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The Harvest of Fish and Wildlife for Subistence by Residents of Minto

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The Harvest of Fish and Wildlife for Subistence by Residents of Minto THE HARVEST OF FISH AND WILDLIFE FOR SUBSISTENCE BY RESIDENTS OF MINTO, ALASKA Elizabeth F. Andrews Technical Paper No. 137 Alaska Department of Fish and Game Division of Subsistence Juneau, Alaska July 1988 This research was partially supported by ANILCA Federal Aid funds administered through the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Anchorage, Alaska, SG-1-4 and SG-1-5. Because the Alaska Department of Fish and Game receives federal funding, all of its public programs and activities are operated free from discrimination on the basis of race, color, national origin, age, or handicap. Any person who believes he or she has been discriminated against should write to: OEO US. Department of the Interior Washington, D.C. 20240 ABSTRACT This study describes the harvest of fish and wildlife in the community of Minto in central Alaska. Minto's population in 1984 was 179 people in 48 households. Members of all but three households were interviewed. Minto's population is almost entirely Athabaskan Indian. Wildlife harvest and socioeconomic data were collected from May 1984 through 1986. Major research techniques included systematic household surveys, key respondent interviews, direct observation, and literature reviews. This report includes a description of the historical development of Minto from the late nineteenth century to present including a description of historic and contemporary settlement patterns and annual round of subsistence activities. The socioeconomic conditions of the community during 1983-84 are described also. During the study period 80 percent of Minto households had at least one member who worked for wages at some time during the year. There was no income from commercial fishing. In 1983-84 the average household income was $9,252. Seventy-one perc'ent of households were below the 1984 poverty income guideline. Hunting and fishing makes a major contribution to Minto's economy. The harvest of fish and wildlife occurs within a 2,400- square mile area of Minto Flats and the adjacent hills and streams. The extent of land use is remarkably similar to that of the early 20th century. Household participation in wildlife harvest activities was high during 1983-84 -- 91 percent hunted small game, 82 percent hunted waterfowl and collected berries, 78 percent fished for salmon, 73 percent fished for freshwater fish, 53 percent hunted large game, and 49 percent trapped fur animals. The harvest of fish and wildlife as shown by the quantities harvested during the household survey in July and August 1984 were among the highest in the state. For the 12-month period, Minto households harvested an average of 3,971 pounds dressed weight of wild fish, game, and plants with a per capita harvest of 1,015 pounds. Salmon and other fish species accounted for nearly 85 percent of the harvest. This study found that the production of fish and wildlife for subsistence is highest among the larger mature households which tend to have older household members, older-aged children, and the most equipment directly related to subsistence harvesting and processing, such as boats, outboards, and fish nets. In addition, the households with the greatest subsistence production are those extended families with members of three generations residing in a single residence. These households harvested nearly twice that of any other kinship type. The highest producing households also had the highest average income. Minto's economy is based on a combination of cash and subsistence components. Variety in income sources and fish and wildlife harvests typifies the individual household economy and that of the community as a whole. TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT LIST OF TABLES.................................................... V LIST OF FIGURES................................................... Viii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS.................................................. X CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION.......................................... 1 Purpose of the Study ........................................... 1 Objectives ..................................................... 5 Methodology ................................................... 5 The Natural Environment ......................................... 9 Geographical Features ....................................... 9 Climate ..................................................... 10 Plant and Animal Communities ................................ 15 CHAPTER 2. THE COMMUNITYOF MINT0 ................................ 16 Historical Development ......................................... 16 1850-1900 ................................................... 19 1900-1950 ................................................... 20 1950-1985 ................................................... 23 Contemporary Minto ............................................. 24 Demographics ................................................ 24 Government and Public Facilities and Services ............... 37 Personal and Household Facilities and Equipment ............. 41 Cost of Living .............................................. 43 Employment .................................................. 46 CHAPTER 3. SETTLEMENTAND SEASONALROUND OF SUBSISTENCE ACTIVITIES ............................................ 58 Historic Settlement Patterns and Annual Round .................. 58 Contemporary Settlement Patterns and Seasonal Round ............ 64 Seasonal Round of Subsistence Activities .................... 65 Geographic Use Areas ........................................ 68 Household Participation ..................................... 68 CHAPTER 4. SALMONFISHING ........................................ 71 Terminology .................................................... 71 Minto Salmon Fisheries Through Time ............................ 74 Natural and Environmental Influences ........................ 74 Technology .................................................. 80 Cultural Influences ......................................... 86 Regulatory Influences ....................................... 92 Fishing Areas and Activities ................................... 101 The "Tanana" (S wanneck) Slough Fish Camps................... 101 Demographic Aspects ...................................... 108 The Tanana River Fishing Camps.............................. 110 Fish Camps............................................... 110 Gear ..................................................... 112 Fish Camp Facilities and Use ............................. 113 Access ................................................... 116 Participation and Harvests .................................. 116 Processing and Use .......................................... 121 ii CHAPTER 5. FRESHWATERFISHING .................................... 128 Species Accounts ............................................... 128 The Whitefishes ............................................. 128 Northern Pike ............................................... 130 Burbot ...................................................... 131 Longnose Sucker ............................................. 132 Alaska Blackfish ............................................ 132 Arctic Grayling ............................................. 133 Fishing Areas and Activities ................................... 133 Access ......................................................... 142 Participation and Harvests ................. ..L ................. 143 Uses ........................................................... 145 CHAPTER 6. MOOSEHUNTING ......................................... 146 Minto Moose Hunting Through Time ............................... 146 Availability of Moose ....................................... 146 Technology .................................................. 151 Moose Hunting Regulations ...................................... 154 Moose Hunting Areas and Activities ............................. 162 Participation and Harvests ..................................... 171 1983-84 Moose Hunting ....................................... 172 1984-85 Moose Hunting ....................................... 173 The Hunting Party ........................................... 175 The Organization of Moose Hunting ........................... 177 Distribution and Use ........................................... 182 CHAPTER 7. WATERFOWLHUNTING ..................................... 184 Waterfowl Species .............................................. 184 Hunting Activities and Geographic Use Areas .................... 187 Participation and Harvests ..................................... 191 Use ............................................................ 192 CHAPTER8. BEAR HUNTING.......................................... 195 Bear Hunting Activities and Harvest Areas ...................... 195 Participation and Harvests ..................................... 197 Use ............................................................ 199 CHAPTER 9. SMALL GAME HUNTING.................................... 202 Activities and Harvest Areas ................................... 203 Grouse and Ptarmigan Hunting ................................ 205 Hare and Porcupine Hunting .................................. 206 Participation and Harvests ..................................... 206 Grouse and Ptarmigan Hunting ................................ 206 Hare and Porcupine Hunting .................................. 207 Distribution and Use ........................................... 208 CHAPTER 10. FURBEARERTRAPPING AND HUNTING....................... 210 Trapping Areas ................................................
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