Presence of the Fungus Batrachochytrium Dendrobatidis, but Not Batrachochytrium Salamandrivorans, in Wild Pyrenean Brook Newts (Calotriton Asper) in Spain and France
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See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/347173765 Presence of the Fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis, but not Batrachochytrium salamandrivorans, in Wild Pyrenean Brook Newts (Calotriton asper) in Spain and France Article in Herpetological Review · December 2020 CITATIONS READS 0 82 20 authors, including: Albert Martinez Silvestre Audrey Trochet Autonomous University of Barcelona Station d’Ecologie Expérimentale à Moulis 457 PUBLICATIONS 961 CITATIONS 45 PUBLICATIONS 816 CITATIONS SEE PROFILE SEE PROFILE Olivier Calvez Manon Poignet Station d’Ecologie Expérimentale à Moulis Charles University in Prague 31 PUBLICATIONS 294 CITATIONS 4 PUBLICATIONS 3 CITATIONS SEE PROFILE SEE PROFILE Some of the authors of this publication are also working on these related projects: Accounting for adaptive evolution in plant range shifts predictions (FR AIB grant) View project Symmetries View project All content following this page was uploaded by Albert Martinez Silvestre on 15 December 2020. The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file. 738 AMPHIBIAN AND REPTILE DISEASES Herpetological Review, 2020, 51(4), 738–743. © 2020 by Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles Presence of the Fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis, but not Batrachochytrium salamandrivorans, in Wild Pyrenean Brook Newts (Calotriton asper) in Spain and France In the last 20 years, the emergence of chytridiomycosis due to the et al. 2019). This has generated an increase in scientific interest to chytrid fungi Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd), and the more decipher the complex interaction between the environment, the recently described Batrachochytrium salamandrivorans (Bsal), fungus and amphibian hosts, and increased surveillance efforts has caused severe amphibian population regressions across the in many localities (Canessa et al. 2020). Batrachochytrium spp. planet (Bosch et al. 2001; Spitzen-van der Sluijs et al. 2016; Scheele affect the vital function of the amphibian skin, leading to lethargy or skin discoloration, hyperkeratosis, erosions (even ulcerations ALBERT MARTÍNEZ-SILVESTRE* in Bsal) of the epidermis, and eventually death (Berger et al. 1998; Catalonia Reptile and Amphibian Rehabilitation Center (CRARC), Weldon et al. 2004; Stuart et al. 2004; Wake and Vredenburg 2010; 08783 Masquefa, Barcelona, Spain Martel et al. 2013). Bd is currently found on all continents where AUDREY TROCHET amphibians are present (Skerratt et al. 2007), affecting more than Société Herpétologique de France (SHF), Muséum national d’Histoire 700 species within the three orders of amphibians and has been naturelle, 75005 Paris, France; Station d’Ecologie Théorique et considered a major threat to amphibian biodiversity worldwide Expérimentale (SETE), UMR 5321 CNRS – Université Paul Sabatier, (Crawford et al. 2010; Fisher et al. 2012; Olson et al. 2013; Olson 09200 Moulis, France and Ronnenberg 2014). OLIVIER CALVEZ The first documented chytrid infection of wild amphibian MANON POIGNET populations in Europe dates from 1997 (Bosch et al. 2001) when HUGO LE CHEVALIER JÉRÉMIE SOUCHET mass mortality episodes of Common Midwife Toads (Alytes ELODIE DARNET obstetricans) occurred due to Bd in a protected area in central OLIVIER GUILLAUME Spain. Additional mass mortalities in the 2000s were reported FABIEN AUBRET mainly in Spain, including outbreaks in the Fire Salamander Station d’Ecologie Théorique et Expérimentale (SETE), UMR 5321 (Salamandra salamandra) and the Spiny Toad (Bufo spinosus; CNRS – Université Paul Sabatier, 09200 Moulis, France France Bosch et al. 2001; Bosch and Martínez-Solano 2006). Some species ROMAIN BERTRAND are known to be potential asymptomatic carriers, tolerant to Station d'Ecologie Théorique et Expérimentale (SETE), infections with little or no evidence of mortality, as in the American UMR 5321 CNRS – Université Paul Sabatier, 09200 Moulis, France ; Bullfrog (Lithobates catesbeianus; Daszak et al. 2004). In other Laboratoire Évolution & Diversité Biologique (EDB), UMR 5174 IRD, species, the emergence of Bd is related to high mortality events, as CNRS, UPS, Université de Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, 31000 Toulouse, France in the Common Midwife Toad (Bosch et al. 2001). Asymptomatic MARC MOSSOLL-TORRES individuals are good candidates for maintaining Bd within the Pirenalia, AD200 Encamp, Andorra Bd-amphibian complex system (Bd reservoir hosts; Brannelly et FEDERICA LUCATI Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes (cE3c), al. 2017). Indeed, reservoir hosts can facilitate the global spread Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisbon, 1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal; of