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Migration Processes in Central and Eastern Europe: Unpacking the Diversity

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Migration Processes in Central and Eastern Europe: Unpacking the Diversity Migration Processes in Central and Eastern Europe: Unpacking the Diversity Alice Szczepaniková, Marek Čaněk and Jan Grill (Eds.) Migration Processes in Central and Eastern Europe: Unpacking the Diversity EDITED BY ALICE SZCZEPANIKOVÁ Postgraduate Research Fellow Department of Sociology, University of Warwick MAREK ČANĚK Migration Online Coordinator Multicultural Centre Prague JAN GRILL Postgraduate Research Student Department of Social Anthropology, St Andrews University Multikulturní centrum Praha/Multicultural Center Prague Editors Alice Szczepaniková, Marek Čaněk and Jan Grill Layout and graphics Zita Navrátilová Proofreading Ian Cook, BSC (Bronze Swimming Certificate) Cover Excerpt from an article “Nová víza? Chtějí je tisíce cizinců!” [New visas? Thousands of foreigners want them!] by Vlastimil Staňa published in the Czech daily Blesk on 24th May 2005. The photo was taken in front of the Prague Office of Foreigners Police. Republished with the kind permission of Blesk and its editor-in-chief Mr. Jiří Fabian. © 2006 Multicultural Center Prague, www.mkc.cz This publication and its individual contributions may be cited or briefly quoted in line with the usual academic conventions. It can be downloaded for your own personal use but it must not be published elsewhere without the editors' or authors' explicit permission. The publication cannot be used for commercial purposes or gain in any way. Conventions of academic citation should be observed similar to the following example: Schwell, A. (2006). Why Cooperate? German and Polish Incentives for a Common Border Security Policy, 12-15. In Szczepaniková, A., Čaněk, M. & J. Grill (Eds.), Migration Processes in Central and Eastern Europe: Unpacking the Diversity, published by the Multicultural Centre Prague at www.migrationonline.cz ISBN 80-239-6901-3 To all those who spend their lives in queues because they are always seen as potential immigrants Contents ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 06 INTRODUCTION 07 Alice Szczepaniková, Marek Čaněk and Jan Grill 01 CONSTRUCTION OF BORDERS AND PRACTICES OF LABOUR MIGRATION 11 Why Cooperate? German and Polish Incentives for a Common Border Security 12 Alexandra Schwell Coping with Visas: Notes on the Recent Changes 16 in Mobility Regime at the Romania-Serbia Border Cosmin Radu The Role of Ethnicity in the Re-construction of the Community: 20 Internal and International Migration in a Bulgarian Muslim Village Neda Deneva Of Clients and Chereps. The Organisational Structures 25 04 of Ukrainian Labour Migration Jan Černík Migration, Visas and Borders in the Context of EU Enlargement: 30 the Case of the Republic of Moldova Daniela Gut‚u 02 MIGRATION THROUGH GENDER, AGE AND CLASS PERSPECTIVES 33 “Fake” Marriages as a Threat for the Nation 34 – Migrant Sex Workers in Cyprus Ramona Lenz The Migration of Ukrainian Women to Italy 38 and the Impact on Their Family in Ukraine Olha Yarova New Forms of Mobility among Western European Retirees: 42 German Migrants in South-Western Hungary Alexandra Szõke Migration Processes in Central and Eastern Europe: Unpacking the Diversity 03 REFUGEES IN CENTRAL AND EASTERN EUROPE 46 Duldung Trauma: Bosnian Refugees in Berlin 47 Rozita Dimova Reception of Asylum Seekers in the European Union: 53 How Far Did the Harmonisation Get? Summary of the Information and Cooperation Forum Report (including an interview with Anny Knapp on the ICF) Social Processes in Asylum Facilities: Prospectors and their Strategies 58 Daniel Topinka “Migrants' Contributions Will Depend on the Conditions 62 We Provide for Them…” Interview with Vladislav Günter Alice Szczepaniková Slovak Assistance for Refugees and Asylum Seekers 05 Interview with Kajo Zbořil 65 Radka Klvaňová and Marek Čaněk 04 NORMATIVE AND METHODOLOGICAL DISCUSSION 67 OF MIGRATION AND INTEGRATION How Long Should Immigrants Wait to Become Citizens? 68 Petr Kafka From Migration Control to Migration Governance. Elements 72 for an Inclusive, Dialogical Approach towards Worldwide Migration An Verlinden Foreigners in the Light of Research: Analysing Selected Studies 77 about Foreigners in the Czech Republic Petra Klvačová Migration Processes in Central and Eastern Europe: Unpacking the Diversity Acknowledgments This publication is composed of papers presented at the international Workshop on Developments and Patterns of Migration Processes in Central and Eastern Europe organised by the Multicultural Centre Prague, August 25 – 27, 2005 (see www.migrationonline.cz/workshop). The workshop brought together a hundred participants to discuss current migration patterns and related social processes in Central and Eastern European countries (CEE). Together we engaged in debates