DOCSLIB.ORG

Lava Flow Hazard at Fogo Volcano, Cabo Verde

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Lava Flow Hazard at Fogo Volcano, Cabo Verde Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 16, 1925–1951, 2016 www.nat-hazards-earth-syst-sci.net/16/1925/2016/ doi:10.5194/nhess-16-1925-2016 © Author(s) 2016. CC Attribution 3.0 License. Lava flow hazard at Fogo Volcano, Cabo Verde, before and after the 2014–2015 eruption Nicole Richter1, Massimiliano Favalli2, Elske de Zeeuw-van Dalfsen1, Alessandro Fornaciai2,3, Rui Manuel da Silva Fernandes4, Nemesio M. Pérez5,6, Judith Levy1, Sónia Silva Victória7, and Thomas R. Walter1 1German Research Centre for Geosciences (GFZ), Potsdam, 14473, Germany 2Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV), Pisa, 56126, Italy 3Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia (DIFA), Alma Mater Studiorum – Università di Bologna, Bologna, 40127, Italy 4Instituto D. Luiz, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, 6201-001, Portugal 5Instituto Volcanológico de Canarias (INVOLCAN), 38400 Puerto de la Cruz, Tenerife, Spain 6Instituto Tecnológico y de Energías Renovables (ITER), 38611 Granadilla de Abona, Tenerife, Spain 7Universidade de Cabo Verde, Praia, Cabo Verde Correspondence to: Nicole Richter ([email protected]) Received: 10 March 2016 – Published in Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci. Discuss.: 30 March 2016 Revised: 18 June 2016 – Accepted: 7 July 2016 – Published: 17 August 2016 Abstract. Lava flow simulations help to better understand of the lava flow model performance. Our results highlight the volcanic hazards and may assist emergency preparedness at fact that lava flow hazards change as a result of modifications active volcanoes. We demonstrate that at Fogo Volcano,Cabo of the local topography due to lava flow emplacement. This Verde, such simulations can explain the 2014–2015 lava flow implies the need for up-to-date topographic information in crisis and therefore provide a valuable base to better prepare order to assess lava flow hazards. We also emphasize that ar- for the next inevitable eruption. We conducted topographic eas that were once overrun by lava flows are not necessarily mapping in the field and a satellite-based remote sensing safer, even if local lava flow thicknesses exceed the average analysis. We produced the first topographic model of the lava flow thickness. Our observations will be important for 2014–2015 lava flow from combined terrestrial laser scanner the next eruption of Fogo Volcano and have implications for (TLS) and photogrammetric data. This high-resolution to- future lava flow crises and disaster response efforts at basaltic pographic information facilitates lava flow volume estimates volcanoes elsewhere in the world. of 43.7 ± 5.2 × 106 m3 from the vertical difference between pre- and posteruptive topographies. Both the pre-eruptive and updated digital elevation models (DEMs) serve as the funda- mental input data for lava flow simulations using the well- 1 Introduction established DOWNFLOW algorithm. Based on thousands of simulations, we assess the lava flow hazard before and after Effusive volcanic eruptions are associated with lava flows the 2014–2015 eruption. We find that, although the lava flow that may cause damage and long-lasting impact on infras- hazard has changed significantly, it remains high at the lo- tructure and economy. The comune San Sebastiano al Vesu- cations of two villages that were destroyed during this erup- vio in Italy was destroyed by Mount Vesuvius’ lava flows tion. This result is of particular importance as villagers have in 1944 for the third time in less than 100 years, yet was already started to rebuild the settlements. We also analysed rebuilt (Kilburn, 2015). In January 2002, lava flows advanc- satellite radar imagery acquired by the German TerraSAR- ing from Nyiragongo Volcano overran the city of Goma in X (TSX) satellite to map lava flow emplacement over time. the Democratic Republic of Congo, which was later rebuilt We obtain the lava flow boundaries every 6 to 11 days during on top of this lava flow (Chirico et al., 2009). Destructive the eruption, which assists the interpretation and evaluation effusive volcanic eruptions also occur frequently at places such as the island of Hawai’i(Kauahikaua and Tilling, 2014; Published by Copernicus Publications on behalf of the European Geosciences Union. 