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The Attraction of Unity: Power, Knowledge, and Community Among the Shuar of Ecuadorian Amazonia

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The Attraction of Unity: Power, Knowledge, and Community Among the Shuar of Ecuadorian Amazonia LONDON SCHOOL OF ECONOMICS AND POLITICAL SCIENCE The Attraction of Unity: Power, Knowledge, and Community among the Shuar of Ecuadorian Amazonia Natalia Buitrón Arias A thesis submitted to the Department of Anthropology of the London School of Economics and Political Science for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, London, June 2016 1 DECLARATION I certify that the thesis I have presented for examination for the MPhil/ PhD degree of the London School of Economics and Political Science is solely my own work other than where I have clearly indicated that it is the work of others (in which case the extent of any work carried out jointly by me and any other person is clearly identified in it). The copyright of this thesis rests with the author. Quotation from is permitted, provided that full acknowledgement is made. This thesis may not be reproduced without my prior written consent. I warrant that this authorisation does not, to the best of my belief, infringe the rights of any third party. I declare that my thesis consists of approximately 100000 words. Statement of use of third party for editorial help: I can confirm that my thesis was copy edited for conventions of language, spelling and grammar by James Johnston. 2 Abstract This thesis is about how the Shuar, a group of people living in South-Eastern Ecuador, create centralised political institutions. Over the last century, Shuar have experienced a rapid transition from a highly mobile lifestyle based on small, fluid, politically autonomous family groups to a sedentary life in large, nucleated communities. Owing to the decline of missionary involvement, the gradual loss of power of the ethnic federations, and drastic changes in the subsistence base, Shuar have also become increasingly reliant on state-derived resources, secured by their participation in electoral politics. Based on long-term fieldwork within a network of forest sedentary communities, the thesis explores how Shuar seek to organise themselves in order to live together peacefully and to benefit from public resources while keeping the state at bay. It shows how Shuar have acted creatively to institute new forms of centralised political association which enable them to suppress longstanding antagonistic relations while still prioritising personal and domestic autonomy. Through their management of sedentary communities and their appropriation of external institutions such as schools and government offices, Shuar effectively regenerate domestic wellbeing and valued forms of selfhood. At the same time, they create new political categories and individual identities. The interplay between everyday sociality and consciously created political collectivity reveals the importance of two contrasting but interlinked processes: the flexible shifting back and forth between centralised and decentralised social arrangements; and the emergence of increasingly formalised ways of organising collective life, along with inflexible forms of inequality that escape internal control. By showing how processes of institutionalisation can result in increased formalisation and stratification, but also in social fluidity and political improvisation, the thesis contributes to the broader anthropological understanding of state formation and the political imagination. 3 Table of contents List of Tables and Maps.................................................................................................................. 7 List of Photographs ......................................................................................................................... 7 Acknowledgments ........................................................................................................................... 8 A note on Shuar orthography ....................................................................................................... 13 Glossary of selected terms ............................................................................................................. 14 Acronyms ....................................................................................................................................... 14 Chapter 1. Introduction ................................................................................................................ 16 Prologue ..................................................................................................................................... 16 Between ontology and the teleology of the state: a third plural model ................................... 21 Thinking up the indigenous model of sociality ........................................................................ 29 Fieldwork in the making ........................................................................................................... 36 The central margins of Shuar territory ................................................................................. 36 Living and working in Makuma ............................................................................................ 42 Chapter Outline ........................................................................................................................ 49 Chapter 2 – Antecedents of community life ................................................................................ 52 Pre-centro social organisation ................................................................................................... 56 Pre-centro livelihoods ........................................................................................................... 58 Republican colonialism: the missions ahead ............................................................................ 59 The “Golden Years” of Makuma ......................................................................................... 63 Peace, trade and cattle: the birth of cooperatives ................................................................. 66 From cooperatives to centros................................................................................................ 73 The decline of the mission, the rise of ethno-politics: Shuar within and against the state ..... 80 Conclusion ................................................................................................................................. 90 Chapter 3. Towards a better life ................................................................................................... 92 The good life and its discontents .............................................................................................. 95 Brief notes on social classification and relatedness .............................................................. 95 Coordinates of the good life: self-sufficiency, autonomy, and mutuality ............................. 99 The good life as a receding horizon: the decline of Makuma ........................................... 105 Efficacious work and getting ahead ......................................................................................... 109 4 Visions for life: an enduring device for acquiring power ................................................... 109 Parental counsel for a better life ......................................................................................... 114 Conclusion ............................................................................................................................... 119 Chapter 4. The moral force of the community: controlling conflict as socios ......................... 122 Joys and sorrows of gathering in centros ................................................................................ 123 The enemy within: secrecy in the centro ............................................................................ 127 The ‘clear speech’ of socios: tools of harmony in the making .......................................... 133 Communities as embryonic states or indigenous institutions in the making?....................... 143 Membership rules in the making: an illustration ............................................................... 146 On being president, or ‘authority’ in the centro ................................................................ 149 Conclusion ............................................................................................................................... 153 Chapter 5. The centro as a cooperative unit: a nascent ideology of public wealth ................... 156 From the state to the house: predation at work ..................................................................... 157 Work, productiveness and autonomy ................................................................................ 157 The art of multiplying wealth: paperwork and brokerage ................................................. 162 Projects and contracts: wealth in the centro ........................................................................... 170 De-collectivising community projects: autonomy and mutuality at work .......................... 170 The community as client: working for the sake of progress .............................................. 173 Conclusion ............................................................................................................................... 182 Chapter 6: The Festival of the Centro. Re-presenting formal order ......................................... 186 Preparing the Scene ................................................................................................................ 189 Appropriating otherness
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