DOCSLIB.ORG

A History of the People of the Upper Kuskokwim Who Live in Nikolai and Telida, Alaska

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
A History of the People of the Upper Kuskokwim Who Live in Nikolai and Telida, Alaska DICHINANEK' HWT'ANA: A History of the people of the Upper Kuskokwim who live in Nikolai and Telida, Alaska. By: Raymond L. Collins, Edited by: Sally Jo Collins McGrath, Alaska September 2000, Revised January 2004 1 Table of Contents Introduction ..................................................................................................................................... 4 Common Heritage ........................................................................................................................... 7 Pattern of Life ............................................................................................................................... 11 Stories Which Illustrate the Pattern of Life .............................................................................. 15 Capture .................................................................................................................................. 15 Summer Trips to the Mountains ........................................................................................... 16 As Told By Miska Deaphon ................................................................................................. 16 Jim Nikolai's Story ................................................................................................................ 23 Bobby Esai's Story ................................................................................................................ 24 Political and Social Organization.............................................................................................. 29 Russian Period .............................................................................................................................. 31 Initial Contact............................................................................................................................ 31 Lt. Lavernity Zagoskin Expedition ........................................................................................... 33 Father Illarion............................................................................................................................ 37 American Period ........................................................................................................................... 40 American Contact ..................................................................................................................... 40 Josiah E. Spurr Expedition ........................................................................................................ 40 Captain Edwin F. Glenn: Cook Inlet Exploring Expedition ..................................................... 42 Lt. Joseph S. Herron Expedition ............................................................................................... 44 George Byron Gordon’s Trip Down the Kuskokwim............................................................... 49 Trade ......................................................................................................................................... 51 Gold Rush ................................................................................................................................. 54 Airplanes ................................................................................................................................... 59 Starvation, Sickness and Health Care ....................................................................................... 62 Russian Orthodox Church ......................................................................................................... 65 World War II ............................................................................................................................. 69 Telida ............................................................................................................................................ 71 Foundation of Telida Village .................................................................................................... 71 Telida Village Stories ............................................................................................................... 78 Ts'ek'its'a Kwnja' ................................................................................................................... 78 2 A Time of Hunger ................................................................................................................. 79 Barbara’s Story ..................................................................................................................... 79 Telida School ............................................................................................................................ 81 Families of Telida and East Fork .............................................................................................. 82 Historic Families at Telida .................................................................................................... 82 East Fork Village .................................................................................................................. 83 Contemporary Families at Telida.......................................................................................... 84 Nikolai........................................................................................................................................... 99 Nikolai Village Relocates ......................................................................................................... 99 Tonzona Village .................................................................................................................... 99 Old Nikolai - Holten's Trading Post and Roadhouse ............................................................ 99 Nikolai School ........................................................................................................................ 101 Incorporation ........................................................................................................................... 112 Firefighting ............................................................................................................................. 114 Some Family Histories ............................................................................................................ 116 Chief Nikolai’s Family ....................................................................................................... 