1926 N. Richter et al.: Lava flow hazard at Fogo Volcano, Cabo Verde Poland et al., 2016), or at Mount Etna, Sicily, Italy (Favalli relate to the achievable spatial resolution and coverage, as et al., 2009b). Yet, a common observation in many of these well as information quality and accuracy. The decision of classic examples is that, for various reasons, residents rebuild which method to use highly depends on the specific appli- their houses and return to live in hazardous areas. Studies cation and the user’s needs. Modern high-resolution satellite of effusive eruptions and the mechanisms of lava flow em- systems, such as Pléiades (optical) and TanDEM-X (radar), placement over time, as well as lava flow hazard assessment need to be tasked to acquire topographic data in response to a and the proposal of risk mitigation strategies, therefore, have volcanic crisis. Updates of pre-existing topographic informa- developed into fundamental branches of volcano sciences. tion can also be achieved using ground-based technologies, Recent crises, such as the 2014–2015 Pahoa lava flow cri- such as terrestrial laser scanning and camera- or drone-based sis at K¯ılauea Volcano, Hawai’i (Poland et al., 2016), and photogrammetry. These methods are often more flexible than the highly destructive 2014–2015 eruption of Fogo Volcano, satellite observations with respect to the acquisition time and Cabo Verde (González et al., 2015; Cappello et al., 2016; date. For instance, we produced a posteruptive DEM from Bagnardi et al., 2016), have again shown that up-to-date lava ground-based data in January 2015, while the next (and only flow hazard information is needed in inhabited volcanic envi- other) available posteruptive DEM data were acquired more ronments and that this information has to be effectively com- than 5 months after the end of the 2014–2015 eruption (on 20 municated to the officials in charge of public safety. June 2015) by the Pléiades satellite (Bagnardi et al., 2016). A variety of algorithms have been developed with the com- TanDEM-X bistatic data are not available for Fogo after mon aim of understanding the dynamics of lava flow em- the 2014–2015 eruption. Ground-based techniques are espe- placement, forecasting lava flow paths, and constructing lava cially effective for effusive volcanic eruptions, where only flow hazard maps (e.g. Favalli et al., 2005; Harris and Row- the directly affected areas need to be updated. The potential land, 2015; Del Negro et al., 2008). These algorithms have of very long-range terrestrial laser scanner (TLS) instruments been applied to numerous volcanoes, including but not lim- to survey the dynamics of active lava flow fields and to map ited to Nyiragongo Volcano, Mount Cameroon, and Mount the topographic changes associated with the emplacement Etna (Favalli et al., 2009a, 2011b; Tarquini and Favalli, of new flows was shown at Mount Etna, Italy (James et al., 2011). Modelling techniques follow either the probabilistic 2009). We produced the first posteruptive topographic map of or the deterministic approach. The MAGFLOW simulation the 2014–2015 Fogo lava flow using TLS and ground-based code (Del Negro et al., 2008) is a deterministic approach photogrammetric data in order to update a pre-eruptive pho- that relies on pre-existing knowledge or at least simplified togrammetric DEM of Fogo Island, both featuring a 5 m spa- assumptions about the physical and rheological character- tial resolution. We estimated lava flow characteristics, such istics of flowing lava (Cappello et al., 2015; Tarquini and as lava flow thickness and volume. We also generated and Favalli, 2015). The FLOWGO model by Harris and Row- compared pre- and posteruptive lava flow hazard maps. land (2015), also a deterministic model, allows for the sim- ulation of changing physical properties, e.g. changes in ve- locity or thermorheology of flowing basaltic lava following a 2 Geologic setting and eruptive history predefined channel downslope (Harris et al., 2015). Here we use the DOWNFLOW probabilistic code (Favalli et al., 2005) Fogo Island is one of the youngest volcanic islands of the to create lava flow hazard maps. Based on the law of gravita- Cabo Verde archipelago in the Atlantic Ocean and is built tion, DOWNFLOW follows the simple assumption that lava up from the remnants of one single giant volcano, known flows downhill from an eruption site. One main advantage of as the Monte Amarelo Volcano (Day et al., 1999). The east- this code over deterministic models is that only basic physics ern coastline reflects a catastrophic flank collapse event in applies, therefore no pre-existing knowledge or assumptions the island’s geologic history (Day et al., 1999; Ramalho et on physical properties of the lava flows are needed. The most al., 2015), which is thought to date back ∼ 73 ka (Ramalho important input for the DOWNFLOW simulation is an accu- et al., 2015). This event left a prominent east facing, ex- rate and up-to-date digital elevation model (DEM) and the tremely steep collapse structure, the