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Historical Perspective of Rabies in Europe and the Mediterranean Basin

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Historical Perspective of Rabies in Europe and the Mediterranean Basin Historical Perspective of Rabies in Europe and the Mediterranean Basin A testament to rabies by Dr Arthur A. King By A.A. King, A.R. Fooks, M. Aubert and A.I. Wandeler, eds This book is published by the World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE) in conjunction with the World Health Organisation (WHO) Collaborating Centre for the Characterisation of Rabies and Rabies-related Viruses at the Veterinary Laboratories Agency, Weybridge, UK and other WHO Collaborating Centres and OIE Reference Laboratories on Rabies Historical Perspective of Rabies in Europe and the Mediterranean Basin All OIE (World Organisation for Animal Health) publications are protected by international copyright law. Extracts may be copied, reproduced, translated, adapted or published in journals, documents, books, electronic media and any other medium destined for the public, for information, educational or commercial purposes, provided prior written permission has been granted by the OIE. The designations and denominations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the OIE concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers and boundaries. The views expressed in signed articles are solely the responsibility of the authors. The mention of specific companies or products of manufacturers, whether or not these have been patented, does not imply that these have been endorsed or recommended by the OIE in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. © Copyright: OIE (World organisation for animal health), 2004 12, rue de Prony, 75017 Paris, France Tel.: 33-(0)1 44 15 18 88 Fax: 33-(0)1 42 67 09 87 http://www.oie.int ISBN: 92-9044-639-0 Cover photographs: © Mad dog biting a man, Freer Gallery of Art, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C., Purchase, F1953.91, from an Arabic translation of the Materia Medica by Dioscorides Copied by Abdallah ibn al-Fadl, Iraq, 1224 Louis Pasteur Supervising (V0016516), Wellcome Library, London BIOGRAPHY OF DR ARTHUR A. KING Dr Arthur Alfred King was the principal editor of the book entitled ‘Historical Perspective of Rabies in Europe and the Mediterranean Basin’. Sadly, Arthur died on 22 June 2002 and did not witness the completion of his book. Arthur was born on 14 March 1931 in London and during the war was evacuated to Chertsey, Surrey, where he was later educated at Woking Grammar School. On 12 May 1952, Arthur began working at the Central Veterinary Laboratory of Weybridge in the United Kingdom and by 1977 had been promoted to Principal Scientific Officer. Arthur was a founder member of The Department of Virology and worked mainly on swine fever virus and rabies virus and was a recognised expert in the field of fluorescent microscopic techniques. He was responsible for the laboratory diagnosis of swine fever virus during its eradication in the 1960s, but it was in the field of rabies that he made his scientific reputation. In the early 1980s Arthur became involved in the international rabies research forum. He played a significant role in not only the characterisation of rabies virus isolates from different parts of the world using monoclonal antibody technology, but possibly in the exchange of virus isolates between laboratories namely the Wistar Institute, the Centres for Disease Control in the US and the Federal Research Institute for Animal Virus Diseases in Tuebingen, Germany. In recognition of his scientific work and his service to the UK Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (MAFF); currently The Department for Environment, Photo courtesy: reproduced with kind permission Food and Rural Affairs, he was awarded the of BCA Films, Wokingham, Berkshire, UK Imperial Service Order in 1991. When Arthur retired from the Central Veterinary Laboratory, he collaborated with colleagues at the Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute in South Africa. He met up with George Bishop from the Allerton Laboratory outside Pietermaritzburg, and together they organised the first meeting of what became known as the ‘Southern and Eastern African Rabies Group (SEARG)’, with an interest in studying rabies in Africa. The group was a great success, thanks largely to Arthur’s enthusiasm and commitment. The first meeting was in Zambia in 1992, and subsequent meetings were held in South Africa, Zimbabwe, Kenya, Uganda, Malawi and Swaziland. Arthur also developed strong links with the World Health Organization (WHO) and was eminent in advising on rabies control policies throughout the world, especially in rabies-endemic regions, specifically in Africa and Asia. Biography of Dr Anthony R. Fooks Anthony Fooks obtained his Ph.D. in 1994 on a study to investigate immunity to viral infections and was more recently appointed a Fellow of the UK Institute of Biology. In 2000, Dr Fooks joined the Veterinary Laboratories Agency (an executive agency of the UK Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs) as Group Head of the Rabies Research and Diagnosis Group (the UK National Reference Laboratory for rabies). In 2001, he was appointed director of a World Health Organization Communicable Disease Surveillance and Response Collaborating Centre for the characterisation of rabies and rabies-related viruses. Historical Perspective of Rabies in Europe and the Mediterranean Basin I Biography of Dr M. Aubert Michel Aubert has an M.Sc. and a Ph.D. from the University of Nancy in France. He joined the ‘Centre d’études sur la rage’ of Nancy-Malzéville (France) in 1972, and investigated rabies with Louis Andral and Jean Blancou. When he was appointed director of this laboratory in 1990, he defined his goal: ‘No rabies case in France after the year 2000 !’. The last fox rabies case was recorded in France in December 1998. After the laboratory became an EU reference institute involved in alternative measures to quarantine, he moved to another laboratory, where his main activities are now sheep and honey bee disease control. However, he is still involved in several scientific works on rabies and in providing consultancy on rabies to the French authorities. Biography of Dr Alexander I. Wandeler Alex Wandeler has an M.Sc. and a Ph.D. from the University of Berne in Switzerland. He joined the Swiss Rabies Centre at the Veterinary School in Berne in 1966 and was appointed the Center’s director in 1975 after returning from postdoctoral studies with J.B.Henson at Washington State University. Together with the late Franz Steck he investigated, and ten years later, applied oral rabies vaccines for wildlife. In 1989, he accepted a position with Agriculture Canada. At present he is leader of the Center of Expertise for Rabies at the Canadian Food Inspection Agency in Ottawa, which also serves as the WHO Collaborating Centre for Control, Pathogenesis and Epidemiology of Rabies. __________ II Historical Perspective of Rabies in Europe and the Mediterranean Basin CONTENTS Biography of Dr Arthur A. King .....................................................................................................................I Contents............................................................................................................................................................ III Authors............................................................................................................................................................XIII Foreword....................................................................................................................................................... XVII Introduction ...................................................................................................................................................XIX CHAPTER 1 – RABIES IN THE ANCIENT WORLD by J. Neville.....................................................1 Lyssa...........................................................................................................................................................1 Hippocrates (c.460-377 BC) ...................................................................................................................2 Aristotle (384-322 BC).............................................................................................................................2 Andreas of Carystos (3rd Century BC).................................................................................................2 Other writers of the pre-Christian era ..................................................................................................3 Celsus .........................................................................................................................................................3 Scribonius Largus.....................................................................................................................................4 Columella...................................................................................................................................................4 Antaeus ......................................................................................................................................................4 Pliny the Elder (23-79 AD).....................................................................................................................4 Dioscorides Pedanius ..............................................................................................................................5
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