116 Alexia Family...................................................................................................................... 123 Dennis Family ..................................................................................................................... 127 Esai Family ......................................................................................................................... 132 Elia / Wassily Families ....................................................................................................... 138 Bobby Esai .......................................................................................................................... 140 Gregory Family ................................................................................................................... 142 Pitka Family ........................................................................................................................ 147 Relationship to Denali Park ........................................................................................................ 149 Future Research .......................................................................................................................... 152 References ................................................................................................................................... 153 3 Introduction Nikolai-Telida Village History Report When I was contacted by the Native Village Councils of Nikolai and Telida and asked to write their histories I was very pleased. I have been living in this area for over 35 years and have accumulated a wealth of information so this is an opportunity to share it with the people of these communities. It is not possible to separate the history of the two communities as they have so much in common in terms of kinship, language, and culture. Therefore, I began the report with a description of their common heritage. This is followed by accounts of how their world was changed, first by contact with the Russians and then with the Americans. The two communities are then dealt with individually as to their origin and development. The families are placed in the community to which they are most closely associated. This was a difficult task since people continually moved around prior to the establishment of schools. Since Nikolai had the first school, most younger residents have spent more time there. The school is specifically mentioned because it played a critical role in the movement of people. Miska Nikolai, who grew up in the Nikolai area, moved to Telida to marry Barbara Jocko. When the school opened in Nikolai they moved there so their children could attend. When their children completed school and married some of them moved back to Telida and this later led to the opening of a school at Telida for their children. Now that the Telida school has closed, the families are back in Nikolai. The Gregory brothers from Vinasale married women from Nikolai but lived in Vinasale. When the school opened in Nikolai they relocated there. The Esais moved up from Big River
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Kisaralik River
    KISARALIK RIVER A WILD AND SCENIC RIVER ANALYSIS by the · . neritage Conservation & Recreation Service October 1979 Anchor an '. - .. ·.. :~ .• . ~~ ., ·. ARLIS .· .· Alaska Resources Uotary & Information Services AlM INTRODUCTION At the request of the Bureau of Land Management, the Heritage Conservation and Recreation Service made an independent study of the resources of the Kisaralik River area to determine the river's suitability for designation as a component of the National Wild and Scenic River System. In the Wild and Scenic Rivers Act (PL. 90-542) Congress stated: "It is hereby declareq to be the policy of the United States that certain selected rivers of the Nation which with their immediate envi:r:onments, possess outstandingly remarkable scenic, recreational, geologic, fish and wildlife, historic, cultural, or other similar values, shall be preserved in free-flowing condition, and that they and their immediate environments shall be protected for the benefit and enjoyment of present and future generations." Ibis study was made in compliance with ~he Act. An interagency field inspection was conducted of the Kisaralik River in July 1978. Participating in the inspection were: Bureau of Land Management U.s. Fish & Wildlife Service State of AI;aska, Division Heritage Conseravtion & of Parks Recreation Service The following analysis is largel~ based on information obtained during the interagency field inspection; the Kisaralik River Report of August 7-14, 1976, by BLM staff (unpublished); the BOR aerial reconaissance in 1977; and library materials. THE RIVER AND ITS SETTING ~eral Setting The 3,000-4,000 foot high Kuskokwim Mountains run from near the central Yukon River in a southwest direction to the Bering Sea.
    [Show full text]
  • National Geographic Trails Illustrated
    Review (PDF) Denali National Park And Preserve (National Geographic Trails Illustrated Map) • Waterproof • Tear-Resistant • Topographic MapDenali National Park and Preserve covers a staggering six million acres of truly wild and pristine wilderness, bisected by a single road. The crown jewel of the park is the towering 20,320 foot Mount McKinley, North America’s tallest peak. Expertly researched and created in partnership with local land management agencies, National Geographic’s Trails Illustrated map of Denali National Park provides an unparalleled tool for exploring this remarkable region. Key areas of interest featured on this map include Denali State Park; Kroto, Moose Creek, and Lake Creek recreation rivers; Lake Minchumina; and the Kantishna Mining District. The print version of the map includes a detailed inset of the park entrance and headquarters.If you wish to camp in the park, a chart of campground information that includes the distance from the entrance, number and type of spaces, facilities, access, and contact information for making your reservations will help you plan your stay. Private vehicle travel in the park is limited, but this map’s coverage of the shuttle bus system will ensure you have the knowledge you need to access the entire park. Helpful information about regulations, avoiding close encounters with bears, hiking in the Kantishna Mining District, and safety tips, as well as clearly marked campgrounds, rental cabins, bush airstrips, trailheads, and more will help you enjoy all the park has to offer. The map base includes contour lines and elevations for summits, passes and many lakes.Every Trails Illustrated map is printed on "Backcountry Tough" waterproof, tear-resistant paper.
