Analytical

The Jungian approach to analysis and has been undergoing an extensive reconsideration during the past decade. calls special attention to the areas which have been most impacted: the core con- cepts and practices of the Jungian tradition, along with relevant intellectual and historical background. Internationally renowned authors drawing on the forefront of advances in neuroscience, , , and philosophical and historical studies, provide an overview of the most important aspects of these develop- ments. Beginning with a chronicle of the history of the Jungian movement, areas covered include:

• A background to the notion of “”. • Human development from a Jungian perspective. • A creative extension of Jung’s theory of . • Re-evaluation of traditional Jungian methods of treatment in the light of contemporary scientific findings. • Jungian development of and . • A new formulation of .

Analytical Psychology presents a unique opportunity to witness a school of psychotherapy going through a renaissance. Drawing on original insights from its founder, C.G. Jung, this book helps focus and shape the current state of analytical psychology and points to areas for future exploration.

Joseph Cambray is the Honorary Secretary of the International for Analytical Psychology and co-editor-in-chief of the Journal of Analytical Psychology. Linda Carter is in private practice in , MA and Providence, RI. She is on the faculty of the C.G. Jung Institute of Boston, where she supervises and teaches analysts in training. Advancing Theory in Series Editor: Keith Tudor

Most books covering therapeutic approaches are aimed at the trainee/student market. This series, however, is concerned with advanced and advancing theory, offering the reader comparative and comparable coverage of a number of therapeutic approaches.

Aimed at professionals and postgraduates, Advancing Theory in Therapy will cover an impressive range of individual theories. With full reference to case studies throughout, each title will

• present cutting-edge research findings • locate each theory and its application within its cultural context • develop a critical view of theory and practice

Titles in the series

Body Psychotherapy Edited by Tree Staunton

Transactional Analysis: A Relational Perspective Helena Hargaden and Charlotte Sills

Adlerian Psychotherapy: An Advanced Approach to Ursula E. Oberst and Alan E. Stewart

Rational Emotive : Theoretical Developments Edited by Windy Dryden

Co-Counselling: The Theory and Practice of Re-evaluation Counselling Katie Kauffman and Caroline New

Analytical Psychology: Contemporary Perspectives in Jungian Analysis Edited by Joe Cambray and Linda Carter Analytical Psychology

Contemporary perspectives in Jungian analysis

Edited by Joseph Cambray and Linda Carter First published 2004 by Brunner-Routledge 27 Church Road, Hove, East Sussex BN3 2FA Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada by Brunner-Routledge 270 Madison Avenue, New York NY 10016 This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2004. Brunner-Routledge is an imprint of T&F Informa plc Copyright © 2004 selection and editorial matter, Joseph Cambray and Linda Carter; individual chapters, the contributors. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. This publication has been produced with paper manufactured to strict environmental standards and with pulp derived from sustainable forests. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Analytical psychology / edited by Joseph Cambray and Linda Carter.—1st ed. p. cm. — (Advancing theory in therapy) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 1-58391-998-8 (hardcover : alk. paper) — ISBN 1-58391-999-6 (pbk. : alk. paper) 1. Jungian psychology. I. Cambray, Joseph. II. Carter, Linda. III. Title. IV. Series.

BF173.A655 2004 150.19′54–dc22 2004002997 ISBN 0-203-49204-8 Master e-book ISBN

ISBN 0-203-59372-3 (Adobe eReader Format) ISBN 1-58391-998-8 (hbk) ISBN 1-58391-999-6 (pbk) Contents

List of figures vii List of contributors viii Series preface xi

Introduction 1 JOSEPH CAMBRAY AND LINDA CARTER

1 History of analytical psychology 5 THOMAS B. KIRSCH

2 : and the ’s deep structure 32 GEORGE B. HOGENSON

3 Developmental aspects of analytical psychology: new perspectives from and 56 JEAN KNOX

4 Understanding through the theory of psychological types 83 JOHN BEEBE

5 Analytic methods revisited 116 JOSEPH CAMBRAY AND LINDA CARTER

6 Transference and countertransference: contemporary perspectives 149 JAN WIENER

7 The emerging theory of cultural complexes 176 THOMAS SINGER AND SAMUEL L. KIMBLES vi Contents

8 Spiritual and religious aspects of modern analysis 204 MURRAY STEIN

9 Synchronicity as emergence 223 JOSEPH CAMBRAY

10 The ethical in analytic training and practice 249 HESTER McFARLAND SOLOMON

11 Endnotes 266 BEVERLEY ZABRISKIE

Index 273 Figures

4.1 The 16 possible MBTI configurations 104 4.2 Archetypal complexes carrying the eight functions 110 5.1 Nodal network of amplifications 126 5.2 Network around the Calcinatio 127 8.1 Drawing of a dream spider 218 Contributors

