DOCSLIB.ORG

Kamoliddin Sh. Ancient Turkic Toponyms of the Middle Asia.Pdf

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Kamoliddin Sh. Ancient Turkic Toponyms of the Middle Asia.Pdf Shamsiddin Kamoliddin Ancient Turkic Toponyms of the Middle Asia 1 Shamsiddin Kamoliddin ANCIENT TURKIC TOPONYMS OF THE MIDDLE ASIA Ancient Turkic Place-Names in Ancient and Early Medieval Sources LAP LAMBERT Academic Publishing 2 Impressum/Imprint (nur für Deutschland/only for Germany) Bibliografische information der Deutschen Nationalbibliothek: Die Deutsche Nationalbibliothek verzeichnet diese Publikation in der Deutschen Nationalbibliografie; detaillierte bibliografische Daten sin dim Internet über http://dnb.d-nb.de abrufbar. Alle im diesem Buch genannten Marken und Produktnamen unterliegen warenzeichen-, marken- oder patentrechtlichem Schutz bzw. sind Warenzeichen oder eingetragene Warenzeichen der jeweiligen Inhaber. Die Wiedergabe von Marken, Produktnamen Gebrauchsnamen, Handelsnamen, Warenbezeichnungen u.s.w. in diesem Werk berechtigt auch ohne besondere Kennzeichnung nicht zu der Annahme, dass solche Namen im Sinne der Warenzeichen- und Markenschutzgesetzgebung als frei zu betrachten wären und daher von jedermann benutzt warden dürften. Coverblind: www.ingimage.com Verlag: LAP LAMBERT Academic Publishing GmbH & Co. KG Dudweiler Landstr. 99, 66123 Saarbrücken, Deutschland Telefon +49 681 3720-310, Telefax +49 681 3720-3109 Email: [email protected] Herstellung in Deutschland: Schaltungsdienst Lange o.H.G., Berlin Books on Demand GmbH, Norderstedt Reha GmbH, Saarbrücken Amazon Distribution GmbH, Leipzig ISBN: 978-3-8383-9828-0 Imprint (only for USA, GB) Bibliographic information published by the Deutsche Nationalbibliothek: The Deutsche Nationalbibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Nationalbibliografie; detailed bibliographic data are available in the Internet at http://dnb.d-nb.de Any brand names and product names mentioned in this book are subject to trademark, brand or patent protection and are trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective holders. The use of brand names, product names, common names, trade names , product descriptions etc. even without a particular marking in this works is in no way to be construed to mean that such names may be regarded as unrestricted in respect of trademark and brand protection legislation and could thus be used by anyone. Coverimage: www.ingimage.com Publisher: LAP Lambert Academic Publishing GmbH & Co. KG Dudweiler Landstr. 99, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany Telefon +49 681 3720-310, Telefax +49 681 3720-3109 Email: [email protected] Printed in the U.S.A. Printed in the U.K. by (see last page) ISBN: 978-3-8383-9828-0 Copyright © 2010 by the author and LAP LAMBERT Academic Publishing GmbH & Co. KG and licensors All rights reserved. Saarbrücken 2010 3 Kamoliddin S.S.Ancient Türkic Toponyms of the Middle Asia (Turkic Place-Names in Ancient and Early Medieval Sources). In this book the ancient Türkic toponyms of Middle Asia is investigated according to early medieval textual sources of the 7th – the beginning of 13th century on Arabian, Persian, Türkic and other languages. In addition to the written sources, in work are also used materials of medieval numismatics and epigraphics. The book will present interest for historians, philologists, orientalists and türkologists, and also for everyone who is interested in an ancient and medieval history of Middle Asia. © Shamsiddin Sirojiddin ogly Kamoliddin 4 CONTENTS Introduction P a r t 1. Physico-Geographical toponyms Macrotoponyms Hydronyms Oponyms Part 2. Types of Türkic toponyms Ethnotoponyms Anthropotoponyms Calques Hibrid toponyms Türkic topoformants Affixes P a r t 3. Northern Turkistan Yeti-su Syr-Darya basin Cach Farghana Khorezm P a r t 4. Central Turkistan Ustrushana Northern Sogd Western Sogd Eastern Sogd South Sogd