Aquaculture and Diet Development Subprogram: Post harvest Enhancement of Sea Urchin Roe for the Japanese Market

Richard J. B. Musgrove

FRDC Project No. 99/319

SARDI Aquatic Sciences Publication No. RD03/0102 DISCLAIMER The author does not warrant that the information in this book is free from errors or omissions. The author does not accept any form of liability, be it contractual, tortious or otherwise, for the contents of this book or for any consequences arising from its use or any reliance placed upon it. The information, opinions and advice contained in this book may not relate to, or be relevant to, a reader's particular circumstances. Opinions expressed by the author are the individual opinions of that person and are not necessarily those of the publisher or research provider.

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The Fisheries Research and Development Corporation plans, invests in and manages fisheries research and development throughout Australia. It is a statutory authority within the portfolio of the federal Minister for Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry, jointly funded by the Australian Government and the fishing industry.

ISBN: 0 7308 5311 X

Printed in Adelaide February, 2005. Author: R. J. Musgrove Reviewers: J Carragher, S. Clarke and G. Westphalen Approved by: A. Cheshire

Signed: Date: Wednesday, 4th May 2004 Distribution: South Australian Sea Urchin Industry, Fisheries Research Advisory Boards in South Australia, Victoria and Tasmania, SARDI Aquatic Sciences Library Circulation: Public Domain

EDITION 1 Jul 99 – 31 Dec 99 2 17 January 2000 FRDC 99/319

TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Figures 6

List of Tables 8

Non-Technical Summary 1999/319 Aquaculture diet development subprogram: post harvest enhancement of sea urchin roe for the Japanese market 10 I) OBJECTIVES ...... 10 II) OUTCOMES ACHIEVED ...... 10 III) EXECUTIVE SUMMARY...... 11 IV) ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS...... 13

Chapter 1 General Introduction 14 1.1 BACKGROUND...... 14 1.2 NEED...... 15 1.3 OBJECTIVES ...... 15 1.4 VARIATIONS TO PROJECT ...... 16 1.5 REPRODUCTION IN H. ERYTHROGRAMMA ...... 18

Chapter 2 General Methods 21 2.1 ROE YIELD (%GSI), QUALITY AND GUT INDEX...... 21 2.1.1 Yield (%GSI) ...... 21

2.1.2 Colour ...... 22

2.1.3 Texture ...... 23

2.1.4 Grade ...... 24

2.1.4 Gut Index...... 24

2.1.5 Data Analysis ...... 24

2.2. THE EFFECT OF PROTEIN LEVEL AND OIL TYPE ON ROE YIELD AND QUALITY ...... 26 2.2.1 Introduction...... 26

2.2.2 Methods...... 26

2.2.3 Results ...... 32

2.2.4 Conclusions...... 35

2.3. THE EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE AND PHOTOPERIOD ON ROE YIELD AND QUALITY. .. 36 2.3.1 Introduction...... 36

2.3.2 Methods...... 36

2.3.3 Results ...... 38 EDITION 1 Jul 99 – 31 Dec 99 3 17 January 2000 FRDC 99/319

2.3.4 Conclusions...... 41

2.4. THE EFFECT OF A SEMI-MOIST EXTRUDED DIET AND SEA URCHIN SIZE ON ROE YIELD.42 2.4.1 Introduction...... 42

2.4.2 Methods...... 42

2.4.3 Results ...... 46

2.4.4 Conclusions...... 55

2.5. THE EFFECT OF CRUDE PROTEIN LEVEL AND ENHANCEMENT TIME ON ROE YIELD... 56 2.5.1 Introduction...... 56

2.5.2 Methods...... 56

2.5.2 Results ...... 58

2.5.4 Conclusions...... 61

2.6. FIELD COMPARISON OF ARTIFICIAL AND NATURAL DIETS ...... 62 2.6.1 Introduction...... 62

2.6.2 Methods...... 62

2.6.3 Results ...... 65

2.6.4 Conclusions...... 69

2.7 COMPARISON BETWEEN DIET 1, A NATURAL FOOD (MACROCYSTIS PYRIFERA) AND DIETS PRODUCED IN NEW ZEALAND AND NORWAY...... 71 2.7.1 Introduction...... 71

