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Investigating the Urban Land Nexus and Inclusive Urbanisation in Dar Es Salaam, Mwanza, and Khartoum

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Investigating the Urban Land Nexus and Inclusive Urbanisation in Dar Es Salaam, Mwanza, and Khartoum IDS_Master Logo Research Report THE URBAN LAND NEXUS AND INCLUSIVE URBANISATION IN DAR ES SALAAM, MWANZA AND KHARTOUM Khartoum Dar es Salaam Investigating the Urban Land Nexus and Inclusive Urbanisation in Dar es Salaam, Mwanza, and Khartoum Mwanza Three City Land Nexus Research Team February 2020 Contents 1 Background page 3 1.1 The urban land nexus and the challenge of inclusive development in rapidly urbanising settings page 3 1.2 The goal of the research page 4 1.3 The choice of cities page 4 1.4 The approach page 4 2 Dar es Salaam and Mwanza page 3 2.1 An overview of the growth of the cities, their governance, and changing land nexus page 6 2.2 Patterns of settlement, segregation, and informality across the land nexus page 9 2.3 Vulnerable groups and how they are situated in the urban land nexus page 20 2.4 Key land nexus processes and the challenges and opportunities they pose for vulnerable groups page 29 3 Khartoum page 41 3.1 An overview of the growth of the city, its governance, and its changing land nexus page 41 3.2 Patterns of settlement, segregation, and informality across the land nexus page 43 3.3 Vulnerable groups and how they are situated in the urban land nexus page 52 3.4 Key land nexus processes, and the challenges and opportunities they pose for vulnerable groups page 54 References page 59 Annexes – The Urban Land Nexus and Inclusive Urbanisation in Dar es Salaam, Mwanza, and Khartoum Research Report www.eastafricaresearchfund.org Three City Land Nexus Research Team (2020) A Synthesis of the Urban Land Nexus andSuggested Inclusive citationUrbanisation in Dar es Salaam, Mwanza and Khartoum Project PAGE 2 Investigating the Urban Land Nexus and Inclusive Urbanisation in Dar es Salaam, Mwanza, and Khartoum, Research Report, Brighton, UK: Institute of Development Studies (IDS) and East African Research Fund (EARF) Authors The research for this Research Report was undertaken by the Three City Land Nexus Research Team. A full list of authors and contributors can be found in Annexe A. Contacts Gordon McGranahan: [email protected] Alphonce Kyessi: [email protected] Salah M. Osman: [email protected] Griet Steel: [email protected] the views of IDS, EARF, DFID or any of the institutions involved. The opinions expressed are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect ISBN 978-1-78118-614-5 This Research Report is published under a CC BY licence. This is an Open Access report distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International licence (CC BY), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the are indicated. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode original authors and source are credited and any modifications or adaptations Copyright © Department for International Devlopment, 2020 Acknowledgements This material has been funded by UK aid from the UK government; however, the views aexpressed project titled do not ‘The necessarily Urban Land reflect Nexus the and UK Inclusivegovernment’s official policies. It is an output of a consortium undertaking the Institute of Development Studies (IDS), UK, in partnership with:Urbanisation Ardhi University, in Dar es Salaam,Tanzania; Mwanza University and ofKhartoum’, Khartoum, led Sudan; by Centre for Community Initiatives (CCI), Tanzania; Commonwealth Local Government Forum (CLGF); Istidama, Khartoum; International Institute for Environment and Development (IIED), UK; University of Copenhagen, Denmark; and Utrecht University, The Netherlands. Other outputs from the project Synthesis Report Examining the Urban Land Nexus and Inclusive Urbanisation in Dar es Salaam, Mwanza, and Khartoum Briefing Note 1 The Urban Land Nexus and Inclusive Urbanisation in Dar es Salaam, Mwanza, and Khartoum Briefing Note 2 The Urban Land Nexus and Inclusive Urbanisation in Dar es Salaam and Mwanza Briefing Note 3 The Urban Land Nexus and Inclusive Urbanisation in Khartoum Annexes – The Urban Land Nexus and Inclusive Urbanisation in Dar es Salaam, Mwanza, and Khartoum The East Africa Research Fund (EARF) is a regional funding mechanism designed to procure and manage a portfolio of research projects under the East Africa Research Hub (EARH) of the Department for International Development Uganda, Rwanda, Ethiopia, Somalia, Sudan, and South Sudan. IDS_Master Logo (DFID), located in Nairobi, Kenya. EARF’s reach covers Kenya, Tanzania, Research Report www.eastafricaresearchfund.org Investigating the Urban Land Nexus and Inclusive Urbanisation in Dar es Salaam, Mwanza, and Khartoum Page 3 1 Background 1.1 The urban land nexus and the challenge of inclusive development in rapidly urbanising settings from agglomeration economies related to scale, specialisation, and shared learning,When people but mustand enterprises contend for come space, together location, in and a growing more in city, the they urban can land benefit nexus (Scott and Storper 2015). Uneven agglomeration economies and diseconomies contribute to making what goes where in the