P a r t 5. Southern Turkistan Northern Tokharistan South Tokharistan 5 Khurasan Conclusion Rezume Literature Abbreviations Proper names Place names Ethnonyms 6 INTRODUCTION Toponymic science firmly learned that territory of this or that people both in the present, and in the past can be determined with the help of toponymic areals [Ageeva 1979: 74]. Toponyms are an extremely valuable source, a kind of “language of the land”, it gives frequently more for the solution of ethnogenetical problems than tens of fortresses or burials, than the inadequate and confused testimony of ancient and medieval authors, than studies of revered researchers. In the “language of the land” the ancient natives of territory had left stronger historical trace than great commanders who chiseled stone inscriptions. “Language of the land” does not allow falsification. Geographical names are a type of documentary source inherently similar to archeological materials not dated and not deformed by time [Murzaev 1982: 43-44]. However, archeological monuments are unfortunately mute: disclosing the material culture and even social relations of the past, they are silent about the languages of the founders of these cultures [Nikonov 1978: 88]. Like archeology, toponyms have a number of layers belonging to different periods of time. Determining the language of ancient names is not an easy task. A historian studying historical toponyms should treat with care the results of works of even recognized authorities in the linguistics, and should involve whenever possible all complex of the available historical and geographical data [Ageeva 1979: 73, 76]. Many place names recorded in the sources as Greco-Roman and Chinese names in the base have Eastern Iranian or Türkic origin. The toponyms given in the Chinese sources usually are calques or equivalents of the local Türkic or Iranian-lingual names [Umurzakov 1978: 54-55]. Precise etymologizing of these names demands from researcher even greater scrupulousness and all-round analysis. Any place name exists not only from the moment of its recording in the sources. Hundreds, and maybe thousands years before the recording it could have been in the oral speech. Besides, far from all ancient toponyms were recorded in the written sources [Karaev 1985: 27]. One of the most ancient toponyms are the names of Iranian origin that survived in the territory of the Middle Asia1 everywhere, both in the Turan plains, and in the Pamir mountains, but much less of them are in the mountain the areas of the Inner Tian- Shan, in the Yeti-su and the steppe areas of Kazakhstan. However, it is impossible to assert that the Iranian names are the most ancient in the region [Karaev 1991: 130]. There is a number of toponyms that can’t be 1 Under the term “Middle Asia” we mean territory of the natural physical geographical Turkistan region limited in the west by the east the bank of Caspian Sea, in the north including Aral-Irtysh watershed, in the east – Tian-Shan, Pamir and Alai mountains, and in the south – Hindukush and Kopet Dagh mountains [Musketov 1915: 15]. In politico-administrative relation this term includes Uzbekistan, Tadjikistan, Turkmenistan, Kyrgyzstan, northern part of Afghanistan and a southern part of Kazakhstan. 7 positively attributed to establish their linguistic association2. In the southern zone of the northern hemisphere the initial toponyms began forming tens of thousand years ago [Koraev 1980: 16]. Is not also entirely true that only Iranists-Islamists are studying the historical geography of the Early Islamic period in the Middle Asia [Lurie 2004: 29]. Certainly, the toponymy is, first of all, a linguistic science. However it does not belong to the linguists only [Lurie 2004: 29]. Etymologizing toponyms, alongside with the linguistic analysis, requires a study of the history, areal geography, and also specifics of the vision of localities and geographical conditions