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Persona, Mito Y Visión En La Sociedad Shuar Y Achuar (Ecuador, Perú)

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Persona, Mito Y Visión En La Sociedad Shuar Y Achuar (Ecuador, Perú) METAMORFOSIS DEL PODER Persona, mito y visión en la sociedad de Shuar y Achuar (Ecuador, Perú) METAMORFOSIS DEL PODER Persona, mito y visión en la sociedad de Shuar y Achuar (Ecuador, Perú) Elke Mader Traducido por Jorge Gómez R. EDICIONES ABYA-YALA 1999 METAMORFOSIS DEL PODER Persona, mito y visión en la sociedad de Shuar y Achuar (Ecuador, Perú) Elke Mader Edición: Ediciones ABYA-YALA 12 de Octubre 14-30 y Wilson Casilla 17-12-719 Teléfono: 562-633 / 506-247 Fax” (593-2) 506-255 E-mail: [email protected] [email protected] Quito-Ecuador Colección: Biblioteca Abya-Yala # Autoedición Aby-Yala Editing Quito-Ecuador Impresión: Docutech Quito-Ecuador ISBN: 9978-04- Impreso en Quito-Ecuador, 1999 Traducción: Jorge Gómez R. INDICE Prólogo . 5 PARTE I I.1. Introducción . .11 I.2. Recolección y tratamiento de datos . .16 I.2.1. Desarrollo de la investigación y personas participantes . 16 I.2.2. Del diálogo al texto . 21 I.3. Shuar y Achuar: sociedad, identidad étnica y transformación cultural . .28 I.3.1. Características principales de la cultura tradicional . 34 I.3.2. Cambio cultural y conflicto cultural . 40 PARTE II Yaunchu aujmátsamu - Los Relatos del Pasado II.1. Introducción . .59 II.2. Aujmátsamu y Mito . 64 II.3. La Narración: Recitación y transmisión . 67 II.4. Mito, moral y orden social . 72 II.2. Mito y cosmovisión . .76 II.2.1. El Cosmos y sus habitantes . 76 II.2.2. El orden temporal . 81 II.3. Mito, ritual y persona . 86 II.3.1. Conocimiento, poder y diferencia . 86 II.3.2. Núnkui y los alimentos . 95 II.3.3. Las palabras de Núnkui: anent, mito y poder . 101 II.3.4. Nua tsankram - Iniciación de las mujeres . 109 II.3.5. La mujer despreciada: saber, estatus y conflicto en el mito . 117 II.3.6. Mito, persona y procesos sociales . 140 PARTE III Wáimiakma - La visión III.1. Introducción . 155 III.2. Contextos sociales y rituales de la experiencia de las visiones . 163 III.2.1. Conflicto, fuerza y bienestar . 163 III.2.1.1. Pereza y capricho - Visión y socialización . 170 III.2.1.2. Crisis y fuerza - Visión y solución de conflictos . 174 III.2.1.3. El poder de matar - Visión y guerra . 178 III.2.2. Visión y ritual - La variedad de los contextos rituales . 185 III.2.3.1. Ritos de visión en estricto sentido . 186 III.2.3.2. Rituales con búsqueda de visiones integrada . 196 III.2.3.3. Ritual, visión y transmisión de poder . 203 III.3. La diámica de la experiencia de las visiones . 205 III.3.1. Visión, sueño y substancias sicotrópicas . 205 III.3.2. Tipos de visiones . 218 III.3.3. Imágenes, palabras y transformaciones - Contenidos de visiones y su simbología . 225 III.3.3.1. Kuntuts - las señales de la transición . 225 III.3.3.2. Encuentros inusuales . 233 III.3.3.3. La magia del contacto . 240 III.3.3.4. La transmisión de fuerzas . 244 III.4. El Shuar en la cueva de los Tayos - La experiencia de las visiones y el mito . 249 PARTE IV Kakáram - El poder de las personas IV.1 Sobre la teoría de la persona . 295 IV.2. Wakán, persona, sentimiento y fuerza vital . 302 IV.2.1. La Sangre del Amor - Wakán y Cuerpo . 303 IV.2.2. Wakán, vitalidad y muerte . 307 IV.3. Arútam: fuerzas y capacidades . 314 IV.3.1. La piel de la anaconda: Arútam y Cuerpo . 316 IV.3.2. Incorporación y pérdida: Arútam como posesión . 319 IV.3.3. Abuelo Jaguar y Abuela Piedra - Arútam y parentesco . 323 IV.3.4. Símbolos del poder: la variedad de las manifestaciones de Arútam . 334 IV.3.5. Superioridad y Fuerza: Arútam y la valoración social de las cualidades personales . 347 IV.4. Tsentsak: los poderes especiales de los shamanes . 351 IV.4.1. Vocación y visión . 353 IV.4.2. Flechas, espíritus y cantos: la concepción de las fuerzas shamánicas 357 IV.4.3. Agresión y poder de atracción . 364 IV.5. Persona y espacio de acción social . 375 IV.5.1. El espacio de acción y sus actores . 376 IV.5.2. El parentesco y la manipulación de las relaciones sociales . 378 IV.5.3. Capacidades personales y estatus . 380 IV.5.4. Persona, estatus y alianza . 385 IV.5.4.1. Alianza matrimonial . 385 IV.5.4.2. Cooperación y alianza . 388 IV.5.4.3. Mesét - Conflicto y Alianza . 391 PARTE V Persona, Poder y Sociedad V.1. Cuerpo, Poderes y Formas: una teoría transformativa de la persona . 419 V.2. De una teoría de la persona a una teoría del poder . 423 V.3. De una teoría de la persona a una teoría de la sociedad . 