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DOE Program FY 2004 Progress Report

IX Acronyms and Abbreviations

°C Degrees Celsius a-Si Amorphous silicon °F Degrees Fahrenheit ASIC Application-specific integrated 2-D Two-dimensional circuit 3-D Three-dimensional a-SiGe Amorphous silicon germanium 1Q First quarter of the fiscal year ASME American Society of Mechanical 2Q Second quarter of the fiscal year Engineers 3Q Third quarter of the fiscal year ASR Area-specific resistance 4Q Fourth quarter of the fiscal year ASTM American Society for Testing and 6F Hexafluorinated (biphenol A) Materials sulfonated poly(arylene ether atm sulfone) ATMI Advanced Technical Materials 6F-CN-35 Hexafluorinated / nitrile-functional Incorporated sulfonated poly(arylene ether ATP triphosphate sulfone) (35 is the degree of ATR Autothermal reformer sulfonation, %) Au Gold Ω-cm2 Ohm-square centimeter AuS Gold sulfide A Ampere, amp AXS Advanced X-ray Solutions Å Angstrom B Boron A/cm2 Amps per square centimeter Ba Barium A/D Analog to digital barg Bar gauge AC Alternating current BAT Brown adipose tissue ACR Autothermal cyclic reforming BET Bruner, Emmett and Teller surface ACS American Chemical Society area analysis method AEM Analytical electron microscopy BNL Brookhaven National Laboratory AER Absorption-enhanced reforming BOP Balance of plant AFCIA Advanced Fuel Cells Implementing BP British Petroleum Agreement BPSH Biphenyl sulfone AFM Atomic force microscopy BSE Backscatter electron Ag BU Boston University AGB Anode gas burner C Carbon AgCl Silver chloride C&C City and County of Honolulu AgS Silver sulfide CaCO3 Calcium carbonate AIChE American Institute of Chemical CAE Computer-aided engineering Engineers CaFCP California Fuel Cell Partnership AIP Analytical Interatomic Potential CANMET Canada Center for Mineral and (computer model) Energy Technology AirCred Air Quality Credits tool CaO Calcium oxide Al Aluminum CAPEX Capital expense Al2O3 Aluminum oxide CATA Centre Area Transit Authority ANL Argonne National Laboratory CAU Clark Atlanta University ANSI American National Standards cc Cubic centimeter Institute cc/g cat/hr Cubic centimeters per gram catalyst Ap Pool contact area per hour APU Auxiliary power unit CCD Charge coupled device Ar CCH Complex compound hydride As Arsenic CCHSS Complex compound hydrogen ASF Amps per square foot storage system

839 DOE Hydrogen Program FY 2004 Progress Report

CCM Catalyst-coated membrane CSFTP Cold-Start Federal Test Procedure ccm Cubic centimeters per minute CSMP Cabot Superior MicroPowders Ce Cerium CSTT Codes and Standards Tech Team CE European Commonwealth CTO Conductive transparent oxide certification mark CTQ Critical to quality CEC California Energy Commission Cu Copper CeCl3 Cerium trichloride cu.yd. Cubic yard CEM Compressor/Expander/Motor Cu2O Cuprous oxide CEM Continuous emissions monitoring Cu2S Copper Sulfide CeO2 Ceric oxide CUTE Clean Urban Transport for Europe Cermet Combination of ceramic and metal CV Cyclic voltammatry, cyclic CESI Catalytica Energy Systems, Inc. voltammogram CFD Computational Fluid Dynamics CVD Chemical vapor deposition CGA Compressed Gas Association CWRU Case Western Reserve University CGO Cerium gadolinium oxide DBEDT Hawaii Department of Business, CH2 Compressed hydrogen gas Economic Development and CH3CHO Acetaldehyde Tourism CH4 DC Direct current Chl Chlorophyll DCEC Delaware County Electric CHP Combined heat and power Cooperative, Inc. CIGS Copper-indium-gallium-diselenide DE Distributed electrolysis CIS CuInSe DFMA Design for Manufacturing and CL Catalytic layer Assembly Cl Chlorine DFT Functional Theory CLV City of Las Vegas DGE Diesel gallon equivalent cm Centimeter DHW Domestic hot cm2 Square centimeter DI Deionized CME Coefficient of Moisture Expansion dL/g Deciliters per gram (i.e. water swelling) DMA Dynamic mechanical analysis CMOS Complementary metal oxide DMAc Dimethyl semiconductor DMC Dimethylcarbonate CMSA Consolidated metropolitan statistical DMFC Direct fuel cell area DMSO Dimethyl sulfoxide CNC Computer numerical control DNA Deoxyribonucleic acid CNG Compressed natural gas DOE U.S. Department of Energy CO DOE EIA Department of Energy, Energy Co Cobalt Information Agency CO2 DOS Density of states COS Carbon oxysulfide DP Dew point COx Oxides of carbon DRIFTs Diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier cpi Cells per inch transform CPOx Catalytic partial oxidation DSU Delaware State University cpsi Cells per square inch e- Electron CPSS Combinatorial powder synthesis E Potential system E1/2 Half-wave potential Cr Chromium Ea Activation energy CS Constant stoichiometry EC Electrochemical CS&D Compression, storage and EC European Community dispensing ECS Electrochemical Society CSA Cell stack assembly ECSA Electrochemical surface area