urban land nexus important, land use development of the city, using maps, zoning, and regulation to guide thecontested, way. In andpractice, politically city systems significant. are hardCity master to control, plans and often overambitious try to prescribe controls the exclusion. On the other hand, without planning, coordination, and some form can undermine a city’s economic vitality and resilience and provide a vehicle for result in exclusion. More adaptive and politically informed efforts help to shape successfulof collective cities, agency, but private ensuring conflicts inclusion undermine is a particular the public challenge. interest, Even and more also than with conventional planning, adaptive planning requires those concerned with increasing inclusion to have a detailed spatial understanding of the city system and its land nexus processes and politics. In this orchestrated struggle, it is likely difference.to be as important for residents as for authorities to ‘know their city’. Moreover, concerted efforts are needed to find politically viable measures that make a Many countries in Africa have low average incomes and high urbanisation and urban population growth rates. This combination, which has been experienced vulnerable groups trying to make a home and a living in the city. The challenges varyat some enormously time in all across parts theof the continent world, canand make are also life different particularly from difficult what those for countries with this combination of circumstances faced in the past, partly because of being set within a very different global political and economic, However, as in the past, governments and other elite groups are often concerned thatand naturaltoo many environment, people ill-equipped and partly to becauselive in and of contributethe specificities to their of thecities region. are moving in. Low-income residents are often pushed by markets, governments or the residents of more exclusive neighbourhoods who see them as encroachers, into overcrowded central areas, isolated locations towards the periphery, or informal and marginal spaces not yet closely controlled by private or public interests. The continuing churn of the land nexus can be particularly disruptive for residents of low socioeconomic status who are also tenants or migrants. Within vulnerable groups, women often bear a disproportionate share of the burden, particularly when they have large caring and home-maintenance roles. Agreeing on politically feasible means of ensuring that the urban land nexus accommodates these vulnerable groups equitably is central to creating more inclusive cities. Research Report www.eastafricaresearchfund.org Investigating the Urban Land Nexus and Inclusive Urbanisation in Dar es Salaam, Mwanza, and Khartoum Page 4 1.2 The goal of the research The goal of this research is to stimulate informed policy debate on actionable changes that are politically feasible, economically desirable, scalable, and foster more inclusive urbanisation. For this purpose, it seeks to understand key aspects of the structure and dynamics of the land nexus of the three selected cities, how socioeconomic status is related to the experiences of land nexus processes such viewas densification, to identifying peri-urban politically development, feasible changes settlement that can regularisation, make land nexus forced processes moredisplacement, inclusive. gentrification, and infrastructure expansion. This is done with a 1.3 The choice of cities The selected cities are the primate cities of Tanzania (Dar es Salaam) and Sudan (Khartoum), both of which have populations of around six million, and a second-tier city in Tanzania (Mwanza) with a population of about one million. Both Dar es Salaam and Mwanza have been growing at 5–6 per cent annually in recent years (United Nations Population Division 2018).1 They provide the basis for comparing across two Tanzanian cities that are growing at the same and Khartoum, on the other hand, provide the basis for comparing two similarly sizedrate but cities are in at very different different positions countries, in the with country’s Dar es city Salaam hierarchy. currently Dar experiencinges Salaam particularly high rates of population growth, and Khartoum having experienced undergoing a shift in its political landscape due to a popular uprising and the fall ofconsiderable the government crisis ledand by conflict-led former president in-migration Omar in Al-Bashir. recent decades and currently 1.4 The approach The conceptual framework for this research treats cities as systems and nexus provides the entry point for examining how vulnerable groups fare in the cityexamines system, the and political how the economy cities could of each be city’smade urban more inclusive,land nexus. bearing The urban in mind land economic success. that a well-organised land nexus must also contribute to cities’ overall social and The context for all three cities includes rapid urbanisation and city population growth. If not well managed, such processes can foster unnecessarily exclusive urban policies that, in an attempt not to encourage too many poor people from coming to the city, make life more difficult for a range of vulnerable groups.
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