DOCSLIB.ORG

Ecuador: Following the Inca Trail Travel Course Environmental Policy and Planning Public and Environmental Affairs Travel Course Lead by Dr

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Ecuador: Following the Inca Trail Travel Course Environmental Policy and Planning Public and Environmental Affairs Travel Course Lead by Dr Ecuador: Following the Inca Trail Travel Course Environmental Policy and Planning Public and Environmental Affairs Travel Course Lead by Dr. Marcelo Cruz 951/416-361 June 1 – June 16, 2020 Course Description The Inca incorporated what is today Ecuador in the 15th century. The Incas were the last of several Indigenous peoples that occupied and settled what is today Ecuador before the arrival of the Spanish. This travel course will survey and follow the Inca trail throughout the Ecuadorean Andes. By travelling through and exploring the Ecuadorean Andes, we will learn the story of Inca spatial organization and architecture, conquest, incorporation and the impact that Spanish conquest and colonization had in this part of the Inca Empire. We will visit pre- Inca and Inca ruins as well as sacred sites still maintained by contemporary indigenous communities. Monday, June 1 Leave Green Bay TBA Carrier and Flight Number TBA Arrive in Quito TBA Carrier and Flight Number TBA Tuesday, June 2 We will visit the Inca Ruins of Rumicucho, an Inca fortress in the northern part of the city. Inca ruins of Rumichucho The Rumicucho Pucara ruins are located 30 km north of Quito close to the Equatorial Monument and Catequilla Hill where the pre Inca tribes calculated the true equatorial line, collaborated today by GPS technology. The Inca invaders built the fortress on top of earlier ruins in the 15th century. The Inca, Tupac Yupanqui, initiated the construction as a military outpost to serve as an offensive and defensive guard post in their struggle to subjugate the northern tribes of the Cayambe, Cochasqui and Caranquis Indians, who offered them bitter resistance. Leaving Rumicucho, we take a North West direction going down the Western Andean mountain chain to the Ruins of Tulipe. Ruins of Tulipe Cultura Yumbos The people who built these pools were the Yumbo, a nation that dates to 800AD that survived until after the Spanish conquest in the late 1500s. There are Inca ruins just up the hillside from this location, suggesting that the Inca found this site important and may have attempted to control the source of the spring that fed these pools. Attempts by the Inca to conquer these lands were interrupted by the arrival of the Spanish. Direct connection with the Yumbo culture was lost for two reasons – sickness brought by Europeans severely decimated the population. Survivors of disease left the area after the eruption of the volcano Pichincha in 1660 when their lands were covered by volcanic ash. Wednesday, June 3 Ayora Angochagua Valley Zuleta Road The day begins with a bus trip leaving Quito early in the morning. We will travel north/northwest to the province of Imbabura (Approximately 4 hour bus ride with stops). We will have an exercise on the bus on identifying ecological niches in mountain environments, and Native American rural landscapes so Bring notebooks, cameras, and a keen eye. We arrive to the provincial capital city of Ibarra. Ibarra was founded in 1606 by order of the President of the Royal Audience of Quito, Miguel de Ibarra. We will visit Caranqui, the ancient capital of the Caranquis. The Caranquis rebelled against the Inca, and their capital was destroyed and is now suburb of the provincial capital of the province, Ibarra. We will then continue north/northeast to visit the lake of Yaguarcocha, the site of the historic battle between the Incas and Caranquis. Historic Caranqui Thursday, June 4 Imbabura Province: North of Quito is home of the Otavalo Native Americans, famous for their entrepreneurial success in marketing their textiles throughout the world. We will visit Pinsaqui, an Otavalo settlement located near an ancient burial mound. We will learn about Otavalo creation beliefs and the importance of the vestment and rituals in Inti Raymi Cultural Center. Indigenous Market (We will visit one of the oldest and internationally known indigenous markets surviving in America today, dating back to Pre-Inca times. Enjoy the sights, sounds and smells of this market spree: happy hunting!) Friday, June 5 On our return to Quito, we will visit the Quitsatu Research Center and the true equatorial line, calculated by the ancients. The Incas followed a sun cult and we will discuss the importance of the sun and astronomy to