840 DOE Hydrogen Program FY 2004 Progress Report

EDAX Energy dispersive X-ray fWGS Forward water-gas shift EDC Valence electron energy distribution FY Fiscal year curve g Gram EDS Energy dispersive x-ray g/cc Grams per cubic centimeter spectroscopy g/min Grams per minute EERE Office of Energy Efficiency and g/s Grams per second Renewable Energy Ga Gallium EESM Electrical energy storage module GaAs Gallium arsenic ELAT® Registered Trademark of De Nora GADDS General area diffraction system North America, Inc., covers GDLs gal Gallon and GDEs GC Gas chromatograph Ep Peak potential GC GenCore EPA U.S. Environmental Protection GC Glassy, or vitreous carbon; a pure Agency carbon that is amorphous (non- EPMA Electron probe microanalyzer crystalline) EPR Electron paramagnetic resonance GC/MS Gas chromatograph/Mass ESR Electron spin resonance spectroscopy ESS Energy storage system GC5T GenCore 5T platform prototype EtOH back-up fuel cell design for ETS-10 Engelhard titanium silicate - 10 telecommunications eV Electron volt GCII GenCore Gen II back-up fuel cell ExCo Executive Committee (of HIA) design F Fluorine GCtool Software package developed at ANL F- Fluorine ion for analysis of fuel cells and other FASTER Feasibility of Acceptable Start Time power systems Experimental Reactor GDE Gas diffusion electrode FC Fuel cell GDL Gas diffusion layer FCCP Carbonyl m­ GDS Galvanodynamic scan chlorophenylhydrazone GE General Electric FCPP Fuel cell power plant GEPC Galactic Electric Power FCS Fuel cell system Cooperative, Inc. FCV Fuel cell vehicle GES Giner Electrochemical Systems, Fe Iron LLC Fe2O3 Ferric oxide GH2 Gaseous hydrogen FEA Finite element analysis GHG Greenhouse gas FER Fluoride emission rate GHSV Gas hourly space velocity fg-ELAT Fine gradient ELAT GIS Geographic information system FHDS Federal Highway Driving Schedule GJ Gigajoule FIRST Fuel cell Innovative Remote gm Gram Systems for Telecommunications gm/day Grams per day (Spain) GPRE Working Party on Pollution and FMEA Failure modes and effects analysis Energy FP Fuel processor GREET Greenhouse Gas Energy and FPS Fuel processing system Emissions in Transportation model FRS Functional requirement GSS Galvanostatic scan specifications GTI Gas Technology Institute ft2 Square feet GW Gigawatt FTA Federal Transit Administration GWe Gigawatt electric FUDS Federal Urban Driving Schedule h Hour

