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On the Geographical Distribution of Intellectual Qualities in England Author(S): Hyde Clarke Source: Journal of the Statistical Society of London, Vol

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On the Geographical Distribution of Intellectual Qualities in England Author(S): Hyde Clarke Source: Journal of the Statistical Society of London, Vol On the Geographical Distribution of Intellectual Qualities in England Author(s): Hyde Clarke Source: Journal of the Statistical Society of London, Vol. 34, No. 3 (Sep., 1871), pp. 357-373 Published by: Wiley for the Royal Statistical Society Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2338827 Accessed: 27-06-2016 08:39 UTC Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at http://about.jstor.org/terms JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. Royal Statistical Society, Wiley are collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to Journal of the Statistical Society of London This content downloaded from 128.197.26.12 on Mon, 27 Jun 2016 08:39:00 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms 1871.3 357 On the GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION of INTELLECTUAL QUALITIES in ENGLAND. By HYDE CLARKE, F.S.S., Foreign Secretary and Secretary for Comparative Philology of the Ethnological Society. [Read before the Statistical Society, June, 1871.] THE doctrine of the hereditary transmission of mental qualities was not very many years ago regarded as unphilosophical, as it still is by the great mass. My own attention was drawn to it long since, and it appeared to me desirable to collect facts for its statistical appreciation, which I did, but delayed their publication. Of late years the doctrine has become one admissible for speculation, and has occupied many men, while the book of Mr. Francis Galton has brought it prominently before the public. In that book much valuable matter is laid before us for consideration, and the labours of Darwin and others have contributed to gain for the subject the attention of men of thought. Under such circumstances my own contributions might have been dispensed with, but the subject has not been treated in the same way by Mr. Galton, and as well the labours of himself and others, as the experience of the years that have passed, induce me to bring the matter before the Statistical Society, as was long since intended. My apology will not be for the subject itself, but for my own imperfections in its treatment. If the numerical method of inves_ tigation has those merits whith we claim for it, then it will be capable of wider application, and of application to more momentous subjects than the enumeration of beeves and pigs, even though in the present state of our knowledge we can obtain a better census of the latter, and conseqaently fuller and more closely printed coluamns of figures. The utility of considering the question now immediately before us, requires little to be said by way of proof, for after all the question becomes one of the education of our popu- lation, one of the capacity which is allowed to us of improving, by culture and selection, the mental endowments of man. It is my own deficieneies which have to be regarded, and the difficulties which must attend all inquirers in the early stage, because, in order to apply figures safely, we must collect facts, a chief function which the founders of the Statistical Society assigned themselves, rather than that which has been most exercised by their followers, of reclassifying recorded facts. Our predecessors considered that the domain of knowledge was to be extended by a better statistical provision for the observation and accumulation of This content downloaded from 128.197.26.12 on Mon, 27 Jun 2016 08:39:00 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms 358 HYDE CLARKE-On the Geographical Distribution [Sept. facts, as well as for their digestion. In this respect many of our colleagues have nobly laboured by creating for us new fields of exertion, but It has not been without the reproach of those who, profiting by the mass of figures which our Government depart- ments have gathered together, bring out new and more certain results. Hence there is a disposition on the part of those who possess such good instruments and deal safely with them, to restrict others to their sole use, and to undervalue, as theoretical and speculative, the efforts of those who seek your co-operation in opening new ground under less advantageous circurmstances. This we may fear on the present occasion, for the field of obser- vation is wide, and no one can embrace all its phenomena. We have not an absolute standard or unit on which we can rely, or thin'k we can rely, like a pound of butter or a gallon of spirits. It is good for us sometimes that we should know that we have not absolute truth to deal with, nor conventional measures to which we may pin our faith in the absoluteness of credulity, on the ground that they may be symbolised by figures. The pursuit of truth is none the less noble, because we can never philosophically obtain absolute truth, and can only attain relative truth, for we gain a great deal when we know we seek truth by a right aim and by right methods. Even if we only attain a negative result, we hAve still profited by limiting the field of inquiry, and by reducing the approaches to the ultimate goal of our research. We must begin, and we must know the difficulties that beset us, the vastness of the phenomena, the impossibility of grappling with them in their entirety, and the necessity of selecting some portion which may serve as a sample and a means for judging of the whole. An absolute standard for mental phenomena, a gage by which we can numerically measure the positive force of the mind, is beyond us; but we may obtain very certain and useful results by a much lower effort. Indeed, in getting away from simple figures, and dealing with unequal quantities, we do not degrade our process of investigation, but we rather elevate it, when we enable it to deal, even humbly, with what may be regarded as incommensurables. If parallax of remotest stars evades the astronomer, if even such a vast unit of measure as the sun, as the sun's system, becomes. value- less, still we arrive at a minimum of distance, which is in itself a truth, nor are we without the means of relative comparison. The same may be said of the minimum measures of atoms and molecules. It is not the meanest exercise of our powers, and it is not the least test of the worth of that mode of reasoning cultivated by statis- ticians, if, like the philosopher, we can sometimes deal with those values which are beyond ordinary means of appreciation, although we cannot at the same time realise all the numerical elements. This content downloaded from 128.197.26.12 on Mon, 27 Jun 2016 08:39:00 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms 1871.] of Intelecttual Qualities in Elngland. 359 The variations and fluctuations in the human mind must be great, for we know that there are differences between man and man, and yet the nature of the mind must be the same in all men. I brought before the British Association an observation of my own on this head. After a severe attack of fever, finding my bodily power reduced, it became a matter of anxiety to me to know whether my mental powers were affected, and I proceeded to test them in every way. The result was that the faculties appeared to be unimpaired, but that the rapidity of thought was diminished. Wishing to obtain a measure of this, I tested myself for literary composition, and found that, as compared with ten days before, the quickness of operation was lessened to one-fourth, or from 4 to I, and it took many years before the former standard was attained. The statistical deduction to be drawn from this is, that an individual was numerically rated as 4 to I, and attaining 4 again must have pulled through the stages of 4, 3, 2, 1, 2, 3, 4. The range is here something enormous, and yet it is evidently not extreme, for there may be greater degrees of debility and strength. We can assume a man of high intellectual power, and reduced to a low state of prostration, as giving us a wider range. We must also deduce this, that there were numbers of several values in the initermediate periods, and having ascertained this, we must be pre- pared to expect fluctuations also in which the rate shall rise and fall as 4, 2,3; 4,3; I, 2; Ix 3; 2,3. Thus in an individual there will be great variations in the mental standard at several periods of life, and in men these must also be affected by the states of waking and sleeping. The differences in children must be equivalent, and the danger must consequently be great of setting up any high rate as the standard for instruction in a public school. The result must be that a great number of children are really sacrificed, whatever the individual profit may be to a small minority. The wider deduction is this, that if there is a great numerical variation in one man, so must there be between man and man, affecting widely the intellectual relations of society. Part of these variations are dependent on external circumstances, in the case cited on disease, and they are to some extent within human control, as by sanitary arrangements.
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