by the native speaking people. Solely linguistic approach, without taking into account historical and geographical data not always results in reliable ethymology [Musaev 1984: 198]. And in antiquity, and Middle Ages, like today, the toponyms was a research object of not only linguists, but also historians and geographers. The materials of archeologicalal results do not allow to connect directly the Middle Asian civilization that arose in the 1st millenium BC with the cultures of the Bronze Age in the same territory. The most ancient pre-Indo-Iranian cultures in the Middle Asian interfluvial could be created by a traibal society and not necessarily connected with more complex forms of the social structure [Zeimal 1987: 152]. It is known that since the 5th – 4th milleniums BC, settled agricultural-cattle breeding communities with rudimentary proto-city cultures developed in the south of the Middle Asia, i. e. long before the coming of the Indo- Arian tribes [Masson 1984: 59-60]. Who were the founders of these most ancient cultures of the Middle Asia is not established till now. Supposedly, before the Indoarian occupation of the Middle Asia in the middle or the second half of the 2nd millenium BC, its southern areas were peopled by carriers of the Dravidian languages [Winters 1990: 120- 144]3. The newest toponymic and linguistic research allow to posit that in the 2nd millenium BC carriers of the Dravidian languages were in immediate contact with the carriers of proto-Türkic languages [Musaev 1984: 148-153], however their connections were severed by the invasion of the Indoarian newcomers [Iskhakov 1999: 251-255]. In some Türkic languages in the European part of Russia (Bulgarian, Khazarian, Chuvash), Siberia (Yakut) and the Far East survived the traces of the proto-Türkic language widespread in the most ancient times in the southern part of the Middle Asia. These relicts point to the presence in the 2 Among these are
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Fungal Contamination and Chemical
    Fungal contamination and chemical assessment of Iranian Doogh marketed in Hamadan, Iran Abbas Ali Sari1, Negar Sasanian1, Mohammadreza Pajohi-Alamoti1, Nazanin Sasanian2 Journal of Research & Health Abstract Social Development & Health Promotion Research Center Doogh is an Iranian traditional dairy-based drink product formally Early View 23 Sep 2017 identified as Iranian national drink. This fermented acidified drink Original Article has high nutritional value and pleasant organoleptic properties. 1. Department of Food Hygiene and Quality Samples (n= 120) collected from both industrial and traditional Control, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bu-Ali Doogh retail stores in Hamadan in 2015 were analyzed for Sina University, Hamedan, Iran total solids (%), pH, titratable acidity, salt (%), mold and yeasts 2. Department of Food Science and Technology, National Nutrition and Food count (cfu/ml) according to the Iranian National Standards (no. Technology Research Institute, Faculty of 2453). Results showed that 100% and 24% of the traditional Nutrition Sciences and Food Technology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical and industrial Doogh samples had fungal contamination over Sciences, Tehran, Iran than 100 cfu/ml, respectively. Moreover, the mean values of Correspondence to: Abbas Ali Sari, Department of Food Hygiene and Quality titratable acidity, pH, salt, and total solids showed a significant Control, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bu-Ali between-group difference. According to this study, employing Sina University, Hamedan, Iran Email: [email protected] hygiene programs regarding the production processes is highly recommended. Received: 6 Jun 2016 Accepted: 25 Sep 2016 Keywords: Chemical, Contamination, Dairy, Fungal, Hamadan How to cite this article: Sari AA, Sasanian N, Pajohi-Alamoti M, Sasanian N.