Monte Amarelo escarp- location of the eruptive vent. ment or Bordeira. It reaches a height of up to 1000 m above High-resolution topographic information does not only the relatively flat, 9 km-wide, N–S elongated, caldera-like serve as an essential prerequisite for lava flow simulations, plain, called the Chã das Caldeiras (Chã). The Chã is located it is also one of the first requirements for any effusive erup- at an average elevation of ∼ 1700 m and covers an area of tion as it allows for lava flow thickness and volume estimates. ∼ 35 km2 (Fig. 1). To the east the Chã is bound by the high- Modern remote sensing techniques, such as photogramme- est point of the island, the Pico do Fogo stratocone (2829 m).
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Geochemistry This
    TORONTOTORONTO Vol. 8, No. 4 April 1998 Call for Papers GSA TODAY — page C1 A Publication of the Geological Society of America Electronic Abstracts Submission — page C3 Antarctic Neogene Landscapes—In the 1998 Registration Refrigerator or in the Deep Freeze? Annual Issue Meeting — June GSA Today Introduction The present Molly F. Miller, Department of Geology, Box 117-B, Vanderbilt Antarctic landscape undergoes very University, Nashville, TN 37235, [email protected] slow environmental change because it is almost entirely covered by a thick, slow-moving ice sheet and thus effectively locked in a Mark C. G. Mabin, Department of Tropical Environmental Studies deep freeze. The ice sheet–landscape system is essentially stable, and Geography, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland 4811, Australia, [email protected] Antarctic—Introduction continued on p. 2 Atmospheric Transport of Diatoms in the Antarctic Sirius Group: Pliocene Deep Freeze Arjen P. Stroeven, Department of Quaternary Research, Stockholm University, S-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden Lloyd H. Burckle, Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University, Palisades, NY 10964 Johan Kleman, Department of Physical Geography, Stockholm University, S-106, 91 Stockholm, Sweden Michael L. Prentice, Institute for the Study of Earth, Oceans, and Space, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH 03824 INTRODUCTION How did young diatoms (including some with ranges from the Pliocene to the Pleistocene) get into the Sirius Group on the slopes of the Transantarctic Mountains? Dynamicists argue for emplacement by a wet-based ice sheet that advanced across East Antarctica and the Transantarctic Mountains after flooding of interior basins by relatively warm marine waters [2 to 5 °C according to Webb and Harwood (1991)].
    [Show full text]
  • Rota Ciclista Sustentável São Filipe - Chã Das Caldeiras
    fontes renováveis. fontes auto-suficientes energeticamente através de de através energeticamente auto-suficientes estabelecimentos ou iniciativas que são são que iniciativas ou estabelecimentos interesse que inclui, encontram-se vários vários encontram-se inclui, que interesse e naturais. Ademais, entre os pontos de de pontos os entre Ademais, naturais. e inclinadas, passando por zonas urbanas, rurais rurais urbanas, zonas por passando inclinadas, combina o lhano com ascensões compridas e e compridas ascensões com lhano o combina CHÃ DAS CALDEIRAS DAS CHÃ e pistas de terra. Trata-se de uma travessia que que travessia uma de Trata-se terra. de pistas e de betão ou empedradas (calçada portuguesa) portuguesa) (calçada empedradas ou betão de SÃO FILIPE SÃO publicação (ano de edição: 2020) edição: de (ano publicação iniciativas sustentáveis. Decorre por estradas estradas por Decorre sustentáveis. iniciativas emprego da informação contenida em esta esta em contenida informação da emprego indubitável interesse eco-cultural e pelas pelas e eco-cultural interesse indubitável possíveis consequências que podam derivar-se do do derivar-se podam que consequências possíveis EN BICICLETA EN cicloturistas com nível alto, mais com um um com mais alto, nível com cicloturistas O Projecto SOSTURMAC não faz-se responsável das das responsável faz-se não SOSTURMAC Projecto O É um itinerário exigente, exclusivo para para exclusivo exigente, itinerário um É respeitar a natureza. a respeitar conservação. conservação. realização desta actividade e, sobre tudo, deve deve tudo, sobre e, actividade desta realização dinâmica turística e desta forma fomentar sua sua fomentar forma desta e turística dinâmica possível a marca de carbono associada à à associada carbono de marca a possível contribuir à integração dos novos valores na na valores novos dos integração à contribuir fundamentalmente, deve reduzir tudo o o tudo reduzir deve fundamentalmente, SOSTURMAC para para projecto no desenvolvido sustentável e responsável possível.
