thank the rest of my thesis committee: Prof. Dr. Ayşe Gündüz Hoşgör and Assoc. Prof. Dr. Cenk Saraçoğlu, for their encouragement, insightful comments and suggestions. I wish to thank various people for their contributions. I appreciate the feedback offered by Sherry during the writing process of my work. I am indebted to Nuriş whom I received generous support during my fieldwork. Also, I would particularly like to thank Benay and Yenay who helped me to get through late night study sessions. Lastly, I am indebted to Monika and Ekin; they guided me through their own experiences. My heartfelt appreciation goes to my loved ones who have supported me throughout entire process. Especially the valuable support of my parents, Ayşe and Mehmet Salih, was a true blessing. Moreover, I am particularly grateful to super-fun baby Armin who provided the greatest emotional support to me; I appreciate the games we played during the entire process of my study. Also, I am deeply grateful to Nesil for her ever present emotional guidance. Lastly, I should extend my gratitude to all those great women who willingly shared their ideas, emotions and experiences with me. Listening to their life-stories was a rewarding experience. Especially, I am indebted to those elderly women who cared about my work and spent time with me even though they were totally unfamiliar with academic studies. Their advices will be a guidance for me through all my life. vii TABLE OF CONTENTS PLAGIARISM…………………………………………………………………….…iii ABSTRACT……………………………………………………………………….…iv ÖZ………………………………………………………………………………….…v DEDICATION…………………………………………………………………….…vi ACKNOWLEDGMENTS…………………………………………………………..vii TABLE OF CONTENTS…………………………………………………………...viii CHAPTER………………………………………………………………………..……1 1. INTRODUCTION……………………………………………………………….....1 1.1 SETTING THE INTEREST AND AIM OF THE STUDY………………..….1 1.2 OUTLINE OF THE CHAPTERS……………………………………………8 1.3 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY………………………………………….…9 1.3.1 Why Qualitative Methodology?................................................................9 1.3.2 Experiencing the Fieldwork……………………………………….……13 1.3.3 Deciphering the Data……………………………………………….…..19 2. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK……………………………………………..…..21 2.1 MARRIAGE SYSTEMS: ENDOGAMY AND EXOGAMY……………...21 2.1.1 ENDOGAMY………………………………………………………..….21 2.1.2 EXOGAMY …………………………………………………………....24 viii 2.2 ETHNIC ENDOGAMY AS THE BASIS OF CULTURAL CONTINUITY…………………………………………………………..……25 2.2.1 Culture and Ethnicity…………………………………………………...25 2.2.2 Language and Endogamy………………………………………………27 2.3 KINSHIP AND ENDOGAMY: SOURCES OF ETNO-CULTURAL IDENTITY……………………………………………………………..….…29 2.4 POTENTIAL CAUSES OF ENDOGAMY……………………..…….……31 2.5 RACIAL AND ETHNIC INTERMARRIAGE: THE QUESTION OF SOCIAL BOUNDARIES AND SOCIAL DISTANCE………………….….34 3. ENDOGAMY IN NORTHERN CYPRUS: MARRYING WHOM?......................38 3.1 THE PRACTICE OF ENDOGAMY IN NORTHERN CYPRUS…………..38 3.2 ‘US’ AND ‘THEM’: WOMEN AND CULTURAL IDENTITY…………...51 3.3 INTEGRITY OF THE COMMUNITY……………………………………..64 4. DIGGING UP FURTHER: WHAT IS PECULIAR TO TURKISH CYPRIOT CASE?.....................................................................................................................86 4.1 THE NORM OF ENDOGAMY………………………………………….…86 4.2 SELECTIVE ENDOGAMY……………………………………………….100 5. CONCLUSION………………………………………………………………….115 REFERENCES…………………………...………………………………………....124 APPENDICES……………………………………………………………………....133 A. THE ORIGINAL INTERVIEW GUIDE (IN TURKISH)……………………...133 B. THE INTERVIEW GUIDE (ENGLISH TRANSLATION)…………………….136 C. THE ORIGINAL VOLUNTARY PARTICIPATION FORM (IN TURKISH)…139 ix D. THE VOLUNTARY PARTICIPATION FORM (ENGLISH TRANSLATION)……………………………........................…………..……….141 E. HUMAN SUBJECTS ETHICS COMMITTEE APPROVAL……………..........143 F. TÜRKÇE ÖZET/ TURKISH SUMMARY………………………………….…..144 G. TEZ İZİN FORMU/ THESIS PERMISSION FORM…………………………...154 x CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 SETTING THE INTEREST AND AIM OF THE STUDY Most of the studies about Cyprus are on the ‘Cyprus problem’ or ‘Cyprus conflict’; myriad of studies are concerned with the political issues taking place in the island. Hopes for reunification or the division of the island are the main themes in the studies concerning Cyprus. Especially the northern part of the island lacks social studies which are relevant for the question of ethnicity1. Social studies about ethnic communities or ethnic identity are major subjects which inform us not only about the political agenda of the Turkish Cypriot2 people to be followed but also help us to understand the role of traditional culture and a distinctive language as important elements of community feelings. The dynamics of ethnic endogamy is the key to understanding the ethnic group formation and maintenance of ethnic identity. Marrying within a specific (ethnic) 1 The literature on ethnicity in the North of the island is mostly concentrated on the topics such as demography, immigration, ethnic and religious minorities, and nationalism (Dayıoğlu 2012, 2014; Hatay
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