ﺑﺴﻢ ﺍﷲ ﺍﻟﺮﺣﻤﻦ ﺍﻟﺮﺣﻴﻢ A study on the flora of Tuti Island in Khartoum state A thesis Submitted in Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Award of the Degree of Doctor of Science in Botany By: Safia Abdullahi Abdelmageed Mohammed Department of Botany Faculty of Science University of Khartoum 2007 ﺑﺴﻢ ﺍﷲ ﺍﻟﺮﺣﻤﻦ ﺍﻟﺮﺣﻴﻢ A study on the flora of Tuti Island in Khartoum state By: Safia Abdullahi Abdelmageed Mohammed Examination Committee Name Title Signature Prof .Hassan .A.Musnad External examiner Dr.Kamal .Fadl Elseed Internal examiner Dr . Maha A. Y. Elkordofani Supervisor Table of Contents Page List of Figures, Maps and list of Appendices……………………….………………... Dedication ……………………………..................................................................... Acknowledgement ………………………................................................................ Abstract (English) …………………………………….……………………………………….… Abstract(Arabic) ………………………………………..………………………………….….. Chapter One Introduction and Literature Review……………………………………..…………..... 1 Chapter Two Description of Study area…………………………………………………………….…….. 2. 1 Geographical location………………………………..………………………….………. 2.2 Population ……………………………………………..…………………………………… 2.3 Agriculture ………………………………………………………………………………… 2.4 Topography………………………………………………………………….……………. 2.5 Geology ………………………………………………………………………………………. 2.6 Geomorphology …………………………………………………………………..……… 2.7 Soils …………………………………………………………………………………..………. 2.8 Climate (Temperature, Rainfal, Relative humidity, Wind speed) ..... Chapter Three Materials and Methods ……………………………………….………………..…………… 3.1. Material collected ………………………………………………............................. 3.2. Sites of collection ……………………………………………………………….………. 3.3. Preparation of Specimens.....…………………………................................... 3.4. Methods Used ……………………………………………………………………………. 3.4.1 Field observations............................................................................. 3.4.2. Specimens Examination ……………………………………………….... 3.4.3. Species Identification ………………………………………………….….… 3.4.4. Names and Synonyms …………………………………………………...…. 3.4.5. Species Description ………………………………………………………..…. 3.4.6 Medicinal & Folkloric Uses ……………………………………………...…. 3.4.7. Footnotes …………………………………………………………………………. Chapter Four Vegetation of the study area…………………….……….……………………….. Chapter Five Description of the Flora…………………………………….…………………….. Dicotyledones…………………………………………………………………………… Monocotyledones………...…………………………………………………..……… Chapter Six Discussion and Conclusion ……………………………………………………… References……………………………………………………………………..…...…. Appendix ……………………………………………………………………..….......... List of Figures Page Figure 2-1. Tuti (2001–2006) mean annual rainfall (mm) …………………….. Figure 2-2. Tuti (2001–2006) mean annual relative humidity………………. Figure 2-3. Tuti (2001–2006) mean annual Air temperature……………….. Figure 2-4. Tuti (2001–2006) mean annual wind speed ……………………… Figure 3-1 Percentage of the vegetation of the study area……………………. Figure 3-2 .The Top Ten Dominant Families in the study area (%) …………. Figure 4-1 Ruellia Patula.………………………………………………………………….34 Figure 4-2 Glinus lotoides L. …………………………………………………………….36 Figure 4-4 Trainthema portulacastrum L.