    [Show full text]
  • 2012 Alaska Fire Season
    2012 ALASKA FIRE SEASON Wildland Fire Summary and Statistics Annual Report – AICC Photo Courtesy of Don York Table of Contents 1 Index 2 2012 Alaska Fire Season Summary 11 2012 Fires over 1,000 acres 12 2012 Statewide Fires and Acres Burned by Protection Agency and Management Option 13 2012 Statewide Fires and Acres Burned by Landowner and Management Option 14 2012 Fires Burned by Landowner and Management Graph 15 2012 Acres Burned by Landowner and Management Graph 16 2012 Statewide Acres Burned by Landowner in Critical Management Option Graph 17 2012 Statewide Acres Burned by Landowner in Full Management Option Graph 18 2012 Statewide Acres Burned by Landowner in Modified Management Option Graph 19 2012 Statewide Acres Burned by Landowner in Limited Management Option Graph 20 2012 Alaska Fire Service Protection Fires and Acres Burned by Zone and Management Option 20 2012 USFS Fire and Acres burned by Forest 21 2012 State of Alaska Protection Fires and Acres burned by Region and Management Option 22 2012 BLM Fires and Acres Burned by landowner and Management Option 22 2012 U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Fires and Acres Burned by Refuge and Management Option 23 2012 National Park Service Fire and Acres burned by Park ort preserve and Management Option 24 2012 Wildfires by Cause and Size Class 25 2012 EFF wages 1 2012 Alaska Fire Season Summary APRIL/MAY The 2012 Alaska fire Season started with a warm and dry April, burning less than 12 acres with 20 fires by month’s end. A cool May, with precipitation at the end of the month, slowed Alaska’s pace to 200 acres burned, whereas in 2011 nearly 140,000 acres had burned in May.
    [Show full text]
  • Fishery Management Report for Sport Fisheries in the Yukon Management Area, 2012
    Fishery Management Report No. 14-31 Fishery Management Report for Sport Fisheries in the Yukon Management Area, 2012 by John Burr June 2014 Alaska Department of Fish and Game Divisions of Sport Fish and Commercial Fisheries Symbols and Abbreviations The following symbols and abbreviations, and others approved for the Système International d'Unités (SI), are used without definition in the following reports by the Divisions of Sport Fish and of Commercial Fisheries: Fishery Manuscripts, Fishery Data Series Reports, Fishery Management Reports, and Special Publications. All others, including deviations from definitions listed below, are noted in the text at first mention, as well as in the titles or footnotes of tables, and in figure or figure captions. Weights and measures (metric) General Mathematics, statistics centimeter cm Alaska Administrative all standard mathematical deciliter dL Code AAC signs, symbols and gram g all commonly accepted abbreviations hectare ha abbreviations e.g., Mr., Mrs., alternate hypothesis HA kilogram kg AM, PM, etc. base of natural logarithm e kilometer km all commonly accepted catch per unit effort CPUE liter L professional titles e.g., Dr., Ph.D., coefficient of variation CV meter m R.N., etc. common test statistics (F, t, χ2, etc.) milliliter mL at @ confidence interval CI millimeter mm compass directions: correlation coefficient east E (multiple) R Weights and measures (English) north N correlation coefficient cubic feet per second ft3/s south S (simple) r foot ft west W covariance cov gallon gal copyright degree (angular ) ° inch in corporate suffixes: degrees of freedom df mile mi Company Co. expected value E nautical mile nmi Corporation Corp.
    [Show full text]
  • March 1St, 2021 Snow Water Equivalent
    March 1, 2021 The USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service cooperates with the following organizations in snow survey work: Federal State of Alaska U.S. Depart of Agriculture - U.S. Forest Service Alaska Department of Fish and Game Chugach National Forest Alaska Department of Transportation and Tongass National Forest Public Facilities U.S. Department of Commerce Alaska Department of Natural Resources NOAA, Alaska Pacific RFC Division of Parks U.S. Department of Defense Division of Mining and Water U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Division of Forestry U.S. Department of Interior Alaska Energy Authority Bureau of Land Management Alaska Railroad U.S. Geological Survey Soil and Water Conservation Districts U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service Homer SWCD National Park Service Fairbanks SWCD Salcha-Delta SWCD Municipalities University of Alaska Anchorage Geophysical Institute Juneau Water and Environment Research Private Alaska Public Schools Alaska Electric, Light and Power, Juneau Mantanuska-Susitna Borough School Alyeska Resort, Inc. District Alyeska Pipeline Service Company Eagle School, Gateway School District Anchorage Municipal Light and Power Chugach Electric Association Canada Copper Valley Electric Association Ministry of the Environment Homer Electric Association British Columbia Ketchikan Public Utilities Department of the Environment Prince William Sound Science Center Government of the Yukon The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) prohibits discrimination in all its programs and activities on the basis of race, color, nation- al origin, age, disability, and where applicable, sex, marital status, familial status, parental status, religion, sexual orientation, genetic information, political beliefs, reprisal, or because all or a part of an individual’s income is derived from any public assistance program.