    [Show full text]
  • Cabo Verde Emergency Preparedness and Response Diagnostic: Building a Culture of Preparedness
    Cabo Verde Emergency Preparedness and Response Diagnostic: Building a Culture of Preparedness financed by through CABO VERDE EMERGENCY PREPAREDNESS AND RESPONSE DIAGNOSTIC © 2020 International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank 1818 H Street NW Washington DC 20433 Telephone: 202-473-1000 Internet: www.worldbank.org This report is a product of the staff of The World Bank and the Global Facility for Disaster Reduction and Recovery (GFDRR). The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this work do not necessarily reflect the views of The World Bank, its Board of Executive Directors or the governments they represent. The World Bank and GFDRR does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this work. The boundaries, colors, denominations, and other information shown on any map in this work do not imply any judgment on the part of The World Bank concerning the legal status of any territory or the endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries. Rights and Permissions The material in this work is subject to copyright. Because the World Bank encourages dissemination of its knowledge, this work may be reproduced, in whole or in part, for noncommercial purposes as long as full attribution to this work is given. 2 CABO VERDE EMERGENCY PREPAREDNESS AND RESPONSE DIAGNOSTIC List of Abbreviations AAC Civil Aviation Agency AHBV Humanitarian Associations of Volunteer Firefighters ASA Air Safety Agency CAT DDO Catastrophe Deferred Drawdown Option CNOEPC National Operations Centre of Emergency and Civil Protection
    [Show full text]
  • Mozambique Zambia South Africa Zimbabwe Tanzania
    UNITED NATIONS MOZAMBIQUE Geospatial 30°E 35°E 40°E L a k UNITED REPUBLIC OF 10°S e 10°S Chinsali M a l a w TANZANIA Palma i Mocimboa da Praia R ovuma Mueda ^! Lua Mecula pu la ZAMBIA L a Quissanga k e NIASSA N Metangula y CABO DELGADO a Chiconono DEM. REP. OF s a Ancuabe Pemba THE CONGO Lichinga Montepuez Marrupa Chipata MALAWI Maúa Lilongwe Namuno Namapa a ^! gw n Mandimba Memba a io u Vila úr L L Mecubúri Nacala Kabwe Gamito Cuamba Vila Ribáué MecontaMonapo Mossuril Fingoè FurancungoCoutinho ^! Nampula 15°S Vila ^! 15°S Lago de NAMPULA TETE Junqueiro ^! Lusaka ZumboCahora Bassa Murrupula Mogincual K Nametil o afu ezi Namarrói Erego e b Mágoè Tete GiléL am i Z Moatize Milange g Angoche Lugela o Z n l a h m a bez e i ZAMBEZIA Vila n azoe Changara da Moma n M a Lake Chemba Morrumbala Maganja Bindura Guro h Kariba Pebane C Namacurra e Chinhoyi Harare Vila Quelimane u ^! Fontes iq Marondera Mopeia Marromeu b am Inhaminga Velha oz P M úngu Chinde Be ni n è SOFALA t of ManicaChimoio o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o gh ZIMBABWE o Bi Mutare Sussundenga Dondo Gweru Masvingo Beira I NDI A N Bulawayo Chibabava 20°S 20°S Espungabera Nova OCE A N Mambone Gwanda MANICA e Sav Inhassôro Vilanculos Chicualacuala Mabote Mapai INHAMBANE Lim Massinga p o p GAZA o Morrumbene Homoíne Massingir Panda ^! National capital SOUTH Inhambane Administrative capital Polokwane Guijá Inharrime Town, village o Chibuto Major airport Magude MaciaManjacazeQuissico International boundary AFRICA Administrative boundary MAPUTO Xai-Xai 25°S Nelspruit Main road 25°S Moamba Manhiça Railway Pretoria MatolaMaputo ^! ^! 0 100 200km Mbabane^!Namaacha Boane 0 50 100mi !\ Bela Johannesburg Lobamba Vista ESWATINI Map No.