429 A Alejandro Yurank Tsakimp, que me dio conocimiento y fuerza PROLOGO Este libro es la traducción de mi “Habilitationsschrift”1, un tra- bajo que se acostumbra escribir en los países de habla alemana para continuar nuestra carrera académica después de la disertación. En una parte está concebido como un libro, en otra como un tratado científi- co al estilo, que se ocupa prolijamente de un tema. Gracias a ediciones -Abya-Yala he podido publicar este trabajo en toda su extensión, por lo cual estoy inmensamente agradecida con Juan Bottasso y José Jun- cosa. La traducción estuvo a cargo de Jorge Gómez, a quien agradezco en especial por su paciencia, así como a José Juncosa por la lectura del manuscrito. Una edición castellana de la versión completa, que contiene mu- chos detalles etnográficos, la considero importante por dos razones. Por un lado, puede ser leída por aquellos antropólogos y antropólogas que no sólo tienen un interés general en el tema sino también un inte- rés de carácter regional en las culturas indígenas. Por otro lado, el libro no está dirigido exclusivamente a la comunidad académica. Me alegra que mediante la edición en castellano pueda presentar los resultados de mis investigaciones a aquellas personas que ocupan el centro de interés de esta obra -los pueblos shuar y achuar-. Durante una conversación sobre el sentido que tenía la búsque- da de visiones para las mujeres, una shuar me dijo: “necesitan un gran arútam para viajar tan lejos y escribir estas cosas correctamente”. De alguna manera espero haber hecho justicia a la tarea de “escribir las co- sas correctamente”. En primer lugar he procurado entender distintas dimensiones del pensamiento de los Shuar y Achuar sobre el mundo y los seres humanos, aprender la simbólica y sus significados, y obtener una activa aunque pequeña comprensión de la esfera cognitiva de las visiones arútam y las visiones shamánicas. En ello insistieron también mis maestros, que no quisieron “hablar de los colores al ciego”. Tuve además que ordenar estos conocimientos y experiencias y reflexionar sobre cosas que vi y que otros compartieron conmigo. Para analizar las relaciones entre los diferentes ambitos fue pre- ciso echar una mirada desde fuera. Estoy consciente de haber esbozado 6 Elke Mader sólo de manera fragmentaria la totalidad de las formas de expresión cultural, los mundos de la experiencia personal y la riqueza creativa de los Shuar y los Achuar. Sin embargo espero que el libro sea también de interés para ellos mismos: tanto por el carácter documental de la obra como una crónica de declaraciones de hombres y mujeres shuar y achuar sobre su cosmovisión, sus visiones, sus mitos y muchos otros te- mas, como por recoger reflexiones de una extranjera sobre estos tópi- cos. En la realización de este trabajo han colaborado muchas perso- nas e instituciones de las más distintas maneras. A todas ellas les agra- dezco de corazón por su amistad, sus palabras, su inspiración, su aper- tura, su paciencia y su apoyo financiero y profesional: Explicaciones: Alejandro Yurank Tsakimp María Tsamaraint Francisco Sharup’ Bosco Mashu Kukush Walter Petsain Kukush Kapuchak Juan Shiki María Nakaimp Gustavo Tsakimp Carmela Tsakimp Betty Tsakimp Humberto Timias Efraín Tsakimp Lorenzo Tsakimp Mashu Núnkuich’ Sukut Kuik Nayash Nantip Taish Yampáuch María Jamánch Utitiaj Metamorfosis del Poder 7 Tsanim Nantip Traducciones y transcripciones Carlos Utitiaj Paati Marco Aij’ Raquel Antun’ Sonia Sardi Apoyo en Ecuador y Perú Miguel Puwainchir Miguel Tankamash Felipe Tsenkush Federación Interprovincial de Centros Shuar-Achuar Organización Regional de Achuar Chayat Richard Gippelhauser Steve Rubenstein La Familia Sardi Helmut Gantner y Patricia Arcos Manuela Gallegos Apoyo en Austria: Mi madre Elfriede Mader Hedwig Mader Andre Gingrich Ulrike Sulikovski Stefanie Reinberg Marianne Nürenberger Manfred Kremser Jana Salat Werner Zips Prof. Dr. Walter Dostal Prof. Dr. Karl Wernhart 8 Elke Mader Departamento de Antropología de la Universidad de Viena Fundación Austriaca para la Investigación Científica Ministerio Austríaco de Ciencia e Investigación Instituto Austriaco para América Latina Nota: 1 Arútam. Person,Vision und Macht in der Gesellschaft der Shuar und Achuar (Ecuador/Peru), Habilitationsschrift, Universidad de Viena, 1996. PARTE I I.1 INTRODUCCIÓN Atsúnmaya chichámen anturkatá timiáktakáj Atsúnmaya chichámen anturkatá timiáktakáj Umán chichamé anturkatá timiáktakáj Nemásen chichamé anturkatá timiáktakáj Escucharás las palabras de lo invisible El mensaje de lo ausente Las palabras de los poderosos. Escucharás las palabras de los ancianos Y sabrás de tus enemigos.1 En los últimos años los pueblos indígenas de la Amazonia se han convertido en centro de interés público: el debate mundial acerca de los problemas climáticos y ecológicos relacionados con la destrucción de los bosques tropicales ha llamado aún más la atención sobre los habi- tantes de estas regiones. De “exóticos hombres de la Edad de Piedra” se convirtieron en colegas valiosos dentro del contexto de los esfuerzos globales por la conservación de ecosistemas esenciales para la vida.2 Sociedades que hasta ahora a menudo eran caracterizadas, en relación con la sociedad industrial occidental, como “salvajes”, no civilizadas o subdesarrolladas, ahora son vistas de otra manera: en este punto ocu- pa un primer plano su capacidad para manejar zonas ecológicas frági- les y su conocimiento acerca de la utilización sostenida de los recursos.
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