    [Show full text]
  • MOUNT Mckinley NATIONAL PARK ALASKA
    UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR HUBERT WORK. SECRETARY NATIONAL PARK SERVICE STEPHEN T. MATHER, DIRECTOR RULES AND REGULATIONS MOUNT McKINLEY NATIONAL PARK ALASKA Courtesy Alaska Railroad MOUNT McKINLEY AND REFLECTION SEASON FROM JUNE 1 TO SEPTEMBER 15 U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE : 1927 Courtesy Bragaw'8 Studio, Anchorage, Alaska CARIBOU IN MOUNT McKINLEY NATIONAL PARK Courtesy Brogaw's Studio, Anchorage, Alaska AN ALASKAN DOG TEAM CONTENTS Pane General description 1 Glaciers . 2 Plant life 2 The mammals and birds of Mount McKinley National Park ", Fishing 1) Climate 9 Administration 12 Park season 12 How to reach the park 12 Roads and trails 13 Accommodations 14 Rules and regulations It! Government publications: General IS Other national parks 18 Authorized rates for public utilities 1!) ILLUSTRATIONS COVER Mount McKinley and reflection Front, Caribou.in Mount McKinley National Park Inside front An Alaskan dog team Inside front A male surf bird on his nest Inside back Mountain sheep at Double Mountain Inside hack Mount McKinley Outside back Lake on divide at Sanctuary River Outside back TEXT Map of Alaska showing national park and monuments 10,11 Map of Mount McKinley National Park 15 52087°—27 1 j THE NATIONAL PARKS AT A GLANCE [Number, 10; total area, 11,801 square miles] Area in National parks in Location square Distinctive characteristics order of creation miles Hot Sprints Middle Arkansas . 1M •10 hot springs possessing curative properties— 1832 Many hotels and hoarding houses—19 bath­ houses under Government supervision. Yellowstone Northwestern Wyo­ 3, 348 More geysers than in all rest of world together- 1872 ming.
    [Show full text]
  • Upper Tanana Ethnographic Overview and Assessment, Wrangell St
    Technical Paper No. 325 Upper Tanana Ethnographic Overview and Assessment, Wrangell St. Elias National Park and Preserve by Terry L. Haynes and William E. Simeone July 2007 Alaska Department of Fish and Game Division of Subsistence Symbols and Abbreviations The following symbols and abbreviations, and others approved for the Système International d'Unités (SI), are used without definition in the following reports by the Divisions of Sport Fish and of Commercial Fisheries: Fishery Manuscripts, Fishery Data Series Reports, Fishery Management Reports, and Special Publications. All others, including deviations from definitions listed below, are noted in the text at first mention, as well as in the titles or footnotes of tables, and in figure or figure captions. Weights and measures (metric) General Measures (fisheries) centimeter cm Alaska Administrative fork length FL deciliter dL Code AAC mideye-to-fork MEF gram g all commonly accepted mideye-to-tail-fork METF hectare ha abbreviations e.g., Mr., Mrs., standard length SL kilogram kg AM, PM, etc. total length TL kilometer km all commonly accepted liter L professional titles e.g., Dr., Ph.D., Mathematics, statistics meter m R.N., etc. all standard mathematical milliliter mL at @ signs, symbols and millimeter mm compass directions: abbreviations east E alternate hypothesis HA Weights and measures (English) north N base of natural logarithm e cubic feet per second ft3/s south S catch per unit effort CPUE foot ft west W coefficient of variation CV gallon gal copyright © common test statistics (F, t, χ2, etc.) inch in corporate suffixes: confidence interval CI mile mi Company Co. correlation coefficient nautical mile nmi Corporation Corp.