841 DOE Hydrogen Program FY 2004 Progress Report

H Hydrogen HT High-throughput - H PO4 Ortho-phosphoric acid HTFC High-temperature fuel cell H+ Proton HTM High-temperature membrane H2 Diatomic hydrogen HTS High-temperature shift H2 ICE Hydrogen-fueled internal HTSC High-temperature shift converter engine HTXRD High-temperature X-Ray diffraction H2A Hydrogen Analysis Hythane Compressed hydrogen natural gas H2O Water blend H2O:C Steam to carbon ratio Hz Hertz H2O2 I Current H2PO4 Dihydrogen phosphate anion IBAD Ion beam assisted deposition H2S ICC International Code Council H2SO4 Sulfuric acid ICE Internal combustion engine H3PO4 Phosphoric acid ICEV Internal combustion engine vehicle Hammer Hazardous Materials Management ICP Inductively coupled plasma and Emergency ICP-MS Inductively coupled plasma mass HAZOP Hazards and Operational Safety spectrometry Analysis ICR Interfacial contact resistance HC Hydrocarbon IEA International Energy Agency HCl Hydrochloric acid IEC International Electrotechnical HClO4 Perchloric acid Commission HCNG Hydrogen-compressed natural gas IEC Ion exchange capacity HDMR Hydrogen-driven metallurgical IEEE Institute of Electrical and reactions Electronics Engineers, Inc. HE Heat exchanger IIT Illinois Institute of Technology He Helium In Indium HEM Hydroxyl ion exchange membrane INEEL Idaho National Engineering and HER Hydrogen evolution reaction Environmental Laboratory HEV Hybrid electric vehicle InP Indium phosphorus Hf Hafnium IPCE Incident photon conversion to HF Hydrofluorhydric acid electrons HFCIT Hydrogen, Fuel Cells and IPHE International Partnership for Infrastructure Technologies Program Hydrogen Energy HFCTF Hawaii Fuel Cell Test Facility IR Infrared HFI Hydrogen Fuel Initiative Ir Iridium HFR High-frequency impedance IR Voltage loss due to resistance Hg ISE International Society of Hg2SO4 Mercurous sulfate Electrochemistry HHV Higher heating value ISO International Organization for HIA Hydrogen Implementing Agreement Standardization HNEI Hawaii Natural Energy Institute ITM Ion transport membrane Hp Average pool height ITO Indium tin oxide hp Horsepower ITR Integrated test rig HPE Hybrid photoelectrode I-V Current-voltage hr Hour IV Inherent HRTEM High-resolution transmission J Joule electron microscope K Kelvin HSAC High surface area carbon K Potassium HSO4 Bisulfate anion kÅ 1000 angstroms HT High-temperature kbar 1000 bar