    [Show full text]
  • Dairy Technology in the Tropics and Subtropics / J.C.T
    Dairytechnolog yi nth etropic s and subtropics J.C.T. van den Berg Pudoc Wageningen 1988 J.C.T.va n den Berg graduated as a dairy technologist from Wageningen Agricultural University in 1946,an d then worked for the Royal Netherlands Dairy Federation (FNZ). From 1954t o 1970 he was dairy advisor for milk and milk products at the Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries. Thereafter, he worked for the International Agricultural Centre, Wageningen, on assignments concerning dairy development and dairy technology in many countries inAfrica , Asia and Latin America; heha s lived and worked inCost a Rica, Pakistan and Turkey. From 1982unti l his retire­ ment, he was a guest worker at Wageningen Agricultural University, where he lectured on production, marketing and processing of milk in tropical and subtropical countries. CIP-DATA KONINKLIJKE BIBLIOTHEEK, DEN HAAG Berg, J.C.T. van den Dairy technology in the tropics and subtropics / J.C.T. van den Berg. - Wageningen : PUDOC. - 111. With index, ref. ISBN 90-220-0927-0 bound SISO 633.9 UDC 637.1(213) NUGI 835 Subject headings: dairy technology ; tropics / dairy technology ; subtropics. ISBN 90 220 0927 0 NUGI 835 © Centre for Agricultural Publishing and Documentation (Pudoc), Wageningen, the Nether­ lands, 1988. No part of this publication, apart from bibliographic data and brief quotations embodied in critical reviews,ma y bereproduced , re-recorded or published inan y form including print, photo­ copy, microfilm, electronic or electromagnetic record without written permission from the pub­ lisher Pudoc, P.O. Box 4, 6700 AA Wageningen, the Netherlands. Printed in the Netherlands.
    [Show full text]
  • Issues of Society and Its Formation in the System of Social Thought in Central Asia S
    NOVATEUR PUBLICATIONS JournalNX- A Multidisciplinary Peer Reviewed Journal ISSN No: 2581 - 4230 VOLUME 6, ISSUE 7, July -2020 ISSUES OF SOCIETY AND ITS FORMATION IN THE SYSTEM OF SOCIAL THOUGHT IN CENTRAL ASIA S. K. KARIMOV Professor of Samarkand State University, Doctor of Philosophy ABSTRACT: tendency to live as a community constitutes the Our great thinkers have tried to content of human life. Pharoah put it this way: understand the essence of a society that is ò%•≤π ®µ≠°Æ •©Æß ©≥ ≥¥≤µ£¥µ≤•§ ©Æ ≥µ£® ° ° constantly changing and evolving, to that he needs a lot of things to live and achieve understand the place and role of man in a high level of maturity, he cannot achieve such society. In different historical periods, the things alone, he needs a community of people essence of society has been explained to have them. ... For this reason it is only through mythological, religious teachings. through the union of many that are necessary The scientific and philosophical knowledge for survival, that bring people together, and of the nature of society, the creation of a that help one another, that man can attain the holistic scientific picture of society has been maturity he naturally strives for. The activities a great achievement of the spiritual of such community members as a whole development of mankind. In this sense, provide each of them with the things they need society is a part of nature, a concept that to survive and mature. Therefore, human represents a separate form of being; a beings multiplied and settled in the inhabited special form of association of people, a set part of the earth, and as a result, a human of many relationships that apply between £Ø≠Æ©¥π ∑°≥ ¶Ø≤≠•§ä ó #©¥ ض .Ø¢¨• 0•Ø∞¨•á people.