pre- Inca and Inca societies. The ancients were able to calculate the exact equatorial line (Lat 0.00), confirmed by GPS. The center will challenge our pre notions of how we represent our planet and how we reproduce unequal power relationships in our map making. What can we learn from indigenous interpretations of our relation to our planet and our local environment? What were their assumptions? Moreover, understandings of life on the planet and local environment? Saturday, June 6 Quito (City Walking Tour: wear walking shoes) (Morning) Casco Colonial (Old Colonial City): The Spanish city was founded in 1534 on top of the Inca ruins of the imperial administrative/religion center of Quitu. Christened San Francisco de Quito, this historic district is characterized by 16th to 19th century architecture and city planning. UNESCO named the district a World Heritage Site in 1978. The historic center of Quito has one of the largest, least-altered and best-preserved historic centers in America. The oldest traces of human presence in Quito were excavated by the American archaeologist Robert E. Bell in 1960 on the slopes of the Ilaló volcano, located between the eastern valleys of Los Chillos and Tumbaco. Hunter-gatherers left tools made of obsidian glass dated back to 8000 BC. Allen Graffham brought the archaeological site herein designated by the name of EI Inga to the attention of Bell. The historic district was an important trading point for several Andean and people’s from lower elevations to come and trade their wares. The Inca city of Quitu fell to the conquistadors, Gonzalo Pizzaro, Sebastian Benalcazar, and Diego Almagro in 1534. Plaza de San Francisco Sunday, June 7 Flight to Cuenca in the Southern Ecuadorean Andes (approximately one hour flight) Cuenca’s history begins long before the arrival of both the Spanish and the Inca. The city was originally a Cañari settlement called Guapondeleg and is believed to have been founded around 500 AD. Guapondeleg translates into “land as big as heaven.” Less than half a century before, the conquistadors landed, the Inca, after a bitter struggle, conquered the Cañari and occupied Guapondeleg and the surrounding area. Though the Inca replaced Cañari architecture with their own, they did not exclude the Cañari or their impressive achievements in astronomy and agriculture. Rather, they absorbed these elements of Cañari culture, as was customary when the Inca conquered other cultures. Cuenca Shortly after the defeat of the Cañari, the Inca, Tupac Yupanqui ordered the construction of a grand city – Tomebamba and later his successor Huayna Capac built his residence Pumapungo, “the door of the Puma”—whose magnificence was to challenge that of the Inca capital of Cuzco. We will visit the ruins of Pumapongo and the reconstructed Inca Gardens and the importance of the river Tomebamba was to the Inca emperor Huayna Capac. Indigenous people told the Spanish conquerors stories of golden temples and other such wonders, but by the time the Spaniards found the legendary city of Tomebamba and Pumapungo, all that remained were ruins, leaving the Spanish to wonder what happened to the fabled splendor and riches of the second Inca capital. Atahualpa destroyed the city during the civil war. Taking revenge on the city for siding with his half-brother Huascar in that war. After being abandoned by the Cañari and the Inca, the city was renamed Santa Ana de los Cuatro Rios de Cuenca in 1557. Cuenca was named a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 2000. The historic district of Cuenca is characterized by its eclectic architecture. Within walking distance throughout the district, there are pre Inca Ruins when it was capital of the Cañari Nation, Inca ruins, Spanish colonial architecture, and Italian Rococo architecture, which makes the historic district of Cuenca an architectural wonder. Ruins of Todos los Santos, Cuenca (above). Ruins of Pumapongo, Cuenca We end the day with an Ecuadorean – Italian meal. Italian immigration was particularly important in the southern Andean region of the country. Their impact on Ecuadorean culture is subtle but ubiquitous, from local vernacular to local and regional cuisine. Monday, June 8 A restful day of shopping at Chordoleg, a quiet town nestled in the southern Ecuadorean Andes where you can find artisans working on silver and gold jewelry. Afternoon After a morning shopping spree we return to Cuenca (ancient Tomebamba) to enjoy a relaxing afternoon. Enjoy the sights and sounds of this beautiful city in the southern Ecuadorean Andes, capital of the province of Azuay. Further Europeanization