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Collection of Policy Reports "The Enlargement of the EU to Balkans" Policy Reports that shaped the policies and debate on European integration of Balkans Analytica, September 2008 www.analyticamk.org In this Collection of Policy Reports: “After Milosevic: a Practical Agenda for Lasting Balkans Peace” by the International Crisis Group, 2001. “The European Union and the Balkans: From Stabilization Process to Southeastern Enlargement” by ELIAMEP and CAP, 2002. “The Road to Thessaloniki: Cohesion and the Western Balkans” by the European Stability Initiative, 2003. “The Balkans in Europe’s Future” by International Commission on the Balkans, 2005. International Crisis Group ELIAMEP and CAP European Stability Initiative www.icg.org www.eliamep.gr www.esiweb.org www.cap.uni-muenchen.de International Commission on the Balkans www.balkan-commission.org The Collection of Policy Reports of Analytica is published periodically. These collections draw upon the regular work done by Analytica's research fellows in various fields. The series are published in volumes comprising number of individual reports in thematic collections featuring contributions by leading think tanks, academics and practitioners in each of the fields researched by Analytica. FOREWORD Today, western Balkans states are a long way from where they were at the beginning of the decade. The Stabilization and Association process, which has just started in 2000, is almost completed as all the states have negotiated and signed the Stabilization and Association Agreements with the EU, the EU is negotiating visa liberalization agreements and all states are entitled to the new pre-accession financial assistance IPA, designed to address the strategic needs of the region. This progress, apart from the persistent efforts of the national governments and the EU administration, is also partly due to the visionary policy reports and recommendations of people and organizations working on the Balkans. We are convinced that their commitment to the region and the ability to look beyond the limitations of the immediate political context for lasting solutions makes them an irreplaceable item on every reading-list of both those who wish to study the Balkan region and those who aim to produce similar such reports addressing the present dilemmas and challenges for the western Balkan states. “The Enlargement of the EU to Balkans” is a compilation of four reports on the Balkans published since 2000. They all concern the Balkan region and its prospects for the future – away from violent legacies towards peace, stability and European integration. As such, they are a valuable source for all those interested in and studying the recent political developments in this region, for these reports give an overview of the challenges that Balkans states faced on the start of their journey to European integration. We hope this collection of reports will become part of the curricula of schools and departments where Balkan politics, history and EU integration are taught. From the multitude of reports, books and other works written on the Balkans, the reports that follow were not chosen accidentally. Rather, we aimed to include the most influential reports, those which had the greatest impact on the EU and international community’s approach towards the Balkans, those with the most valuable recommendations concerning the features of EU’s policy towards the Balkans. The results of in-depth field research and analysis of diplomatic relations in the region, these reports provided the most credible assistance to the European and other policy-makers when faced with the dilemma ‘how to deal with post- conflict post-Milosevic Balkans?’ By publishing their reports again, we also like to pay tribute to those people and organizations that made their most for Balkans to be found in EU integration map. In this collection we feature: “After Milosevic: a Practical Agenda for Lasting Balkans Peace” by the International Crisis Group, “The European Union and the Balkans: From Stabilization Process to Southeastern Enlargement” by ELIAMEP and CAP, “The Road to Thessaloniki: Cohesion and the Western Balkans” by the European Stability Initiative and “The Balkans in Europe’s Future” by International Commission on the Balkans. “After Milosevic: a Practical Agenda for Lasting Balkans Peace” published by the International Crisis Group is a comprehensive analysis of the challenges and prospects faced by each of the Western Balkans states and the region as a whole after the fall of Milosevic regime in Serbia, as well as the international dimensions of the Balkan problems. Among the other recommendations, the report stands strongly in favour of increased commitment of Europe to the Balkans through focused technical and financial assistance aimed at maintaining the reform momentum and institution-building. “The European Union and the Balkans: From Stabilization Process to Southeastern Enlargement”, a joint effort of ELIAMEP and CAP, calls for a consistent and transparent overall strategy with more coherent sets of policies and instruments providing concrete “stepping stones” - distinct intermediate incentives with immediate benefits. Published in 2002, when none of the western Balkans states had a candidate status awarded, the reports call for a ‘paradigm shift’ – looking at Balkan issues through the lens of EU integration rather then international intervention, a shift that is likely to produce better results and lead the region towards stability and prosperity. “The Road to Thessaloniki: Cohesion and the Western Balkans” published in 2003 by the European Stability Initiative argues for cohesion as the guiding principle of European policy towards the Western Balkans, so that the widening gap between western Balkan and the other East and South East European states is covered through increased aid and assistance from the EU. Finally, International Commission on the Balkans in 2005 published “The Balkans in Europe’s Future” analyzes the best way to draw the western Balkan states closer to the European mainstream. The report reiterates the fact that EU integration for these states is not a question of ‘if’ they will join the EU, but rather ‘how’ to better realize goal through policy tools and practices adequate to the specific political and economic legacies of the region. This report calls for an active role of the EU in assisting the western Balkan states in their state-building efforts thus helping their transformation from nation states to EU member-states. We hope you find our selection of reports a useful, interesting and enjoyable read. Analytica will continue to prepare Collection of Policy Reports on topics relevant to western Balkans politics, societies and development. Analytica Team AFTER MILOSEVIC A Practical Agenda for Lasting Balkans Peace TABLE OF CONTENTS FOREWORD . IX EXECUTIVE SUMMARY . XIII PART I. MILOSEVIC’S BITTER LEGACY . 1 1. THE CHALLENGE OF ACHIEVING LASTING PEACE . 3 A. Milosevic’s Legacy. 3 B. The Role of International Actors . 5 C. This Report . 9 2. COMMON PROBLEMS . 11 A. Unsatisfied Nationalism . 11 B. Unresponsive Government Institutions . 15 Conclusions and recommendations on government institutions. 19 C. Underperforming Economies. 20 Conclusions and recommendations on internal economic re f o rm generally . 23 D. Undelivered Justice . 24 Conclusions and recommendations on justice generally . 26 E. Unreturned Refugees and Displaced Persons . 26 Conclusions and recommendations on refugee re t u rns generally . 30 PART II. SERBIA, MONTENEGRO AND KOSOVO . 31 3. SERBIA . 33 A. Introduction . 33 B. Security. 35 C. Governance. 43 D. Human Rights . 49 E. Economy . 56 Conclusions and recommendations on Serbia . 60 4. MONTENEGRO . 63 A. Introduction . 63 B. Security. 64 C. Governance. 66 D. Human Rights. 76 E. Economy . 77 Conclusions and recommendations on Montenegro intern a l l y . 80 VI AFTER MILOSEVIC 5. KOSOVO . 83 A. Introduction . 83 B. Security. 85 C. Governance. 94 D. Human Rights . 101 E. Economy . 103 Conclusions and recommendations on Kosovo intern a l l y . 106 6. THE FUTURE OF THE FRY . 109 A. Introduction . 109 B. Montenegro and the FRY . 112 C. Kosovo and the FRY. 120 Conclusions and recommendations on the future of the FRY. 129 PART III. BOSNIA, CROATIA, MACEDONIA AND ALBANIA . 131 7. BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA . 133 A. Introduction . 133 B. Security . 136 C. Governance. 138 D. Human Rights . 147 E. Economy . 150 F. Beyond Dayton?. 153 Conclusions and recommendations on Bosnia . 163 8. CROATIA . ..
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