842 DOE Hydrogen Program FY 2004 Progress Report

KBr Potassium bromide LTS Low-temperature shift kBTU 1000 British thermal units m Meter kcal Kilocalorie M Molar kcal/mol Kilocalories per mole m/s Meters per second kDa Kilo-Daltons m2/g Square meters per gram KeV Kilo electron volts m2/s Square meters per second kg Kilogram M31 Atofina membrane candidate kg/day Kilograms per day mA MilliAmps kg/hr Kilograms per hour mA/cm2 Milliamps per square centimeter khr 1000 hours MBL Modified boundary layer KIC Key industrial collaborators MCFC Molten carbonate fuel cell kJ Kilojoule mCoul Millicoulomb kJ/mol Kilojoules per mole MEA Membrane electrode assemble KOH Potassium MEEEEC Mohegan Energy, Environmental, kPa Kilopascal Economics Education Center kW Kilowatt MEMS Micro Electromechanical System kWe Kilowatt electric MEMSYS Micro-grid Energy Management kWh Kilowatt-hour System kWh/kg Kilowatt-hours per kilogram MeOH Methanol kWh/L Kilowatt-hours per liter MEOP Maximum Expected Operat¬ing kWt Kilowatt thermal Pressure L Liter meq Milliequivalents L/h Liters per hour meq/gram Milliequivalents/gram L/min Liters per minute Mg Magnesium La Lanthanum mg Microgram LANL Los Alamos National Laboratory mg Milligram LAX Los Angeles International Airport Mg(OH)2 Magnesium hydroxide lb Pound mg/cm2 Milligrams per square centimeter LBNL Lawrence Berkeley National MgCl2 Magnesium chloride Laboratory MgH2 Magnesium hydride LCC Lansing Community College MgO Magnesium oxide LCHPP Low Cost Hydrogen Production MHCoE Metal Hydride Center of Excellence Platform (DOE Program Title) min Minute LDV Light-duty vehicle MJ Megajoules LED Light-emitting diode mL Milliliter LEEM Low-energy electron microscopy ml/h Milliliters per hour LEIS Low-energy ion scattering µm Micrometer, micron LEMSYS Local energy management system µM Micromolar LH2 Cryogenic liquid hydrogen mm Millimeter LHV Lower heating value MM Molecular modeling Li Lithium MMBtu Millions of British thermal units LiH Lithium hydride µmol Micromole LLC Limited Liability Company MMOM Microporous metal oxide matrix LLNL Lawrence Livermore National Mn Manganese Laboratory MO Fetal Organic Framework low-dP Low pressure drop Mo Molybdenum Lpm Liters per minute mol Mole LSGM Lanthanum strontium gallium mol% Mole percent magnesium oxide mol/min Moles per minute LT Low-temperature

843 DOE Hydrogen Program FY 2004 Progress Report mole/(m2Pa•s) Mole per meter squared Pascal NASA PERS National Aeronautics and Space second (flux unit) Agency Polymer Energy MoO3 Molybdenum trioxide (molydite) Rechargeable System MoPc Molybdenum phthalocyanine NAVSEA Carderock Naval Sea Systems MPa Megapascal Command Carderock Division mpgge Miles per gallon gasoline equivalent Nb Niobium mph Miles per hour NCMS National Center for Manufacturing MRI Magnetic resonance imaging Sciences MRS Materials Research Society NCNR NIST Center for Neutron Research ms Milliseconds ND Not determined at this time mS/cm Milli-Siemens per centimeter Nd:YAG Neodymium-doped yttrium MSCFD Thousand standard cubic feet per aluminum garnet day gas flowrate NDIR Non-dispersive infrared MSHA Mine Safety and Health NEBS Network Equipment-Building Administration System MSU Montana State University NEDC New European Driving Cycle MT Medium-throughput NEMS National Energy Modeling System MTI McDermott Technology, Inc. NEPA National Environmental Policy Act mV Micro volt NETL National Energy Technology mV Millivolt Laboratory MW Megawatt NEU Northeastern University MW Molecular weight NFC Near frictionless carbon mΩ Milli-ohms NFPA National Fire Protection Association MWe Megawatts electric NG Natural gas MWh Megawatt-hour NH3 MWNT Multi-wall nanotube NHA National Hydrogen Association MWth Megawatts thermal NHE Normal hydrogen electrode MYPP Multi-Year Program Plan (the Ni Nickel HFCIT Program’s Multi-Year NICC Natural gas Infrastructure Research, Development and Component Cost model Demonstration Plan) NiMH Nickel metal hydride MYRDDP Multi-Year Research, Development NIST National Institute of Standards and and Demonstration Plan Technology N nm Nanometer N/cm2 Newtons per square centimeter NMHC Non-methane hydrocarbons N112 Nafion 1100 equivalent weight, 2 NMOG Non-methane organic gases millimeter thick membrane nmol Nanomole N2 Diatomic nitrogen NMP N-methyl pyrollidone Na Sodium NMR Nuclear magnetic resonance Na3AlH6 Trisodium hexahydroaluminate NO2 NaAlH4 Sodium aluminum hydride (sodium NOx Oxides of nitrogen tetrahydroaluminate) NPM Non-precious metal NaBH4 Sodium borohydride NPV Net present value NaCl NRECA National Rural Electric Cooperative NAFION® Registered Trademark of E.I. Association DuPont de Nemours NREL National Renewable Energy NaH Sodium hydride Laboratory NaOH NSSN National Resource for Global NASA National Aeronautics and Space Standards Administration NSTF Nanostructured thin film