    [Show full text]
  • Insights from Fumarole Gas Geochemistry on the Recent Volcanic Unrest of Pico Do Fogo, Cape Verde
    ORIGINAL RESEARCH published: 15 July 2021 doi: 10.3389/feart.2021.631190 Insights from Fumarole Gas Geochemistry on the Recent Volcanic Unrest of Pico do Fogo, Cape Verde Gladys V. Melián 1,2,3*, Pedro A. Hernández 1,2,3, Nemesio M. Pérez 1,2,3, María Asensio-Ramos 1, Eleazar Padrón 1,2,3, Mar Alonso 1,2, Germán D. Padilla 1,2, José Barrancos 1,2, Francesco Sortino 4, Hirochicka Sumino 5, Fátima Rodríguez 1, Cecilia Amonte 1, Sonia Silva 6, Nadir Cardoso 6 and José M. Pereira 7 1Instituto Volcanológico de Canarias (INVOLCAN), La Laguna, Spain, 2Instituto Tecnológico y de Energías Renovables (ITER), Granadilla de Abona, Spain, 3Agencia Insular de la Energía de Tenerife (AIET), Granadilla de Abona, Spain, 4Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia - Sezione Roma 2, Roma, Italy, 5Department of General Systems Studies, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Komaba, Meguro-ku, Japan, 6Universidade de Cabo Verde (UNICV), Praia, Cape Verde, 7Laboratório de Engenharia Civil of Cape Verde (LEC) Tira - Chapéu, Praia, Cape Verde Edited by: We report the results of the geochemical monitoring of the fumarolic discharges at the Pico Francesco Italiano, do Fogo volcano in Cape Verde from 2007 to 2016. During this period Pico do Fogo National Institute of Geophysics and Volcanology, Italy experienced a volcanic eruption (November 23, 2014) that lasted 77 days, from a new vent Reviewed by: ∼2.5 km from the fumaroles. Two fumaroles were sampled, a low (F1∼100°C) and a Pierpaolo Zuddas, medium (F2∼300°C) temperature. The variations observed in the δ18O and δ2H in F1 and Sorbonne Universités, France F2 suggest different fluid source contributions and/or fractionation processes.
    [Show full text]
  • The Fumarolic CO Output from Pico Do Fogo Volcano
    Ital. J. Geosci., Vol. 139, No. 3 (2020), pp. 325-340, 9 figs., 3 tabs. (https://doi.org/10.3301/IJG.2020.03) © Società Geologica Italiana, Roma 2020 The fumarolic CO2 output from Pico do Fogo Volcano (Cape Verde) ALESSANDRO AIUPPA (1), MARCELLO BITETTO (1), ANDREA L. RIZZO (2), FATIMA VIVEIROS (3), PATRICK ALLARD (4), MARIA LUCE FREZZOTTI (5), VIRGINIA VALENTI (5) & VITTORIO ZANON (3, 4) ABSTRACT output started early back in the 1990s (e.g., GERLACH, 1991), The Pico do Fogo volcano, in the Cape Verde Archipelago off substantial budget refinements have only recently arisen the western coasts of Africa, has been the most active volcano in the from the 8-years (2011-2019) DECADE (Deep Earth Carbon Macaronesia region in the Central Atlantic, with at least 27 eruptions Degassing; https://deepcarboncycle.org/about-decade) during the last 500 years. Between eruptions fumarolic activity has research program of the Deep Carbon Observatory (https:// been persisting in its summit crater, but limited information exists for the chemistry and output of these gas emissions. Here, we use the deepcarbon.net/project/decade#Overview) (FISCHER, 2013; results acquired during a field survey in February 2019 to quantify FISCHER et alii, 2019). the quiescent summit fumaroles’ volatile output for the first time. By One key result of DECADE-funded research has been combining measurements of the fumarole compositions (using both a the recognition that the global CO2 output from subaerial portable Multi-GAS and direct sampling of the hottest fumarole) and volcanism is predominantly sourced from a relatively of the SO2 flux (using near-vent UV Camera recording), we quantify small number of strongly degassing volcanoes.