of the city occurred with the arrival of Italian immigrants to the region in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Tuesday, June 9 We travel north to the ruins of Ingapirca and the Inca Baths in the province of Cañar. These are the largest known Inca ruins in Ecuador. The most significant building is the Temple of the Sun, an elliptically shaped building constructed around a large rock. The building is constructed in the Inca way without mortar, as are most of the structures in the complex. The stones were carefully chiseled and fashioned to fit together perfectly. The Temple of the Sun was positioned so that on the solstices, at exactly the right time of day, sunlight would fall through the center of the doorway of the small chamber at the top of the temple. Most of this chamber has fallen down. Ingapirca had long been settled by the Cañari indigenous people, who called it Hatun Cañar.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • THE CONQUEST of the INCAS Grade Levels: 8-13+ 30 Minutes AMBROSE VIDEO PUBLISHING 1995
    #3593 THE CONQUEST OF THE INCAS Grade Levels: 8-13+ 30 minutes AMBROSE VIDEO PUBLISHING 1995 DESCRIPTION In 1532, Francisco Pizarro and a band of 170 conquistadors, searching for gold, embarked on the conquest of the Incan empire. Though badly outnumbered, they kidnapped Atahualpa, the god-king, and held him captive for nine months before murdering him. Reenactments and graphics help describe Incan civilization and its destruction. ACADEMIC STANDARDS Subject Area: World History ¨ Standard: Understands major global trends from 1000 to 1500 CE · Benchmark: Understands differences and similarities between the Inca and Aztec empires and empires of Afro-Eurasia (e.g., political institutions, warfare, social organizations, cultural achievements) ¨ Standard: Understands how the transoceanic interlinking of all major regions of the world between 1450 and 1600 led to global transformations · Benchmark: Understands features of Spanish exploration and conquest (e.g., why the Spanish wanted to invade the Incan and Aztec empires, and why these empires collapsed after the conflict with the Spanish; interaction between the Spanish and indigenous populations such as the Inca and the Aztec; different perspectives on Cortes' journey into Mexico) · Benchmark: Understands cultural interaction between various societies in the late 15th and 16th centuries (e.g., how the Church helped administer Spanish and Portuguese colonies in the Americas; reasons for the fall of the Incan empire to Pizarro; how the Portuguese dominated seaborne trade in the Indian Ocean basin in the 16th century; the relations between pilgrims and indigenous populations in North and South America, and the role different religious sects played in these relations; how the presence of Spanish conquerors affected the daily lives of Aztec, Maya, and Inca peoples) INSTRUCTIONAL GOALS 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Collision of Civilizations
    Collision of Civilizations Spaniards, Aztecs and Incas 1492- The clash begins Only two empires in the New World Cahokia Ecuador Aztec Empire The Aztec State in 1519 • Mexico 1325 Aztecs start to build their capital city, Tenochtitlan. • 1502 Montezuma II becomes ruler, wars against the independent city-states in the Valley of Mexico. The Aztec empire was in a fragile state, stricken with military failures, economic trouble, and social unrest. Montezuma II had attempted to centralize power and maintain the over-extended empire expanded over the Valley of Mexico, and into Central America. It was an extortionist regime, relied on force to extract prisoners, tribute, and food levies from neighboring peoples. As the Aztec state weakened, its rulers and priests continued to demand human sacrifice to feed its gods. In 1519, the Aztec Empire was not only weak within, but despised and feared from without. When hostilities with the Spanish began, the Aztecs had few allies. Cortes • 1485 –Cortes was born in in Medellin, Extremadura, Spain. His parents were of small Spanish nobility. • 1499, when Cortes was 14 he attended the University of Salamanca, at this university he studied law. • 1504 (19) he set sail for what is now the Dominican Republic to try his luck in the New World. • 1511, (26) he joined an army under the command of Spanish soldier named Diego Velázquez and played a part the conquest of Cuba. Velázquez became the governor of Cuba, and Cortes was elected Mayor-Judge of Santiago. • 1519 (34) Cortes expedition enters Mexico. • Aug. 13, 1521 15,000 Aztecs die in Cortes' final all-out attack on the city.