John Beebe trained as a at Stanford University Medical Center, where he was Chief Resident in 1970–1971. Since 1971, he has been in the private practice of psychotherapy in San Francisco. Trained at the C.G. Jung Institute of San Francisco, he became an analyst in 1978. A past president of the San Francisco Institute, he is active in its training program and is a frequent lecturer internationally on topics related to analytical psychology. He founded the San Francisco Jung Institute Library Journal in 1979, and was the first American co-editor of the Journal of Analytical Psychology from 1990 to 1997. He is the author of Integrity in Depth (1992) and the editor of several books, including C.G. Jung’s Aspects of the Masculine (1989) and Terror, Violence and the Impulse to Destroy (2003). Joseph Cambray, PhD is the Honorary Secretary of the International Associ- ation for Analytical Psychology, co-editor-in-chief of the Journal of Ana- lytical Psychology, and the author of various articles on the theory and practice of Jungian analysis. He is a member of the New England Society of Jungian Analysts, past president of the C.G. Jung Institute, Boston, and is on the faculty of the Center for Psychoanalytic Studies at Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard University. He maintains private psychotherapy practices in Boston, MA and Providence, RI. Linda Carter, MSN, CS graduated from Georgetown and Yale Universities. She is a graduate of the C.G. Jung Institute of Boston where she is on the faculty, supervising and teaching analysts in training. She has pre- sented papers at national and international conferences including explor- ations of night terrors. She has private practices in Boston, MA and Providence, RI. George B. Hogenson, PhD is a training analyst in the Chicago Society of Jungian Analysts. He is the author of Jung’s Struggle with Freud, and numerous articles on the history and theory of analytical psychology. He holds advanced degrees from Yale University () and the Contributors ix

University of Chicago (clinical social work) and is a leading exponent of the dynamic systems or emergentist interpretation of Jung’s system of psychology. Samuel L. Kimbles, PhD is a clinical , Jungian analyst, and organizational consultant. He is an Associate Clinical Professor of Family and Community Medicine at the University of California, San Francisco, and maintains a private practice in Santa Rosa and San Francisco, CA. Thomas B. Kirsch, MD is a Jungian analyst in private practice in Palo Alto, CA. He is Past President, C.G. Jung Institute, San Francisco, Past President of the International Association for Analytical Psychology, and member of the Academy of Psychoanalysis. He is also the author of numerous articles and book reviews on analytical psychology, and The Jungians, published by Routledge (2000). Jean Knox, PhD, MBBS, MRCPsych is a psychiatrist and Jungian analyst in private practice in Oxford, and co-editor-in-chief of the Journal of Ana- lytical Psychology. She has published a number of papers exploring the links between analytical psychology and cognitive neuroscience and attachment theory, and her book Archetype, Attachment, Analysis: Jungian Psychology and the Emergent Mind was published by Brunner-Routledge in 2003. Hester McFarland Solomon is Vice President of the IAAP, with past responsibility as Chair of the Ethics Procedures Sub-Committee and Eth- ics Liaison, and is currently Chair of the Grants and Research Sub- Committee. She is a training analyst and supervisor for the Jungian Section of the British Association of Psychotherapists. She has been Chair of the BAP’s Council, its Training Committee, and its Ethics Committee, and is a Fellow of the Association. She has published widely and has co-edited three books: Jungian in the Modern World, Contempor- ary Jungian Clinical Practice, and most recently The Ethical Attitude in Analytic Practice. Thomas Singer, MD is a psychiatrist and Jungian analyst in San Francisco. He is on the faculty of UCSF Medical Center and a Medical Expert for the Federal Social Security system. A member of the San Francisco C.G. Jung Institute, Dr Singer has written Who’s the Patient Here? Portraits of the Young Psychotherapist and A Fan’s Guide to Baseball Fever: The Official Medical Reference. He has edited The Vision Thing: , Politics and Psyche in the World and has recently co-edited The Cultural : Contemporary Jungian Perspectives on Psyche and Society. Murray Stein, PhD is the President of the International Association for Ana- lytical Psychology. He has lectured widely and has written several papers and a book (Jung’s Treatment of Christianity) on the subject of analytical x Contributors

psychology and spirituality. After living and practising as a Jungian Analyst for 25 years in Chicago, he now resides in Switzerland. Jan Wiener is a training analyst and supervisor for the Society of Analytical Psychology (SAP) and the British Association of Psychotherapists. She is at present Director of Training at the SAP. She works part-time in an out- patient psychotherapy clinic in Thorpe Coombe Hospital, Walthamstow and in private practice. For the past 10 years she has visited St Petersburg, Russia, teaching and supervising students interested in analytical psych- ology. She is co-liaison officer for the IAAP of the St Petersburg Develop- ing Group in Analytical Psychology. She is author of a number of papers on analytical psychology and of Counselling and Psychotherapy in Primary Health Care: A Psychodynamic Approach (1998), written with Mannie Sher and published by Palgrave/Macmillan. More recently, together with Richard Mizen and Jenny Duckham, she has edited Supervising and Being Supervised: A Practice in Search of a Theory (2003), published by Palgrave/ Macmillan. Beverley Zabriskie, a Jungian analyst in private practice in , is an Assistant Editor of the Journal of Analytical Psychology. She has been a member of the faculties of the C.G. Jung Institute of New York and the C.G. Jung Center of Mexico City. Publications include “A meeting of rare minds”, Preface to Atom and Archetype: The Pauli-Jung Correspondence, Princeton University Press, 2001 and “The psyche as process”, Psycho- analytic Dialogues, 10(3), 2000. She is a past president of the National Association for the Advancement of Psychoanalysis. Series preface