Bd and pathogen transmission among other species (Haydon Centre d’Estudis Avançats de Blanes (CEAB-CSIC), 17300 Blanes, Spain et al. 2002; Reeder et al. 2012). Currently, Bd is widely distributed JAN TOMÀS all around Europe (including Mediterranean, central, and insular Centre d’Estudis Avançats de Blanes (CEAB-CSIC), 17300 Blanes, Spain countries) with an exceptionally high prevalence in Spain (Garner DAVID O’BRIEN et al. 2005). University of Salford, School of Environment and Life Sciences, More recently, Bsal was discovered in Europe, causing massive Manchester M5 4WT, England, UK; declines in salamander populations between 2010 and 2013 Scottish Natural Heritage, Inverness IV3 8NW, Scotland, UK in the Netherlands (Martel et al. 2013, 2014). The fungus affects ALEXANDRE MIRÓ mainly salamanders, and anuran species seem to be tolerant of MARC VENTURA infections and can act as infection reservoirs for Bsal (Martel et Centre d’Estudis Avançats de Blanes (CEAB-CSIC), 17300 Blanes, Spain al. 2014; Stegen et al. 2017). A 2016 study showed a significant LAURENT BARTHE range expansion of Bsal in native amphibian populations in the Société Herpétologique de France (SHF), Muséum national d’Histoire Netherlands, Germany, and Belgium (Spitzen-van der Sluijs et al. naturelle, 75005 Paris, France; Nature en Occitanie, 31000 Toulouse, France 2016), generating concerns that Bsal might soon colonize other GILLES POTTIER countries, including France and Spain. Recently, a Bsal outbreak Nature En Occitanie, 31000 Toulouse, France was recorded affecting Triturus marmoratus and Salamandra RACHEL E. MARSCHANG salamandra in Catalonia (Martínez-Silvestre et al. 2019; Martel et LABOKLIN GmbH and Co. KG, 97688 BadKissingen, Germany al. 2020). JAIME BOSCH Both Bd and Bsal scenarios in Europe become a high risk Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales-CSIC, 28006 Madrid, Spain; that threaten endemic and fragile European salamander species Research Unit of Biodiversity (CSIC, UO, PA), 33600 Mieres, Spain including, among others, species of the genus Calotriton. The *Corresponding author; e-mail: [email protected] Pyrenean Brook Newt, Calotriton asper (Dugès 1852), is a large- bodied salamander endemic to the Pyrenean Mountains, where Herpetological Review 51(4), 2020 AMPHIBIAN AND REPTILE DISEASES 739 FIG. 1. Location of the 29 study populations of the Pyrenean Brook Newt (Calotriton asper) in the Pyrenees Mountains along the border of France and Spain, numbered from west to east (number codes, site names, and coordinates in Table 1). Yellow shading depicts the natural distribution area of the species. Blue numbers are locations with positive Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis samples. sterile skin swabs (Dryswab MW113, Medical Wire & Equipment, Corsham, England). Every animal was stroked 30 times to ensure the greatest amount of DNA was gathered on the swab. We swabbed the middle of the venter, both sides of the venter, and each thigh and foot of each animal. Samples collected in the field were kept dry and under ambient temperature. Upon return to the laboratory samples were stored at 4°C or frozen at -20ºC until processing. Some populations were resampled several times every 2 months during the same year in order to investigate potential variability in infection occurrence over time. In order to avoid spreading the pathogens within and among populations, during field work we followed the disinfection protocols recommended by Pessier and Mendelson (2017). FIG. 2. Emaciated Pyrenean Brook Newt (Calotriton asper) found in 2007 in Lake Acherito, Spain. A subset of field-tested animals were used for a laboratory experimental study. We collected animals from 10 populations (Spain: Rivert, Vall Fosca, Organyà, Camprodon, and Hostalets it occurs in brooks, lakes, springs, and aquatic caves, from 250 d’en Bas; France: Fontestorbes, Belesta, Orlu, Néouvielle, to 2500 m elev. (Clergue-Gazeau and Martinez-Rica 1978). The and Salau) and housed them in the laboratory separately by species is protected by national legislation, listed in Appendix II population of origin for six months to carry out a parallel study of the Bern Convention, Annex IV of the EU Habitats Directive, of thermal preferences (Trochet et al. 2018). During this time, and classified as “near threatened” by the International Union data about sloughing frequency, feeding, and performance for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List because of its activity were taken. Captive animals were returned to the wild vulnerability to climate change. To our knowledge, Bsal has not after confirming PCR-negative results for chytrid fungi and for been reported in C. asper populations (Martínez Silvestre et al. ranavirus. Ranavirus prerelease PCR analysis was performed 2017) and Bd infection has been reported in one study (Montori only in these captive animals from cutaneous samples and et al. 2019).