    [Show full text]
  • Measuring the Passage of Time in Inca and Early Spanish Peru Kerstin Nowack Universität Bonn, Germany
    Measuring the Passage of Time in Inca and Early Spanish Peru Kerstin Nowack Universität Bonn, Germany Abstract: In legal proceedings from 16th century viceroyalty of Peru, indigenous witnesses identified themselves according to the convention of Spanish judicial system by name, place of residence and age. This last category often proved to be difficult. Witnesses claimed that they did not know their age or gave an approximate age using rounded decimal numbers. At the moment of the Spanish invasion, people in the Andes followed the progress of time during the year by observing the course of the sun and the lunar cycle, but they were not interested in measuring time spans beyond the year. The opposite is true for the Spanish invaders. The documents where the witnesses testified were dated precisely using counting years from a date in the distant past, the birth year of the founder of the Christian religion. But this precision in the written record perhaps distorts the reality of everyday Spanish practices. In daily life, Spaniards often measured time in a reference system similar to that used by the Andeans, dividing the past in relation to public events like a war or personal turning points like the birth of a child. In the administrative and legal area, official Spanish dating prevailed, and Andean people were forced to adapt to this novel practice. This paper intends to contrast the Andean and Spanish ways of measuring the past, but will also focus on the possible areas of overlap between both practices. Finally, it will be asked how Andeans reacted to and interacted with Spanish dating and time measuring.
    [Show full text]
  • The Colombia-Ecuador Crisis of 2008
    WAR WITHOUT BORDERS: THE COLOMBIA-ECUADOR CRISIS OF 2008 Gabriel Marcella December 2008 Visit our website for other free publication downloads http://www.StrategicStudiesInstitute.army.mil/ To rate this publication click here. This publication is a work of the U.S. Government as defined in Title 17, United States Code, Section 101. As such, it is in the public domain, and under the provisions of Title 17, United States Code, Section 105, it may not be copyrighted. ***** The views expressed in this report are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the official policy or position of the Department of the Army, the Department of Defense, or the U.S. Government. This report is cleared for public release; distribution is unlimited. ***** Comments pertaining to this report are invited and should be forwarded to: Director, Strategic Studies Institute, U.S. Army War College, 122 Forbes Ave, Carlisle, PA 17013-5244. ***** All Strategic Studies Institute (SSI) publications are available on the SSI homepage for electronic dissemination. Hard copies of this report also may be ordered from our homepage. SSI’s homepage address is: www.StrategicStudiesInstitute.army.mil. ***** The Strategic Studies Institute publishes a monthly e-mail newsletter to update the national security community on the research of our analysts, recent and forthcoming publications, and upcoming conferences sponsored by the Institute. Each newsletter also provides a strategic commentary by one of our research analysts. If you are interested in receiving this newsletter, please subscribe on our homepage at www.StrategicStudiesInstitute.army. mil/newsletter/. ISBN 1-58487-372-8 ii FOREWORD Unprotected borders are a serious threat to the security of a number of states around the globe.
    [Show full text]
  • Examining Leadership in Ecuador from an Interdisciplinary Contingency Perspective
    Examining Leadership in Ecuador from an Interdisciplinary Contingency Perspective Cultural, Social, and Ethical Issues Key Words: Ecuador, Leadership, Culture Abstract This paper explores the foundations upon which modern Ecuadorian leadership culture is based by examining the historical elements of the Ecuadorian leadership cultural system from a contingency perspective, beginning with an overview of the historical context followed by an exploration of leadership and followership within this context. In so doing, it lays a foundation for further examination of leadership culture in Ecuador. Introduction One of the major factors that contributes to the success of any organizational venture is the leadership climate in which it takes place. Leadership scholars have long recognized the importance of not only the role of the leader, but also the importance of followers and the context in relation to achieving organizational goals (Lussier & Achua, 2007). Consequently, any examination of organizational efforts in Ecuador should begin with an examination and understanding of the leadership culture in which these efforts take place. This paper explores the foundations upon which modern Ecuadorian leadership culture is based by examining the historical elements of the Ecuadorian leadership cultural system from a contingency perspective, beginning with an overview of the historical context followed by an exploration of leadership and followership within this context. Contingency Approaches to Leadership The contingency approaches to leadership emerged as a trend in leadership studies that marked a fundamental shift in the way scholars thought about leadership. Prior to the contingency movement, the focus of leadership studies was centered on the traits, skills, behaviors, and styles of leaders (Ayman, 2004; P.