2.7.2 Results ...... 71

2.7.3 Conclusion ...... 72

2.8 STABILITY OF ARTIFICIAL DIETS USED IN TRIALS 3 TO 6...... 73 2.8.1 Introduction...... 73

2.8.2 Methods...... 73

2.8.2 Results ...... 75

Conclusions...... 78

Chapter 3 General Discussion 80 3.1 PHOTOPERIOD, TEMPERATURE AND SEASON ...... 80 3.2 SEA URCHIN SIZE AND ROE YIELD...... 81 3.3 GUT INDEX ...... 86 3.4 ROE ENHANCEMENT TIME ...... 88 EDITION 1 Jul 99 – 31 Dec 99 4 17 January 2000 FRDC 99/319

3.5 ROE QUALITY ...... 89 3.6 DIETS ...... 91

4.Benefits 92

5.Further Development 92

6.Planned Outcomes 93

7.Conclusion 93

Appendix 1: Intellectual Property 95

Appendix 2: Staff 95

Appendix 3: Diets 96 A3.1. COMPOSITION...... 96 A3.2. MIXING ...... 98 A3.3. EXTRUDER STACKUP ...... 98 A3.4. EXTRUDER OPERATING CONDITIONS ...... 99 A3.5. VACUUM INFUSION ...... 99 A3.6. VITAMINS...... 100

Appendix 4: Suggested Guidelines for System Design and Management for Captive Enhancement of Sea Urchins in Sea-based Systems 101 A4.1 INTRODUCTION...... 102 A4.2. HARVEST AND TREATMENT ON BOATS ...... 103 A4.3. COLLECTION ...... 103 A4.4 BOAT TRANSPORT TO ENHANCEMENT FACILITY ...... 105 A4.5 AN ENHANCEMENT FACILITY...... 105 A4.5.1 Sea-cages ...... 105

A4.5.2. Tanks/Raceways ...... 108

A4.5.3. Diseases ...... 110

A4.5.4. Seasonality ...... 110

A4.5.5. Diets ...... 110

Appendix 5: Sea Urchin Workshop Proceedings...……………………...……….…….110 Appendix 6: Study Tour Report……………………………………………………..….139 Appendix 7: Japan Tour Report………………………………………………………...179 Appendix 8: Honours theses abstracts………………………………………………….200 References………………………………………………………………………………...204

EDITION 1 Jul 99 – 31 Dec 99 5 17 January 2000 FRDC 99/319

List of Figures

Fig 1.4.1 Reproductive phases of the ovary of H. erythrogramma...... 18 Fig 1.4.2 Schematic view of the seasonal development of the gonad. Stage timing based on Paracentrotus lividus...... 19 Fig 2.1.1 Sea urchin cracker...... 21 Fig 2.1.2. The most common sea urchin roe colours found during the study...... 22 Fig 2.1.3 Fine dark gold and coarse light gold roe (left to right)...... 22 Fig 2.1.4 Orange coarse, and dark orange medium and fine roe (left to right)...... 23 Fig 2.1.5 Orange coarse, and dark orange fine roe, ...... 23 Fig 2.2.1 Flow-through storage tanks for sea urchins...... 27 Fig 2.2.2 Flow-through tank array for maintenance of sea urchins during roe enhancement trial ...... 28 Fig 2.2.3 Individual tank within array...... 28 Fig 2.2.4 Diets used for protein and oil level trial. Left to right: 13.6%, 18.4% and 25.7% Crude Protein...... 31 Fig 2.2.5 Average % roe yield (+SE)...... 33 Fig 2.3.1 Average % roe yield (+ SE) for three diets...... 40 Fig 2.3.2 Percentage of sea urchins having roe within each of 4 grades ...... 41 Fig 2.4.1 Tank array used in urchin size - roe enhancement comparison trial...... 43 Fig 2.4.2 Mesh basket used to support urchins within tanks ...... 43 Fig 2.4.3 Wenger diet used to test the effect of sea urchin size on roe yield...... 44 Fig 2.4.4 Percentage of sea urchins of each size having roe within each of 4 grades ....49 Fig 2.4.5 Percentages of males (n=57) and females (n=50) at each gonad stage...... 50 Fig 2.4.6 Testes Stages (after Laegdsgaard (1991))...... 51 Fig 2.4.7. Ovarian Stages (after Laegdsgaard (1991))...... 52 Fig 2.4.8 Mean ovum area (µm 2+SE) - gonad stage comparison...... 53 Fig 2.4.9. Mean ovum area (µm2) - roe texture comparison...... 54 Fig 2.4.10 Number of coarse, medium or fine textured gonads at each gonadal stage...54 Fig 2.5.1 Diets used to test the effect of harvest time and protein level on % roe yield.57 Fig 2.5.2a Mean % yield (+SE) for each diet at each harvest day...... 58 Fig 2.5