    [Show full text]
  • LCSH Section W
    W., D. (Fictitious character) William Kerr Scott Lake (N.C.) Waaddah Island (Wash.) USE D. W. (Fictitious character) William Kerr Scott Reservoir (N.C.) BT Islands—Washington (State) W.12 (Military aircraft) BT Reservoirs—North Carolina Waaddah Island (Wash.) USE Hansa Brandenburg W.12 (Military aircraft) W particles USE Waadah Island (Wash.) W.13 (Seaplane) USE W bosons Waag family USE Hansa Brandenburg W.13 (Seaplane) W-platform cars USE Waaga family W.29 (Military aircraft) USE General Motors W-cars Waag River (Slovakia) USE Hansa Brandenburg W.29 (Military aircraft) W. R. Holway Reservoir (Okla.) USE Váh River (Slovakia) W.A. Blount Building (Pensacola, Fla.) UF Chimney Rock Reservoir (Okla.) Waaga family (Not Subd Geog) UF Blount Building (Pensacola, Fla.) Holway Reservoir (Okla.) UF Vaaga family BT Office buildings—Florida BT Lakes—Oklahoma Waag family W Award Reservoirs—Oklahoma Waage family USE Prix W W. R. Motherwell Farmstead National Historic Park Waage family W.B. Umstead State Park (N.C.) (Sask.) USE Waaga family USE William B. Umstead State Park (N.C.) USE Motherwell Homestead National Historic Site Waahi, Lake (N.Z.) W bosons (Sask.) UF Lake Rotongaru (N.Z.) [QC793.5.B62-QC793.5.B629] W. R. Motherwell Stone House (Sask.) Lake Waahi (N.Z.) UF W particles UF Motherwell House (Sask.) Lake Wahi (N.Z.) BT Bosons Motherwell Stone House (Sask.) Rotongaru, Lake (N.Z.) W. Burling Cocks Memorial Race Course at Radnor BT Dwellings—Saskatchewan Wahi, Lake (N.Z.) Hunt (Malvern, Pa.) W.S. Payne Medical Arts Building (Pensacola, Fla.) BT Lakes—New Zealand UF Cocks Memorial Race Course at Radnor Hunt UF Medical Arts Building (Pensacola, Fla.) Waʻahila Ridge (Hawaii) (Malvern, Pa.) Payne Medical Arts Building (Pensacola, Fla.) BT Mountains—Hawaii BT Racetracks (Horse racing)—Pennsylvania BT Office buildings—Florida Waaihoek (KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa) W-cars W star algebras USE Waay Hoek (KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa : USE General Motors W-cars USE C*-algebras Farm) W.
    [Show full text]
  • Middlemen and Marcher States in Central Asia and East/West Empire Synchrony Christopher Chase-Dunn, Thomas D
    Middlemen and marcher states in Central Asia and East/West Empire Synchrony Christopher Chase-Dunn, Thomas D. Hall, Richard Niemeyer, Alexis Alvarez, Hiroko Inoue, Kirk Lawrence, Anders Carlson, Benjamin Fierro, Matthew Kanashiro, Hala Sheikh-Mohamed and Laura Young Institute for Research on World-Systems University of California-Riverside Draft v.11 -1-06, 8365 words Abstract: East, West, Central and South Asia originally formed somewhat separate cultural zones and networks of interaction among settlements and polities, but during the late Bronze and early Iron Ages these largely separate regional systems came into increasing interaction with one another. Central Asian nomadic steppe pastoralist polities and agricultural oasis settlements mediated the East/West and North/South interactions. Earlier research has discovered that the growth/decline phases of empires in East and West Asia became synchronous around 140 BCE and that this synchrony lasted until about 1800 CE. This paper develops the comparative world-systems perspective on Central Asia and examines the growth and decline of settlements, empires and steppe confederations in Central Asia to test the hypothesis that the East/West empire synchrony may have been caused by linkages that occurred with and across Central Asia. To be presented at the Research Conference on Middlemen Co-sponsored by the All-UC Economic History and All-UC World History Groups, November 3-5, 2006, UCSD IROWS Working Paper #30. http://irows.ucr.edu/papers/irows30/irows30.htm This paper is part of a larger research project on “Measuring and modeling cycles of state formation, decline and upward sweeps since the Bronze Age” NSF-SES 057720 http://irows.ucr.edu/research/citemp/citemp.html Earlier research has demonstrated a curious East/West synchrony from 140 BCE to 1800 CE.