    [Show full text]
  • Renewable Energy in Small Islands
    Renewable Energy on Small Islands Second edition august 2000 Sponsored by: Renewable Energy on Small Islands Second Edition Author: Thomas Lynge Jensen, Forum for Energy and Development (FED) Layout: GrafiCO/Ole Jensen, +45 35 36 29 43 Cover photos: Upper left: A 55 kW wind turbine of the Danish island of Aeroe. Photo provided by Aeroe Energy and Environmental Office. Middle left: Solar water heaters on the Danish island of Aeroe. Photo provided by Aeroe Energy and Environmental Office. Upper right: Photovoltaic installation on Marie Galante Island, Guadeloupe, French West Indies. Photo provided by ADEME Guadeloupe. Middle right: Waiah hydropower plant on Hawaii-island. Photo provided by Energy, Resource & Technology Division, State of Hawaii, USA Lower right: Four 60 kW VERGNET wind turbines on Marie Galante Island, Guadeloupe, French West Indies. Photo provided by ADEME Guadeloupe. Printing: Vesterkopi Printing cover; Green Graphic No. printed: 200 ISBN: 87-90502-03-5 Copyright (c) 2000 by Forum for Energy and Development (FED) Feel free to use the information in the report, but please state the source. Renewable Energy on Small Islands – Second Edition August 2000 Table of Contents Table of Contents Foreword and Acknowledgements by the Author i Introduction iii Executive Summary v 1. The North Atlantic Ocean Azores (Portugal) 1 Canary Island (Spain) 5 Cape Verde 9 Faeroe Islands (Denmark) 11 Madeira (Portugal) 13 Pellworm (Germany) 17 St. Pierre and Miquelon (France) 19 2. The South Atlantic Ocean Ascension Island (UK) 21 St. Helena Island (UK) 23 3. The Baltic Sea Aeroe (Denmark) 25 Gotland (Sweden) 31 Samsoe (Denmark) 35 4.
    [Show full text]
  • Taxonomy of Tropical West African Bivalves V. Noetiidae
    Bull. Mus. nati. Hist, nat., Paris, 4' sér., 14, 1992, section A, nos 3-4 : 655-691. Taxonomy of Tropical West African Bivalves V. Noetiidae by P. Graham OLIVER and Rudo VON COSEL Abstract. — Five species of Noetiidae are described from tropical West Africa, defined here as between 23° N and 17°S. The Noetiidae are represented by five genera, and four new taxa are introduced : Stenocista n. gen., erected for Area gambiensis Reeve; Sheldonella minutalis n. sp., Striarca lactea scoliosa n. subsp. and Striarca lactea epetrima n. subsp. Striarca lactea shows considerable variation within species. Ecological factors and geographical clines are invoked to explain some of this variation but local genetic isolation could not be excluded. The relationships of the shallow water West African noetiid species are analysed and compared to the faunas of the Mediterranean, Caribbean, Panamic and Indo- Pacific regions. Stenocista is the only genus endemic to West Africa. A general discussion on the relationships of all the shallow water West African Arcoidea is presented. The level of generic endemism is low and there is clear evidence of circumtropical patterns of similarity between species. The greatest affinity is with the Indo-Pacific but this pattern is not consistent between subfamilies. Notably the Anadarinae have greatest similarity to the Panamic faunal province. Résumé. — Description de cinq espèces de Noetiidae d'Afrique occidentale tropicale, ici définie entre 23° N et 17° S. Les Noetiidae sont représentés par cinq genres. Quatre taxa nouveaux sont décrits : Stenocista n. gen. (espèce-type Area gambiensis Reeve) ; Sheldonella minutalis n. sp., Striarca lactea scoliosa n.