    [Show full text]
  • Denali National Park and Preserve
    National Park Service U.S. Department of the Interior Natural Resource Program Center Water Resources Stewardship Report Denali National Park and Preserve Natural Resource Technical Report NPS/NRPC/WRD/NRTR—2007/051 ON THE COVER Photograph: Toklat River, Denali National Park and Preserve (Guy Adema, 2007) Water Resources Stewardship Report Denali National Park and Preserve Natural Resource Technical Report NPS/NRPC/WRD/NRTR-2007/051 Kenneth F. Karle, P.E. Hydraulic Mapping and Modeling P.O. Box 181 Denali Park, Alaska 99755 September 2007 U.S. Department of the Interior National Park Service Natural Resources Program Center Fort Collins, Colorado The Natural Resource Publication series addresses natural resource topics that are of interest and applicability to a broad readership in the National Park Service and to others in the management of natural resources, including the scientific community, the public, and the NPS conservation and environmental constituencies. Manuscripts are peer- reviewed to ensure that the information is scientifically credible, technically accurate, appropriately written for the intended audience, and is designed and published in a professional manner. The Natural Resources Technical Reports series is used to disseminate the peer-reviewed results of scientific studies in the physical, biological, and social sciences for both the advancement of science and the achievement of the National Park Service’s mission. The reports provide contributors with a forum for displaying comprehensive data that are often deleted from journals because of page limitations. Current examples of such reports include the results of research that addresses natural resource management issues; natural resource inventory and monitoring activities; resource assessment reports; scientific literature reviews; and peer reviewed proceedings of technical workshops, conferences, or symposia.
    [Show full text]
  • Alaska Native
    To conduct a simple search of the many GENERAL records of Alaska’ Native People in the National Archives Online Catalog use the search term Alaska Native. To search specific areas or villages see indexes and information below. Alaska Native Villages by Name A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z Alaska is home to 229 federally recognized Alaska Native Villages located across a wide geographic area, whose records are as diverse as the people themselves. Customs, culture, artwork, and native language often differ dramatically from one community to another. Some are nestled within large communities while others are small and remote. Some are urbanized while others practice subsistence living. Still, there are fundamental relationships that have endured for thousands of years. One approach to understanding links between Alaska Native communities is to group them by language. This helps the student or researcher to locate related communities in a way not possible by other means. It also helps to define geographic areas in the huge expanse that is Alaska. For a map of Alaska Native language areas, see the generalized map of Alaska Native Language Areas produced by the University of Alaska at Fairbanks. Click on a specific language below to see Alaska federally recognized communities identified with each language. Alaska Native Language Groups (click to access associated Alaska Native Villages) Athabascan Eyak Tlingit Aleut Eskimo Haida Tsimshian Communities Ahtna Inupiaq with Mixed Deg Hit’an Nanamiut Language Dena’ina (Tanaina)
    [Show full text]
  • Policy Recommendations for Tlingit Language Revitalization Efforts
    Indigenous Tongues: Policy Recommendations for Tlingit Language Revitalization Efforts A Policy Paper for the National Indian Health Board Authored by: Keixe Yaxti/Maka Monture Of the Yakutat Tlingit Tribe of Alaska & Six Nations Mohawk of Canada Image 1: “Dig your paddle Deep” by Maka Monture Contents Introduction 2 Background on Tlingit Language 2 Health in Indigenous Languages 2 How Language Efforts Can be Developed 3 Where The State is Now 3 Closing Statement 4 References 4 Appendix I: Supporting Document: Tlingit Human Diagram 5 Appendix II: Supporting Document: Yakutat Tlingit Tribe Resolution 6 Appendix III: Supporting Document: House Concurrent Resolution 19 8 1 Introduction There is a dire need for native language education for the preservation of the Southeastern Alaskan Tlingit language, and Alaskan Tlingit Tribes must prioritize language restoration as the a priority of the tribe for the purpose of revitalizing and perpetuating the aboriginal language of their ancestors. According to the Alaska Native Language Preservation and Advisory Council, not only are a majority of the 20 recognized Alaska Native languages in danger of being lost at the end of this century, direct action is needed at tribal levels in Alaska. The following policy paper states why Alaskan Tlingit Tribes and The Central Council of the Tlingit and Haida Indian Tribes of Alaska, a tribal government representing over 30,000 Tlingit and Haida Indians worldwide and a sovereign entity that has a government to government relationship with the United States, must take actions to declare a state of emergency for the Tlingit Language and allocate resources for saving the Tlingit language through education programs.
