Comparative Biogeography of Echinoids, Bivalves, and Gastropods from the Southern Ocean

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Comparative Biogeography of Echinoids, Bivalves, and Gastropods from the Southern Ocean HABILITATION A DIRIGER DES RECHERCHES ANALYSE MACROECOLOGIQUE DE LA BIODIVERSITE MARINE FOSSILE ET ACTUELLE L'EXEMPLE DES ECHINIDES Thomas Saucède - 17 Mars 2014 - Composition du jury : Philippe Janvier, Directeur de Recherche CNRS, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris Gilles Escarguel, Maître de Conférences HDR, université Lyon 1 Bernard Hugueny, Directeur de Recherche IRD, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris Nadia Améziane, Professeur, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Concarneau Sophie Montuire, Directeur d'Etudes, Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes, Dijon Bruno Faivre, Professeur, université de Bourgogne, Dijon Emmanuel Fara, Professeur, université de Bourgogne, Dijon "The past decade has seen the flowering of a bold and distinctive research programme in ecology that is concerned with thinking big. It is the ecology of wide expanses of space, long periods of time and large numbers of taxa. In a word, coined by Jim Brown and Brian Maurer, it is the discipline of macroecology" Blackburn & Gaston 2003 RESUME Ce mémoire est une synthèse de mes travaux de recherche réalisés au cours des onze années écoulées depuis la soutenance de ma thèse de doctorat. Il présente mes thématiques de recherche, les principaux résultats obtenus et constitue aussi une prospective pour la réalisation de mes projets futurs. Mes recherches portent sur l'analyse macroévolutive et macroécologique de la diversité fossile et actuelle des échinides. Ce groupe constitue un modèle d'étude de la biodiversité marine que j'aborde à différentes échelles taxinomiques et géographiques, ainsi qu'à travers des contextes variés, de la diversification des échinides irréguliers au Jurassique aux espèces abyssales et antarctiques actuelles. Mes thématiques de recherche s'articulent autour de l'étude des dimensions phylogénétiques, morphologiques, écologiques et biogéographiques de la diversité des échinides. Après une brève introduction, le premier chapitre du mémoire présente les spécificités du modèle d'étude, le choix des données traitées et les problématiques analytiques associées. Mes thématiques de recherche sont ensuite abordées dans trois chapitres consacrés à (1) l'étude de la structuration phylogénétique, (2) la caractérisation de la disparité morphologique et (3) l'analyse biogéographique et macroécologique de faunes d'échinides. En guise de conclusion, le dernier chapitre reprend mes principaux projets de recherche et les résume en soulignant la complémentarité des thématiques abordées. Mots clés : Antarctique, biodiversité marine, biogéographie, disparité morphologique, échinides, Jurassique, macroécologie, macroévolution, phylogénie. REMERCIEMENTS Je tiens à remercier en premier lieu les membres du jury qui ont accepté de prendre le temps nécessaire à l'évaluation de ce travail. Mes recherches ont très largement bénéficié de nombreuses collaborations et échanges avec des collègues et des étudiants. Je pense en particulier à Bruno David, Chantal De Ridder, Elie Poulin, M. Eugenia Majón-Cabeza, Francina Moya, Nicolas Navarro, Pascal Neige, Philippe Courville, Rémi Laffont, Benjamin Pierrat, Clotilde Hardy et Stéven Le Pelvé. Je dois la réalisation de mes missions de terrain dans l'océan Austral à des personnes qui m'ont fait confiance et m'ont invité à les rejoindre pour des campagnes en mer. Il s'agit d'Ana Ramos, M. Eugenia Majón-Cabeza, Julian Gutt, Dave Barnes, Katrin Linse et Jean- Pierre Féral. Je tiens également à remercier Nadia Améziane, Marc Eléaume, Jérôme Thomas, Kareen Schnabel, Owen Anderson, Tim O'Hara, Stephen Keable, Alejandro Tablado et Martin Brogger pour leur accueil et pour leur aide dans le traitement et l'accès au matériel de collection qui a constitué mon objet d'étude priviligié. Un grand merci également à Pierre Duparfait, Nicolas Navarro et Sophie Saucède-Morlot pour le temps consacré à la relecture de mon HDR. Ce mémoire est le fruit de nombreuses journées de travail qui se sont parfois accompagnées de longues absences. Je ne remercierai jamais assez ma famille pour sa compréhension et pour son soutien indéfectible. Mes recherches sont adossées à plusieurs programmes scientifiques : ANR ANTFLOCKS coordonné par Guillaume Lecointre, BIANZO coordonné par Ann Vanreusel, ECOS-Sud Chili coordonné par Elie Poulin et Jean-Pierre Féral, PROTEKER coordonné par Jean-Pierre Féral et REVOLTA coordonné par Marc Eléaume. Elles ont également bénéficié du soutien du SCAR, de l'université de Bourgogne, de la région Bourgogne et du réseau de station marine ASSEMBLE. TABLE DES MATIERES BILAN D'ACTIVITE.........................................................................................................................1 