………………… ………………………38 Figure 4-3 Zaleya pentandra L. ……………………………………..……..………….40 Figure 4-5 Achyranthes aspera L. …………………………………………………..…43 Figure 4-6 Aerva javanica (Brum.F.)………………………………. …………....….45 Figure 4-7 Alternanthera sessilis(L.) ………………………………………………….47 Figure 4-8 Amaranthus graecizans L. ……………………………………………….49 Figure 4-9 Amaranthus spinosus L. …………………………………………………..51 Figure 4-10 Amaranthus viridus L. ………………………………………………..…53 Figure 4-11 Celoia argentea L.………………………………………………………..…55 Figure 4-12 Digera muricata (L.)………………………………………………...……57 Figure 4-13 Aristolochia bracteolate Lam.…………………………………………60 Figure 4-14 Calotropis procera(Ait.) ………………………………….…………… 62 Figure 4-15 Leptadenia arborea (Leptadenia heterophylla) (Forssk) Schweinf64 Figure 4-16 Oxystelma esculentum R.Br. ………………………………………….66 Figure 4-17 Acanthospermum hispidum DC.……………………….……………69 Figure 4-18 Ageratum conyzoides L.…………………………………………………71 Figure 4-19 Ambrossia miritima L.………………………………………………..…73 Figure 4-20 Blumea aurita DC.………………………………………………………..75 Figure 4-21 Eclipta prostrate (L.)………………..……………………………………77 Figure 4-22 Ehulia conyzoides L.…………………………………………………….…78 Figure 4-23 Flaveria trinervia (Spreng.) Mohr.… …………… …………………80 Figure 4-24 Francoeuria crispa (Forssk)……………………………………….……81 Figure 4-25 Sonchus cornutus Hochst. ………………….…………………………..83 Figure 4-26 Sonchus oleraceus L………………………..………………………………84 Figure 4-27 Sphaeranthus angustifolius DC. …………………………..…………86 Figure 4-28 Tridax procumbens L. ……………………………………………………87 Figure 4-29 Xanthium brasilicum vell……………………………………….………89 Figure 4-30 Helitropium bacciferum Forsk. ………………………………………91 Figure 4-31 Helitropium sudanicum F.W. Andr…………………………….……92 Figure 4-32 Helitropium supinum L.…………………………………………………94 Figure 4-33 Coronopus niloticus (Del.) ……………………………..………………97 Figure 4-34 Eruca sativa Mill. …………………………………………………………98 Figure 4-35 Morettia phillaeana (Del.) ………………………………….………100 Figure 4-36 Rorripa indica (L.) ………………………………………………….……101 Figure 4-37 Parkinsonia aculeate L. ……………………………….……………… 103 Figure 4-38 Senna alexandrina Mill…………………………………………………105 Figure 4-39 Senna italica Mill ………………………………………….………………107 Figure 4-40 Senna occidentalis (L.)……………………………………………….…109 Figure 4-41 Capparis deciduas (Forssk.) Edgew…………………………………111 Figure 4-42 Cleome gynandra L. ………………………………………….………….113 Figure 4-43 Maerua duchesnei F.White………………………………………..……115 Figure 4-44 Chenopodium Murale L.………………………………………..………117 Figure 4-46 Convolvulus arvensis L.…………………………………………………120 Figure 4-47 Convolvulus fatmensis Kunze in Andr……………………………..121 Figure 4-48 Cuscuta hyalina Heyne ex Roth………………………………………123 Figure 4-45 Evlovus alsinoides Linn ………………………………………………..124 Figure 4-49 Ipomoea aquatica Forsk…………………………………………..……125 Figure 4-50 Citrullus Colocynthis (L.)………………………………….……………128 Figure 4-51 Corallocarpus gijef (Fors.)………………………………………..……129 Figure 4-52 Cucumis melo L. ……………………………………………………………132 Figure 4-53 Cucumis prophetarum L.………………………………………….……133 Figure 4-54 Luffa egyptiaca Mill ………………………………………………..……135 Figure 4-55 Bergia suffruticosa (Del.) ……………………………………………137 Figure 4-56 Chrozophora plicata (Vahl)……………………………………………140 Figure 4-57 Euphorbia aegyptiaca Boiss………………………………….