    [Show full text]
  • Copyrighted Material
    INDEX Aodayixike Qingzhensi Baisha, 683–684 Abacus Museum (Linhai), (Ordaisnki Mosque; Baishui Tai (White Water 507 Kashgar), 334 Terraces), 692–693 Abakh Hoja Mosque (Xiang- Aolinpike Gongyuan (Olym- Baita (Chowan), 775 fei Mu; Kashgar), 333 pic Park; Beijing), 133–134 Bai Ta (White Dagoba) Abercrombie & Kent, 70 Apricot Altar (Xing Tan; Beijing, 134 Academic Travel Abroad, 67 Qufu), 380 Yangzhou, 414 Access America, 51 Aqua Spirit (Hong Kong), 601 Baiyang Gou (White Poplar Accommodations, 75–77 Arch Angel Antiques (Hong Gully), 325 best, 10–11 Kong), 596 Baiyun Guan (White Cloud Acrobatics Architecture, 27–29 Temple; Beijing), 132 Beijing, 144–145 Area and country codes, 806 Bama, 10, 632–638 Guilin, 622 The arts, 25–27 Bama Chang Shou Bo Wu Shanghai, 478 ATMs (automated teller Guan (Longevity Museum), Adventure and Wellness machines), 60, 74 634 Trips, 68 Bamboo Museum and Adventure Center, 70 Gardens (Anji), 491 AIDS, 63 ack Lakes, The (Shicha Hai; Bamboo Temple (Qiongzhu Air pollution, 31 B Beijing), 91 Si; Kunming), 658 Air travel, 51–54 accommodations, 106–108 Bangchui Dao (Dalian), 190 Aitiga’er Qingzhen Si (Idkah bars, 147 Banpo Bowuguan (Banpo Mosque; Kashgar), 333 restaurants, 117–120 Neolithic Village; Xi’an), Ali (Shiquan He), 331 walking tour, 137–140 279 Alien Travel Permit (ATP), 780 Ba Da Guan (Eight Passes; Baoding Shan (Dazu), 727, Altitude sickness, 63, 761 Qingdao), 389 728 Amchog (A’muquhu), 297 Bagua Ting (Pavilion of the Baofeng Hu (Baofeng Lake), American Express, emergency Eight Trigrams; Chengdu), 754 check
    [Show full text]
  • Business & Human Rights Resource Centre Berlin, 22 Januar 2019 Dear
    UZBEK-GERMAN FORUM FOR HUMAN RIGHTS E.V. Oppelner str. 48-49 10997 Berlin +49 (0)176 3120 2474 [email protected] www.uzbekgermanforum.org Business & Human Rights Resource Centre Berlin, 22 Januar 2019 Dear Ms Skybenko, On behalf of the Uzbek-German Forum for Human Rights (UGF), I am writing to draw your attention to the systemic use of forced labour by the Uzbek-Spanish joint ventures Maxam-Chirchiq and Ammofos- Maxam, located respectively in the cities of Chirchiq and Almalyk in the Tashkent region of Uzbekistan. Every year, employees from Maxam-Chirchiq and Ammofos-Maxam are forcibly sent to pick cotton for up to two months during the harvest. This often involves living and working in inappropriate conditions, away from their families, with inadequate food, water and sanitary facilities. Employees risk dismissal from their jobs for refusal to pick cotton and many who speak to journalists and human rights activists are unwilling to reveal their names for fear of reprisals by their employers. Our research has found that forced labour at Maxam-Chirchiq and Ammofos-Maxam is not limited to picking cotton. In the summer of 2018, 120 employees of Maxam-Chirchiq were forced to go to the city of Akhangaran every day (located 82 km from Chirchiq) to work on demolishing buildings and clearing construction waste. Employees of Maxam-Chirchiq and Ammofos-Maxam have been forcibly mobilised to harvest cotton every autumn for many years under orders of the Government of Uzbekistan. We are aware of two deaths of employees of Maxam-Chirchiq and Ammofos-Maxam related to work in the cotton fields during the harvests of 2014 and 2018.