MEMOIRE........................................................................................................................................15 Avant-propos.....................................................................................................................................17 Introduction......................................................................................................................................18 Chapitre I. Modèle d’étude, nature et qualité des données..........................................................21 1. Le modèle « oursin » : échinides actuels et fossiles...........................................................21 1.1. Choix du modèle d’étude.....................................................................................21 1.2. Spécificités du modèle d’étude............................................................................22 2. Nature, origine et qualité des données................................................................................27 2.1. Nature des données..............................................................................................27 2.2. Origine et qualité des données.............................................................................33 3. Les différents ateliers..........................................................................................................39 3.1. Echinides irréguliers jurassiques..........................................................................39 3.2. Echinides irréguliers crétacés..............................................................................40 3.3. Faunes d’échinides antarctiques..........................................................................41 3.4. Faunes d’échinides abyssaux...............................................................................41 4. Projets en cours et perspectives..........................................................................................42 4.1. Modèles biologiques............................................................................................42 4.2. Campagnes de terrain...........................................................................................42 Chapitre II. Etude de la structuration phylogénétique de la biodiversité...................................45 1. Structuration phylogénétique et macroévolution................................................................46 2. Structuration phylogénétique, biogéographie et macroécologie........................................50 Chapitre III. Analyse de la disparité morphologique...................................................................59 1. Différenciation morphologique et implications taxinomiques...........................................60 2. Analyse et évolution de la disparité morphologique..........................................................65 2.1. Disparité morphologique et contraintes structurales............................................66 2.2. Disparité morphologique et diversité fonctionnelle.............................................69 Chapitre IV. Analyse de la distribution spatiale de la biodiversité.............................................71 1. Description des motifs biogéographiques...........................................................................72 2. Etude des facteurs de contrôle............................................................................................78 2.1. L’environnement physique..................................................................................78 2.2. Rôle des interactions biotiques............................................................................88 2.3. Dynamique de la biodiversité : histoire des clades et de la Terre........................91 Synthèse des projets de recherche...................................................................................................95 Littérature citée................................................................................................................................97 SELECTION DE PUBLICATIONS ............................................................................................111 BILAN D'ACTIVITE Thomas SAUCEDE Né le 21 avril 1974 Marié, 1 enfant Service national effectué en 1996-1997 Maître de Conférences (36ème section du CNU), classe normale, 4ème échelon Laboratoire Biogéosciences (UMR CNRS / uB 6282), Equipe BioME 6 boulevard Gabriel, 21000 Dijon E-mail : [email protected] site web : thomassaucede.wordpress.com CURSUS UNIVERSITAIRE Maître de Conférences à l’Université de Bourgogne - Dijon [2006-...] Attaché Temporaire d'Enseignement et de Recherche à l'Université J. Fourier - Grenoble [2002-2004] Thèse de Doctorat de l'université de Bourgogne [2002] - allocation de recherche (MNERT) - prix de l’Association Paléontologique Française [2003] Baccalauréat
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