    [Show full text]
  • Exploration of Victoria Crater by the Mars Rover Opportunity
    Exploration of Victoria Crater by the Mars Rover Opportunity The Harvard community has made this article openly available. Please share how this access benefits you. Your story matters Citation Squyres, Steven W., Andrew H. Knoll, Raymond E. Arvidson, James W. Ashley, James F. III Bell, Wendy M. Calvin, Philip R. Christensen, et al. 2009. Exploration of Victoria Crater by the Mars rover Opportunity. Science 324(5930): 1058-1061. Published Version doi:10.1126/science.1170355 Citable link http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:3934552 Terms of Use This article was downloaded from Harvard University’s DASH repository, and is made available under the terms and conditions applicable to Open Access Policy Articles, as set forth at http:// nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:dash.current.terms-of- use#OAP Exploration of Victoria Crater by the Rover Opportunity S.W. Squyres1, A.H. Knoll2, R.E. Arvidson3, J.W. Ashley4, J.F. Bell III1, W.M. Calvin5, P.R. Christensen4, B.C. Clark6, B.A. Cohen7, P.A. de Souza Jr.8, L. Edgar9, W.H. Farrand10, I. Fleischer11, R. Gellert12, M.P. Golombek13, J. Grant14, J. Grotzinger9, A. Hayes9, K.E. Herkenhoff15, J.R. Johnson15, B. Jolliff3, G. Klingelhöfer11, A. Knudson4, R. Li16, T.J. McCoy17, S.M. McLennan18, D.W. Ming19, D.W. Mittlefehldt19, R.V. Morris19, J.W. Rice Jr.4, C. Schröder11, R.J. Sullivan1, A. Yen13, R.A. Yingst20 1 Dept. of Astronomy, Space Sciences Bldg., Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA 2 Botanical Museum, Harvard University, Cambridge MA 02138, USA 3 Dept.
    [Show full text]
  • The Effect of Giant Lateral Collapses on Magma Pathways and the Location of Volcanism
    Originally published as: Maccaferri, F., Richter, N., Walter, T. R. (2017): The effect of giant lateral collapses on magma pathways and the location of volcanism. ‐ Nature Communications, 8. DOI: http://doi.org/10.1038/s41467‐017‐01256‐2 ARTICLE DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-01256-2 OPEN The effect of giant lateral collapses on magma pathways and the location of volcanism Francesco Maccaferri1, Nicole Richter1 & Thomas R. Walter1 Flank instability and lateral collapse are recurrent processes during the structural evolution of volcanic edifices, and they affect and are affected by magmatic activity. It is known that dyke intrusions have the potential to destabilise the flanks of a volcano, and that lateral collapses may change the style of volcanism and the arrangement of shallow dykes. However, the effect of a large lateral collapse on the location of a new eruptive centre remains unclear. Here, we use a numerical approach to simulate the pathways of magmatic intrusions underneath the volcanic edifice, after the stress redistribution resulting from a large lateral collapse. Our simulations are quantitatively validated against the observations at Fogo vol- cano, Cabo Verde. The results reveal that a lateral collapse can trigger a significant deflection of deep magma pathways in the crust, favouring the formation of a new eruptive centre within the collapse embayment. Our results have implications for the long-term evolution of intraplate volcanic ocean islands. 1 German Research Centre for Geosciences (GFZ), Potsdam, 14473, Germany. Correspondence and requests for materials should be addressed to F.M. (email: [email protected]) NATURE COMMUNICATIONS | 8: 1097 | DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-01256-2 | www.nature.com/naturecommunications 1 ARTICLE NATURE COMMUNICATIONS | DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-01256-2 specially tall and active volcanoes are prone to flank observed at numerous volcanic ocean islands15,29,34,35, including – Einstability which may lead to failure and sector collapse1 3.