    [Show full text]
  • G.K. Mukanova IDENTIFICATION of AL-FARABI: PROBLEM TRENDS
    ISSN 1563-0242 еISSN 2617-7978 Хабаршы. Журналистика сериясы. №1 (59) 2021 https://bulletin-journalism.kaznu.kz IRSTI 03.61; 19.21 https://doi.org/10.26577/HJ.2021.v59.i1.04 G.K. Mukanova Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Kazakhstan, Almaty, e-mail: [email protected] IDENTIFICATION OF AL-FARABI: PROBLEM TRENDS The article is devoted to the urgent problem of national identity, within the available information space. Monitoring of foreign publications revealed tendencies to unreasonably narrow or limit the impor- tance of the works of geniuses of scientific thought to ethnic boundaries. Using al-Farabi’s identification as an example, the author identifies and classifies system trends that demonstrate the duplication in time and space of “algorithms” that may contradict each other in the light of ideological concepts. Methods and materials relied on the basic principles of dialectics, logic and induction, comparative analysis and interdisciplinarity, in order to determine the subjective and objective factors of the forma- tion of national identity. The materials for the research were taken from sources obtained by means of digital technologies from the sites of foreign library funds and archival depositories of foreign research centers. We studied an array of thematic publications in English on Farabi studies in foreign countries. Digital copies of the publications of interest to us are indicated in the links. Scientific originality of the research lies in the detection of a complex of subjective and objective factors that influenced the external “design” of the identity of such an author of scientific treatises as al-Farabi in the context of different cultures.
    [Show full text]
  • Silk Road Small Group Tour for Seniors | Odyssey Traveller
    Australia 1300 888 225 New Zealand 0800 440 055 [email protected] From $15,750 AUD Single Room $18,750 AUD Twin Room $15,750 AUD Prices valid until 30th December 2021 29 days Duration China, Kyrgyzstan Destination Level 2 - Moderate Activity Travel on the Silk Road with Odyssey Traveller | Small Group Tour for Seniors May 09 2022 to Jun 06 2022 Silk Road Small Group Tour Odyssey Traveller’s 29-day fully escorted small group Silk Road tours for seniors take you on a journey across the Eurasian steppe, tracing the ancient trade routes collectively known as the Silk Road. This guided small group tour is for couples and solo travellers, it follows the Silk road across three countries, China , Kyrgyzstan and Uzbekistan . Some Silk road travel tours only offer the China Silk road tour , this is not one of them. Our next departure will be Silk road tours 2021, along this trade route , we last ran the silk road tours 2019 . The pandemic Travel on the Silk Road with Odyssey Traveller | Small Group Tour for Seniors 02-Oct-2021 1/19 https://www.odysseytraveller.com.au Australia 1300 888 225 New Zealand 0800 440 055 [email protected] prevented silk road tours 2020 from operating along the ancient silk road. The ancient Silk Road facilitated a two-way exchange of goods and ideas and led to the prosperity of cities supplying the routes’ ports and markets of trade. The UNESCO World heritage site has a full list of the Silk Road cities , which includes Guangzhou and Xi’an ( China ), Isfahan ( Iran ), Bukhara and Samarkand ( Uzbekistan ), Jeddah (Saudi Arabia), Baku(Azerbaijan), Almaty ( Kazakhstan ), and Venice (Italy), these emerging cities show today how the silk road an ancient world of adventure built ancient China and the regions beyond through the trade of desired goods in both directions.