    [Show full text]
  • The Inca Create a Mountain Empire MAIN IDEA WHY IT MATTERS NOW TERMS & NAMES
    4 The Inca Create a Mountain Empire MAIN IDEA WHY IT MATTERS NOW TERMS & NAMES POWER AND AUTHORITY The The Incan system of government •Pachacuti •mita Inca built a vast empire was similar to some socialist • ayllu • quipu supported by taxes, governed by governments in the 20th a bureaucracy, and linked by century. extensive road systems. SETTING THE STAGE While the Aztecs ruled in the Valley of Mexico, another people—the Inca—created an equally powerful state in South America. From Cuzco, their capital in southern Peru, the Inca spread outward in all directions. They brought various Andean peoples under their control and built an empire that stretched from Ecuador in the north to Chile in the south. It was the largest empire ever seen in the Americas. The Inca Build an Empire TAKING NOTES Categorizing Use a web Like the Aztecs, the Inca built their empire on cultural foundations thousands of diagram to identify the years old. (See Chapter 9.) Ancient civilizations such as Chavín, Moche, and methods the Inca used Nazca had already established a tradition of high culture in Peru. They were fol- to build their vast, lowed by the Huari and Tiahuanaco cultures of southern Peru and Bolivia. The unified empire. Chimú, an impressive civilization of the 1300s based in the northern coastal region once controlled by the Moche, came next. The Inca would create an even The Inca built a more powerful state, however, extending their rule over the entire Andean region. vast empire. Incan Beginnings The Inca originally lived in a high plateau of the Andes.
    [Show full text]
  • Redefining the State Plurinationalism and Indigenous Resistance in Ecuador
    Redefining the State Plurinationalism and Indigenous Resistance in Ecuador By David Heath Cooper Submitted to the graduate degree program in Sociology and the Graduate Faculty of the University of Kansas in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts. ________________________________ Chairperson Dr. Mehrangiz Najafizadeh ________________________________ Dr. Robert Antonio ________________________________ Dr. Ebenezer Obadare Date Defended: April 18th, 2014 The Thesis Committee for David Heath Cooper certifies that this is the approved version of the following thesis: Redefining the State Plurinationalism and Indigenous Resistance in Ecuador ________________________________ Chairperson Dr. Mehrangiz Najafizadeh Date approved: April 18th, 2014 ii ABSTRACT Since the 1990s, the Ecuadorian Indigenous movement has transformed the nation's political landscape. CONAIE, a nationwide pan-Indigenous organization, and its demands for plurinationalism have been at the forefront of this process. For CONAIE, the demand for a plurinational refounding of the state is meant as both as a critique of and an alternative to what the movement perceives to be an exclusionary and Eurocentric nation-state apparatus. In this paper, my focus is twofold. I first focus on the role of CONAIE as the central actor in organizing and mobilizing the groundswell of Indigenous activism in Ecuador. After an analysis of the historical roots of the movement, I trace the evolution of CONAIE from its rise in the 1990s, through a period of decline and fragmentation in the early 2000s, and toward possible signs of resurgence since 2006. In doing so, my hope is to provide a backdrop from which to better make sense both of CONAIE's plurinational project and of the implications of the 2008 constitutional recognition of Ecuador as a plurinational state.
    [Show full text]
  • The Fiscal and Monetary History of Ecuador: 1950–2015
    WORKING PAPER · NO. 2018-65 The Fiscal and Monetary History of Ecuador: 1950–2015 Simón Cueva and Julían P. Díaz AUGUST 2018 1126 E. 59th St, Chicago, IL 60637 Main: 773.702.5599 bfi.uchicago.edu The Fiscal and Monetary History of Ecuador: 1950{2015∗ Sim´onCueva Juli´anP. D´ıaz TNK Economics Department of Economics Quinlan School of Business Loyola University Chicago July 2018 Abstract We document the main patterns in Ecuador's fiscal and monetary policy during the 1950{2015 period, and conduct a government's budget constraint accounting exercise to quantify the sources of deficit financing. We find that, prior to the oil boom of the 1970s, the size of the government and its financing needs were small, and the economy exhibited high growth rates and low inflation. The oil boom led to a massive increase in government spending. The oil prices crash of the early 1980s was not accompanied by any substantial fiscal correction, and the government considerably relied on seigniorage as a source of revenue. This coin- cided with almost three decades of high inflation rates and stagnant output. The dollarization regime, implemented in 2000, removed the ability of the government to resort to seigniorage to cover its imbalances. Indeed, in spite of large deficits registered since 2007, inflation has remained at historically low levels. However, the recent policies of inflated spending|and the heavy borrowing needed to fi- nance it|remind those that led to the collapse of the economy during the 1980s and 1990s, and generate concerns regarding the long-term sustainability of the dollarization regime, and of the benefits it has provided.