………142 Figure 4-58 Euphorbia heterophylla L………………………………….…………144 Figure 4-59 Euphorbia hirta L.……………………………………………….………146 Figure 4-60 Ricinus communis L.………………………………………………… 148 Figure 4-61 Alhagi maurorum Medik. …………………………………………. 151 Figure 4-62 Clitoria ternate L. ………………………………………………………..152 Figure 4-63 Crotalaria saltiana Ander. …………………………………………… 154 Figure 4-64 Indigofera hochstetteri Baker…………………………………………156 Figure 4-65 Indigofera oblongifolia Forssk. …………………………..…………157 Figure 4-66 Medicago sativa L. ……………………………………..………………159 Figure 4-67 Rhynchosia minima (L.)…………………………………………………161 Figure 4-68 Sesbania sesban (L.)……………………………………………………163 Figure 4-69 Tephrosia apollinea (Del.) DC. ………………………………..….…164 Figure 4-70 Basilicum polystachyon (L.) ……………………………………….…166 Figure 4-71 Ocimum basilicum L. ……………………………………………….……168 Figure 4-72 Ammannia baciffera L. …………………………………………….…..170 Figure 4-73 Abutilon pannosum (Forst.f.)……………………………...…………173 Figure 4-74 Hibiscus trionum L. ………………………………………………………175 Figure 4-75 Sida alba L. …………………………………………………………………177 Figure 4-76 Azadirachta indica A.Juss………………………………………………179 Figure 4-77 Acacia nilotica (L.) Del.………………………………………………… 182 Figure 4-78 Faidherbia albida (Del.)……………………………………..…………184 Figure 4-79 Mimosa pigra L.………………………………………………………… 186 Figure 4-80 Pitheclobium duluce (Roxb.) Benth. ………………………..….. 188 Figure 4-81 Prosobis glandulosa Torrey in Lock……………………….………190 Figure 4-82 Boerhaevia erecta L.………………………………………………..……192 Figure 4-83 Orobanche ramose L ………………………………………………...194 Figure 4-84 Argemone mexicana L. …………………………………………………196 Figure 4-85 Portulaca oleracea L.……………………………………………………198 Figure 4-86 Portulaca quadrifida L.……………………………………………..…199 Figure 4-87 Nigella sativa L.………………………………………………...…………201 Figure 4-88 Ziziphus spin-christi (L.) Desf………………………………..………203 Figure 4-89 Cardiospermum halicacabum var microcarpum...(Kunth)205 Figure 4-90 Salvadora persica L. …………………………………………….………207 Figure 4-91 Striga hermonthica (Del.). ……………………………………….……209 Figure 4-92 Datura innoxia Mill. …………………………………………….…….211 Figure 4-93 Physalis angulata L. …………………………………………….………213 Figure 4-94 Solanum coagulans Forssk. ……………………………………..…215 Figure 4-95 Solanum nigrum L. ………………………………………………….……217 Figure 4-96 Tamarix nilotica (Ehrenb.) Bunge…………………………….……219 Figure 4-97 Corchorus fascicularis Lam…………………………………..……….221 Figure 4-98 Corchorus olitorius L. ………………………………………………….223 Figure 4-99 Corchorus tridens L.……………………………………………….….…224 Figure 4-100 Fagonia cretica L.……………………………………………….…...…226 Figure 4-101 Tribulus terrestris L. ………………………………………….…..… 228 Figure 4-102 Hyphaene thebaica (L.)……………………………………………….230 Figure 4-103 Phoenix dactylifera L…………………………………………….…...232 Figure 4-104. Cyperus rotundas L. ……………………………………………….…235 Figure 4-105 Cyperus alopecuroides Rottb. ………………………………….….237 Figure 4-106. Cyperus esculentus L. …………………………………………….….238 Figure 4-107. Fimbristylis bis-umbellata (Forssk.)………………………….…240 Figure 4-108. Juncellus pygmaeus (Rottb.)…………………………………….…242 Figure 4-109 Aristida adscensionis L.………………………………………….……246 Figure 4-110 Aristida funiculate Trin. & Rupr ………………………………..…248 Figure 4-111 Aristida hordaceae Kunth Rev.……………………………………..249