    [Show full text]
  • Reconstituição Da Erupção De 2014/2015 Do Vulcão Do Fogo (Cabo Verde) Através De Imagens De Detecção Remota
    Reconstituição da erupção de 2014/2015 do vulcão do Fogo (Cabo Verde) através de imagens de detecção remota Vasco de Pina Aresta Branco Miranda Dissertação para obtenção do Grau de Mestre em Engenharia Geológica e de Minas Orientadores: Professor Doutor Pedro Miguel Berardo Duarte Pina Doutora Sandra Isabel das Neves Heleno da Silva Júri Presidente: Professora Doutora Maria Teresa da Cruz Carvalho Orientador: Professor Doutor Pedro Miguel Berardo Duarte Pina Vogal: Professora Doutora Carla Andreia da Silva Mora Maio de 2018 ii Declaração Declaro que o presente documento é um trabalho original da minha autoria e que cumpre todos os requisitos do Código de Conduta e Boas Práticas da Universidade de Lisboa. iii iv Agradecimentos Para a realização deste trabalho, foi notável o apoio de família, amigos e professores, que merecem reconhecimento. Em primeiro lugar, agradeço aos meus pais pelo apoio e formação que me deram ao longo dos anos, incutindo-me os valores e proporcionando-me as ferramentas para chegar onde me encontro hoje. À minha namorada, que me acompanhou e apoiou durante todo o meu percurso universitário, com amizade e respeito. Aos meus amigos, pela companhia, amizade e sábios conselhos sem os quais não teria sido possível a minha realização académica ou pessoal. Aos meus professores que, desde sempre, me guiaram, ensinaram e dotaram de espírito crítico, essencial para o trabalho científico. Em particular, ao Doutor Pedro Pina e Doutora Sandra Heleno pela orientação da qual resulta o presente trabalho. Aos meus colegas, que embora sejam já referidos no agradecimento aos meus amigos, merecem relevo adicional por comigo terem “sobrevivido” ao árduo caminho académico com empenho e boa disposição.
    [Show full text]
  • E-Book on Dynamic Geology of the Northern Cordillera (Alaska and Western Canada) and Adjacent Marine Areas: Tectonics, Hazards, and Resources
    Dynamic Geology of the Northern Cordillera (Alaska and Western Canada) and Adjacent Marine Areas: Tectonics, Hazards, and Resources Item Type Book Authors Bundtzen, Thomas K.; Nokleberg, Warren J.; Price, Raymond A.; Scholl, David W.; Stone, David B. Download date 03/10/2021 23:23:17 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/11122/7994 University of Alaska, U.S. Geological Survey, Pacific Rim Geological Consulting, Queens University REGIONAL EARTH SCIENCE FOR THE LAYPERSON THROUGH PROFESSIONAL LEVELS E-Book on Dynamic Geology of the Northern Cordillera (Alaska and Western Canada) and Adjacent Marine Areas: Tectonics, Hazards, and Resources The E-Book describes, explains, and illustrates the have been subducted and have disappeared under the nature, origin, and geological evolution of the amazing Northern Cordillera. mountain system that extends through the Northern In alphabetical order, the marine areas adjacent to the Cordillera (Alaska and Western Canada), and the Northern Cordillera are the Arctic Ocean, Beaufort Sea, intriguing geology of adjacent marine areas. Other Bering Sea, Chukchi Sea, Gulf of Alaska, and the Pacific objectives are to describe geological hazards (i.e., Ocean. volcanic and seismic hazards) and geological resources (i.e., mineral and fossil fuel resources), and to describe the scientific, economic, and social significance of the earth for this region. As an example, the figure on the last page illustrates earthquakes belts for this dangerous part of the globe. What is the Northern Cordillera? The Northern Cordillera is comprised of Alaska and Western Canada. Alaska contains a series of parallel mountain ranges, and intervening topographic basins and plateaus. From north to south, the major mountain ranges are the Brooks Range, Kuskokwim Mountains, Aleutian Range, Alaska Range, Wrangell Mountains, and the Chugach Mountains.
    [Show full text]