about migration theories, discussed empirically based accounts from the “region”, and listened to experiences of non-governmental representatives concerned with various aspects of migration processes in CEE. After the workshop, we made a selection from the papers and were happy to find that the authors were willing to make comprehensive revisions and significantly shorten their texts for the purposes of this publication. We are greatly indebted to a number of people who assisted in the preparation of the workshop, helped us with finalising the program and with selecting and editing the contributions in the publication. We would especially like to thank Fabian Georgi, Cosmin Radu, Jakob Hurrle, Jakub Grygar, Joshua Hatton, Radka Klvaňová, Kateřina Janků and William Hiscott. Eva Burgetová from the Multicultural Centre Prague never seemed to lose patience when communicating with the participants of the workshop, arranging accommodation and other practical matters. Ian Cook proofread the texts and attempted to find the correct balance between the Central and Eastern European 06 versions of English and the British norm. We also highly appreciate the help of a number of volunteers – students of the Faculty of Humanities of Charles University and New York University in Prague – who assisted before or at the event itself as well as Arkadi Miller who came down from Berlin to help in the few weeks before the workshop began. This event was made possible thanks to the generous support of the Open Society Fund Prague (OSF) within the framework of the East East Program. Vlasta Hirtová of the OSF gave us a lot of support throughout the preparations. We also want to give thanks for the financial assistance of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees in the Czech Republic and Marta Miklušáková in particular for supporting the panel and seminar on Reception of Refugees in CEE. We greatly appreciate the cooperation with the co-organiser, the Faculty of Humanities of Charles University in Prague and in particular its dean Jan Sokol, Petra Lukšíková Ezzedine and Milan Kovář. A warm thank you once again to all of you who devoted your time and energy to help us make this project a success and, indeed, a great journey into a still largely under-researched and fascinating field. MAREK ČANĚK JAN GRILL ALICE SZCZEPANIKOVÁ Migration Processes in Central and Eastern Europe: Unpacking the Diversity ——————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————— Introduction ——————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————— ————————————————————————————— CONSTRUCTION OF BORDERS AND PRACTICES OF LABOUR MIGRATION The new EU Member States are expected to fully Introduction enter the Schengen system in 2007. This will certify that the ————————————————————————————— required degree of standardisation and modernisation of external borders has been reached. The dynamic processes Alice Szczepaniková, Marek Čaněk and Jan Grill of closing, opening, or even dissolving borders will, however, continue. It must also be noted that after the latest EU enlargement in 2004, some countries at the EU's borders n Europe, the fall of state socialism marked the have little prospect of joining the club. What will be the shift from controlling emigration to regulating policies towards the entry of citizens of these countries? immigration. Importantly, capitalism has been The articles in this section are concerned with visa and border introduced across Central and Eastern Europe regimes within and at the margins of the EU and focus (CEE) as the dominant way of organising people's especially on changing hierarchies and the role of state Ilives. Labour migrants have begun to play a more impor- institutions, networks and migrants themselves. Moreover, tant role in some sectors of Central and Eastern European some of the articles make links with the developments economies whilst at the same time these countries have before 1989 and correctly point out that migration within started to receive asylum seekers as they entered the and into the CEE region did not start with the fall of the international regime of refugee protection. The institutional Berlin wall and as such is not an entirely new phenomenon. and policy developments in the field of migration and Alexandra Schwell tells a story of how an Eastern asylum have been shaped by the expansion of the European European country, formerly seen as unpredictable and Union towards the East as well as by the dynamics of unreliable, is gradually building trust with its Western migration and refugee flows, including their perceptions, neighbour. The context of German-Polish asymmetry in respective nation-states. Diverse strategies and practices is crucial in her article; it may be assumed that it is even both on the part of migrants and local populations have more pronounced when it comes to migration and border emerged in
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