    [Show full text]
  • Hydrocarbon Potential of the Lower Kuskokwim River Area, Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta, Southwest Alaska
    August 14,1995 Price: $3.40 Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys PUBLIC-DATA FILE 95-28 HYDROCARBON POTENTIAL OF THE LOWER KUSKOKWIM RIVER AREA, YUKON-KUSKOKWIM DELTA, SOUTHWEST ALASKA by C.G. Mull, T.K. Bundtzen, and R.R. Reifenstuhl August 1995 THIS REPORT HAS NOT BEEN REVIEWED FOR TECHNICAL CONTENT (EXCEPT AS NOTED IN TEXT) OR FOR CONFORMITY TO THE EDITORIAL STANDARDS OF DGGS. Released by STATE OF ALASKA DEPARTMENTOF NATURAL RESOURCES Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys 794 University Avenue, Suite 200 Fairbanks. Alaska 99709-3645 HYDROCARBON POTENTIAL OF THE LOWER KUSKOKWIM RIVER AREA, YUKON-KUSKOKWIM DELTA, SOUTHWEST ALASKA TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION REGIONAL GEOLOGICAL FRAMEWORK Regional structure of the lower Kuskokwim River area SUBSURFACE GEOLOGY Napatuk Creek #I well Lithology Petrology Paleontology Thermal maturity Discussion of thermal maturity Drill stem tests Hydrocarbon source rock potential of Napatuk Creek well Discussion GEOPHYSICAL SURVEYS Reflection seismic surveys Gravity surveys Airborne magnetic surveys 1994 airborne magnetic survey HYDROCARBON POTENTIAL OP THE LOWER KUSKOKWIM RIVER AREA Reservoir rocks Hydrocarbon source rock potential SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS REFERENCES CITED APPENDIX #1 Petrographic analysis of 19 thinsections LIST OF FIGURES Pig. 1 Index map to the lower Kuskokwim River area showing area of 1994 airborne magnetic survey Fig. 2 Generalized geologic map of the Yukon-Kuskokwim delta area, modified from map by Kirschner, 1988. A-A'---line of cross section Pig. 3 Generalized cross section of Kuskokwim delta area, modified from section by C.M. Molenaar, Shell Oil Company, 1962. Fig. 4 Induction electrical log and gamma ray log of interbedded Cretaceous sandstones and shales at 7,000 ft.
    [Show full text]
  • UC Berkeley UC Berkeley Phonlab Annual Report
    UC Berkeley UC Berkeley PhonLab Annual Report Title Phonetic Sources of Morphological Patterns in Sound Change: Fricative Voicing in Athabascan Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/3xm9418n Journal UC Berkeley PhonLab Annual Report, 11(11) ISSN 2768-5047 Author Manker, Jonathan Publication Date 2015 DOI 10.5070/P73xm9418n eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California UC Berkeley Phonology Lab Annual Report (2015) Phonetic Sources of Morphological Patterns in Sound Change: Fricative Voicing in Athabascan Jonathan Manker University of California, Berkeley While most modern Athabascan languages are described as having contrastive voicing in fricatives, the patterns of fricative voicing still follow both transparent and sometimes more complex morphological (as well as phonological) environments. While a synchronic analysis of the language seems to demonstrate a direct connection between phonological patterns and morphology, such an analysis may also suggest the possibility of morphological conditions in sound change, which has been proposed by some (Crowley 1997, Donohue 2005). This paper investigates the development of fricative voicing in two Athabascan languages and demonstrates that purely phonetic conditions can be identified that led to what appears to be a case of a morphologically conditioned sound change, following a similar analysis in Blevins & Lynch (2009). Both class-specific affixation and prominence patterns are shown to provide phonetic environments that may result in synchronic phonological patterns following morphological environments. 1. Introduction Early models of linguistic organization suggest the impossibility that non-phonetic factors (morphosyntax, semantics, etc.) can influence sound change. For example, the Neogrammarians proposed that sound change is a “purely phonetic process,” occurring under “strictly phonetic conditions” (Bloomfield 1933:364, concerning the Neogrammarians).
    [Show full text]