    [Show full text]
  • Vulnerability of Pastoral Nomads to Multiple Socio-Political and Climate Stresses – the Shahsevan of Northwest Iran
    Pastoralism under Pressure: Vulnerability of Pastoral Nomads to Multiple Socio-political and Climate Stresses – The Shahsevan of Northwest Iran Dissertation zur Erlangung des Doktorgrades (Dr. rer. nat.) der Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftlichen Fakultät der Rheinischen Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn vorgelegt von Asghar Tahmasebi aus Tabriz/Iran Bonn 2012 Angefertigt mit Genehmigung der Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftlichen Fakultät der Rheinischen Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn Gedruckt mit Unterstützung des Deutschen Akademischen Austauschdienstes (DAAD) 1. Referent: Prof.Dr. Eckart Ehlers 2. Referent: Prof.Dr. Winfried Schenk Tag der Promotion: June 25, 2012 Erscheinungsjahr: 2012 Table of Contents Table of Contents .............................................................................................................................. i List of maps ..................................................................................................................................... iv List of tables .................................................................................................................................... iv List of figures ................................................................................................................................... vi List of Persian words ....................................................................................................................... vii Acronyms .......................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Settlement Patterns, Chiefdom Variability, and the Development of Early States in North China
    JOURNAL OF ANTHROPOLOGICAL ARCHAEOLOGY 15, 237±288 (1996) ARTICLE NO. 0010 Settlement Patterns, Chiefdom Variability, and the Development of Early States in North China LI LIU School of Archaeology, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia Received June 12, 1995; revision received May 17, 1996; accepted May 26, 1996 In the third millennium B.C., the Longshan culture in the Central Plains of northern China was the crucial matrix in which the ®rst states evolved from the basis of earlier Neolithic societies. By adopting the theoretical concept of the chiefdom and by employing the methods of settlement archaeology, especially regional settlement hierarchy and rank-size analysis, this paper introduces a new approach to research on the Longshan culture and to inquiring about the development of the early states in China. Three models of regional settlement pattern correlating to different types of chiefdom systems are identi®ed. These are: (1) the centripetal regional system in circumscribed regions representing the most complex chiefdom organizations, (2) the centrifugal regional system in semi-circumscribed regions indicating less integrated chiefdom organization, and (3) the decentral- ized regional system in noncircumscribed regions implying competing and the least complex chief- dom organizations. Both external and internal factors, including geographical condition, climatic ¯uctuation, Yellow River's changing course, population movement, and intergroup con¯ict, played important roles in the development of complex societies in the Longshan culture. As in many cultures in other parts of the world, the early states in China emerged from a system of competing chiefdoms, which was characterized by intensive intergroup con¯ict and frequent shifting of political centers.
    [Show full text]
  • History of Azerbaijan (Textbook)
    DILGAM ISMAILOV HISTORY OF AZERBAIJAN (TEXTBOOK) Azerbaijan Architecture and Construction University Methodological Council of the meeting dated July 7, 2017, was published at the direction of № 6 BAKU - 2017 Dilgam Yunis Ismailov. History of Azerbaijan, AzMİU NPM, Baku, 2017, p.p.352 Referents: Anar Jamal Iskenderov Konul Ramiq Aliyeva All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form by any means. Electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the copyright owner. In Azerbaijan University of Architecture and Construction, the book “History of Azerbaijan” is written on the basis of a syllabus covering all topics of the subject. Author paid special attention to the current events when analyzing the different periods of Azerbaijan. This book can be used by other high schools that also teach “History of Azerbaijan” in English to bachelor students, master students, teachers, as well as to the independent learners of our country’s history. 2 © Dilgam Ismailov, 2017 TABLE OF CONTENTS Foreword…………………………………….……… 9 I Theme. Introduction to the history of Azerbaijan 10 II Theme: The Primitive Society in Azerbaijan…. 18 1.The Initial Residential Dwellings……….............… 18 2.The Stone Age in Azerbaijan……………………… 19 3.The Copper, Bronze and Iron Ages in Azerbaijan… 23 4.The Collapse of the Primitive Communal System in Azerbaijan………………………………………….... 28 III Theme: The Ancient and Early States in Azer- baijan. The Atropatena and Albanian Kingdoms.. 30 1.The First Tribal Alliances and Initial Public Institutions in Azerbaijan……………………………. 30 2.The Kingdom of Manna…………………………… 34 3.The Atropatena and Albanian Kingdoms………….
    [Show full text]