844 DOE Hydrogen Program FY 2004 Progress Report

O Pl Platinum O&M Operation and maintenance PM Particulate matter O2 Diatomic oxygen PM Particulate membrane O2:C Oxygen to carbon ratio PM Precious metal, such as platinum OCV Open circuit voltage PNNL Pacific Northwest National OEM Original equipment manufacturer Laboratory OG Off-gas POC Proof of concept OH- POX Partial oxidation OMB Office of Management and Budget PP1R Power Plant One Reformate OPEX Operating expense ppb Parts per billion OPM Oxford Performance Materials, Inc. ppbv Parts per billion by volume ORNL Oak Ridge National Laboratory ppm Parts per million ORR Oxygen reduction reaction ppmv Parts per million by volume OTM Oxygen transport membrane ppmw Parts per million by weight OTT Office of Transportation ppt Parts per trillion Technologies Pr Praseodymium OU Ohio University PrOx Preferential oxidation P Phosphorus PS Photosystem P Pressure PS Potentiostatic P&ID Process and Instrumentation PSA Pressure swing adsorption Diagram PSAT Puget Sound Action Team Pa Pascal PSAT Vehicle simulation software package PADD Petroleum Administration for developed at Argonne National Defense Districts Laboratory PAFC Phosphoric acid fuel cell psi Pounds per square inch PBI Polybenzimidazole psia Pounds per square inch absolute PCS Power conditioning system psid Pounds per square inch differential PCT Pressure concentration temperature psig Pounds per square inch gauge Pd Palladium PSII Photosystem II PDC Polymer-derived ceramic PSU Pennsylvania State University Pd-MIS Palladium-based metal-insulator- PSU OPP Penn State University, Office of semiconductor Physical Plant PDU Process development unit PSU PTI Penn State University, Pennsylvania PEC Photoelectrochemical Transportation Institute PECH Polyepichlorohydrin Pt Platinum PEEK Polyetherketones P-T Pressure-temperature PEFC Polymer electrolyte fuel cell Pt3Co Platinum-cobalt alloy PEFC Proton exchange fuel cell Pt3Ni Platinum-nickel alloy PEI Polyether imide PTFE Teflon – poly-tetrafluoroethylene PEKK Poly (ether ketone) Pt-FePO Platinum iron phosphate PEM Polymer electrolyte membrane, PTM Proton transport membrane proton exchange membrane PtML Platinum monolayer PEMFC Polymer electrolyte membrane fuel Pt-SnO cell Pt-TaPO Platinum tantalum phosphate PEN Positive-Electrolyte-Negative PURE Promoting Unst Renewable Energy PES Polyethersulfone (UK) PES Power Engineering Society PV Photovoltaic PFD Process flow diagram PVDF Polyvinylidenefluoride PFSA Perfluorinated sulfonic acid P-V-T Pressure-Volume-Temperature PGM Platinum group metal Q1, Q2, Q3, Q4 Quarters of the fiscal year