This series focuses on advanced and advancing theory in psychotherapy. Its aims are: to present theory and practice within a specific theoretical orienta- tion or approach at an advanced, postgraduate level; to advance theory by presenting and evaluating new ideas and their relation to the approach; to locate the orientation and its applications within cultural contexts both historically in terms of the origins of the approach, and contemporarily in terms of current debates about philosophy, theory, society and therapy; and, finally, to present and develop a critical view of theory and practice, espe- cially in the context of debates about power, organisation and the increasing professionalisation of therapy. As editiors of this volume, Joe Cambray and Linda Carter have commis- sioned chapters of high academic quality from respected practitioners and theorists in the field of analytical psychology. They have, with great thought and care, constructed a book which takes the reader through a number of contemporary debates concerning key concepts and developments in this field, including archetypes, human development, consciousness, types, and synchronicity. The whole volume works on what the editors refer to as (two) axes: the intellectual/historical – which not only forms the cultural matrix for Jung’s model of the psyche but also acts as a frame for the sub- sequent intellectual and organisational development of analytical psych- ology; and the developmental – which encompasses the reconsideration and reworking of core concepts of theory and method. From its first chapter, which considers the history of analytical psychology, the book holds and combines a focus on past, present and future. The contributors draw on Jung’s own body of work, focus on and, to a certain extent, shape the current state of analytical psychology, and point to future areas for exploration. Drawing on developments in neuroscientific, evolutionary, psychoanalytic, philosophical and historical studies, both authors and editors fulfill the brief of the series, inviting the reader into important interdisciplinary territory. Notwithstanding its advancing nature and the sophistication of the ideas it contains, this volume stands as readable, accessible and stimulating to a xii Series preface general, professional audience as well as to those in the field of analytical pyschology.

Keith Tudor Introduction

Joseph Cambray and Linda Carter

This volume calls attention to recent developments in analytical psychology along several axes, the first being the intellectual, historical background which in part formed the cultural matrix for Jung’s articulation of his model of the psyche. This perspective has been emerging in recent years with numerous journal articles on Jung’s ideas as well as a number of new biog- raphies that have shed light on various aspects of his background, the most definitive being the recently published biography by Deirdre Bair, Jung: A Biography (2003); and the first large-scale intellectual history, Jung and the Making of Modern Psychology: The Dream of a Science by the historian of analytical psychology . The second axis includes reconsideration of core concepts and practices in the Jungian tradition, which can be corroborated, elaborated and enhanced by the influx of innova- tive ideas from diverse fields such as cognitive science and neuroscience, attachment theory, psychoanalysis, and complexity theory. These approaches have been increasingly employed in the recent literature; they have been the focus of multidisciplinary conferences including the international Congress of the International Association for Analytical Psychology (IAAP) in Barce- lona, Spain, August 2004. Similarly, these viewpoints are variously threaded throughout the chapters. Integration of this new information offered in the present volume serves to deepen and strengthen as well as modify the Jungian position and identity while offering dialogue with psychotherapists from other schools, psychoanalysts, scientists, and scholars. The present text assumes a basic familiarity with core Jungian concepts. For a good contemporary introduction to Jung’s work see Ann Casement’s Carl Gustav Jung (2001); a concise, readily accessible presentation of numer- ous concepts can be found in , et. al.’s A Critical Dictionary of Jungian Analysis (1986). Patient permission and protection of confidential- ity have been maintained throughout the text. Chapter 1 deals with the history of analytical psychology written by Thomas B. Kirsch, past-president of the IAAP and author on various aspects of Jungian history including his The Jungians: A Comparative and Historical Perspective, a detailed account which chronicles the history of the Jungian 2 Cambray and Carter movement in its transition from an oral to a written tradition. Here he skill- fully weaves together biography with social history, giving a background and frame for the following chapters. Wide interest in multiple facets of historical studies on Jung, his ideas, and the movement that derives from his work has become evident from the three well-attended Jungian history symposia spearheaded by Tom in collaboration with one of the editors of this book (JC), co-sponsored by the C.G. Jung Institute of San Francisco and the Journal of Analytical Psychology, in addition to the abovementioned recent biographies and intellectual histories. Author, analyst and scholar George Hogenson examines the intellectual history behind one of Jung’s signature concepts, the archetype, in Chapter 2. After introducing various views on the “archetype” he explores uses of the term in the history of the biological sciences. Following his tracing of Jung’s development of the concept, he elaborates the emergentist model that he presented in his 2001 Journal of Analytical Psychology paper “The Baldwin Effect revisited.” While free-standing, this chapter also fits well into the cor- pus of his other works in the area of the history of ideas with a special interest in the scientific roots of Jung’s major concepts. These studies have included a careful look at Jung’s philosophical and scientific sources and differentiated them from Freud’s. In Chapter 3, analyst Jean Knox, the UK co-editor-in-chief of the Journal of Analytical Psychology and author of the recent book