845 DOE Hydrogen Program FY 2004 Progress Report

QFD Quality Function Deployment Sm Samarium R&D Research and development SMR Steam methane reformer RBS Rutherford backscattering Sn Tin RD&D Research, development & SnCl2 Stannous chloride demonstration SNG Synthetic natural gas RDE Rotating disk electrode SNL Sandia National Laboratory Re Rhenium SO2 RFC Regenerative fuel cell SOFC Solid oxide fuel cell RFP Request for proposals SOM Solid-oxide oxygen-ion-conducting RH Relative humidity membrane Rh Rhodium SOx Oxides of sulfur RHE Reference hydrogen electrode SPC Statistical process control rpm Revolutions per minute SPEKK Sulfonated polyether ether ketone RRDE Rotating ring disc electrode sq.ft. Square foot RTD Resistance thermal device SR Steam reformer RTI Research Triangle Institute Sr Strontium Ru Ruthenium SRI Stanford Research Institute s Second International S Siemens SS Stainless steel S Sulfur STAR Substrate-based Transportation S/C Steam-to-carbon ratio Autothermal Reformer S/cm Siemens per centimeter STCH Solar thermochemical hydrogen S300 Series 300 fuel processing and PEM STEM Scanning transmission electron cell system microscope SA Specific activity STH Solar-to-hydrogen SAD Surface-averaged distribution STM Scanning tunneling microscope SAE Society of Automotive Engineers STTP Shared Technology Transfer Project Sc Scandium SUNY State University of New York sccm Standard cubic centimeters per SWNT Single-walled nanotube minute SwRI Southwest Research Institute SCE Saturated calomel electrode T Temperature SCF, scf Standard cubic feet t Time scfd Standard cubic feet per day t/d tonnes per day SCFH, scfh Standard cubic feet per hour Ta Tantalum ScSZ Scadia stabilized zirconia TAFV Transition Alternative Fuels and SD Standard deviation Vehicles SDA Structure directing agent TAG Technical Advisory Group SDO Standards Development TC Thermocouple Organization TCGC Thermal conductivity gas Se Selenium chromatograph sec Second TDARMS Thermal desorption and recoiling SEM Scanning electron microscope SEMaC Smart Energy Management TEM Transmission electron microscopy Controller TESI Teledyne Energy System Inc. SEP Subscale engineering prototype Tg Glass transition temperature SF6 Sulfur hexafluoride TGA Thermal gravimetric analysis SHE Standard hydrogen electrode THC Total hydrocarbons Si Silicon Ti Titanium SiO2 Silicon dioxide TiCl3 Titanium trichloride SLPM Standard liters per minute TiH2 Titanium hydride

846 DOE Hydrogen Program FY 2004 Progress Report

TIM Traction inverter motor V Vanadium TiO2 V Volt TIVM Toroidal intersecting vane machine VASP Vienna Ab-initio Simulation Tla Truncated light-harvesting Package chlorophyll antenna VC Vulcan carbon tla1 Mutant of the Tla1 gene VHTS Virtual high-throughput screening tlaX Mutant of unknown gene with a VNT Variable nozzle turbine truncated light-harvesting VOC Volatile chlorophyll antenna vol Volume TM Transition metal vol% Volume percent TMS Thermal management system VR Voltage – current – resistance curve TPD Temperature-programmed W Tungsten desorption W Watt TPR Temperature-programmed reduction W/L Watts per liter TTW Through the wafer W/m-K Watts per meter-Kelvin TWh TeraWatt-hour WDS Wavelength dispersive spectroscopy TWM Thermal and water management We Watt electric Type IV Plastic lined tanks completely WGS Water gas shift overwrapped with composite W-h/kg Watt-hours per kilogram UC University of California W-h/L Watt-hours per liter UCP Uncoupling protein WHSV Weight hourly space velocity UGA University of Georgia, Athens WO3 Tungsten trioxide UH University of Hawaii Wt Watts thermal UHV Ultra-high vacuum WT Wild-type (unmutated) UL Underwriters Laboratory wt% Weight percent (percent by weight) UNIGEN® A registered trademark of Proton XANES X-ray absorption near-edge Energy Systems, Inc. spectroscopy UPD Underpotential deposition XAS X-ray absorption spectroscopy UPS Uninterruptible power supply Xe Xenon US06 Driving cycle to simulate high-speed XEDS Energy dispersive analysis of X-rays vehicle operation XPS X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy USC University of South Carolina XRD X-ray diffraction USDA U.S. Department of Agriculture XRF X-ray fluorescence USFCC United States Fuel Cell Council Y Yttrium UTC FC United Technologies Corporation Yb Ytterbium Fuel Cells YSZ Yttria-stablized zirconia UTRC United Technologies Research ZnO Zinc oxide Center Zr Zirconium UV ZrO2 Zirconium dioxide UV-Vis Ultraviolet-Visual

847 DOE Hydrogen Program FY 2004 Progress Report

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