    [Show full text]
  • Changes in the Foreign Policy of Bolivia and Ecuador: Domestic and International Conditions
    Changes in the Foreign Policy of Bolivia and Ecuador: Domestic and International Conditions André Luiz Coelho Farias de Souza1 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1632-0098 Clayton M. Cunha Filho2 https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6073-3570 Vinicius Santos3 https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0907-7832 1Universidade Federal do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Department of Political Studies, Rio de Janeiro/RJ, Brazil 2Universidade Federal do Ceará, Department of Social Sciences, Fortaleza/CE, Brazil 3Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte/MG, Brazil The aim of this paper is to assess the changes in the foreign policy of Bolivia and Ecuador during the administrations of Evo Morales (2006- 2019) and Rafael Correa (2007-2017), taking into account the interaction between domestic and international factors in both countries. Our working hypothesis argues that the reorientation of the foreign policy of these countries was possible due to a connection between alterations observed in the domestic and international spheres starting in the middle of the 2000s. In the internal sphere, the greater political stability resulting from the restructuring of the party system; in the foreign policy environment, an international system more open to the progressive field, allowing a change in the orientation of Bolivian and Ecuadorian foreign policy, based on that moment on the diversification of partnerships with an anti-United States bias. Keywords: Ecuador; Bolivia, Foreign Policy; Evo Morales; Rafael Correa. http://doi.org/ 10.1590/1981-3821202000030004 For data replication, see: https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/T8YQH1 Correspondence: André Luiz Coelho Farias de Souza. E-mail: [email protected] This publication is registered under a CC-BY Licence.
    [Show full text]
  • The Perversion of Rule of Law in Ecuador Daniela Salazar* 1
    Salazar “My Power in the Constitution:” the Perversion of Rule of Law in Ecuador Daniela Salazar* 1. Introduction In 1830, Ecuador’s first president, Juan José Flores, appeared in a portrait wearing a silk sash, upon which was embroidered in gold letters the slogan: “My Power in the Constitution.” Since then, though with some changes of style, presidential sashes in Ecuador have kept that phrase intact, a characteristic which differentiates the sashes from others in the region. The meaning of the presidential slogan, nevertheless, has changed significantly. This phrase, which in its time referred to the importance of adhering to the Constitution as a limitation of power, today has taken on a more literal meaning: the power of the president, not the president’s limitations, resides in the Constitution. In the process that led to the adoption of the Constitution, and in the constitutional text itself, it is possible to find the keys to understanding the growing authoritarianism in Ecuador. With some frequency, those who recognize the excesses of presidential authority in Ecuador attribute them to the personality of President Rafael Correa, to his confrontational and populist style. Without claiming to carry out an exhaustive analysis of the extensive, complex, and imaginative Ecuadorian Constitution, in this essay I will allude to some examples of its innovations to demonstrate that the root of the perversion of rule of law in Ecuador does not lie in the leadership of the President, but rather in the 2008 Constitution itself, also known as the Constitution of Montecristi. It is my intention that the case of Ecuador and the examples 1 Salazar described here serve to inspire deeper reflection on the implications of the so-called new Latin American constitutionalism and its unfulfilled promises.
    [Show full text]
  • Ecuador's Financial Rollercoaster
    Boom & Bust: Ecuador’s Financial Rollercoaster The Interplay between Finance, Politics and Social Conditions in 20th century Ecuador Pablo R. Izurieta Andrade Copyright © 2015 Vernon Press, an imprint of Vernon Art and Science Inc, on behalf of the author. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior permission of Vernon Art and Science Inc. www.vernonpress.com In the Americas: In the rest of the world Vernon Press Vernon Press 1000 N West Street, C/Sancti Espiritu 17, Suite 1200, Wilmington, Malaga, 29006 Delaware 19801 Spain United States Library of Congress Control Number: 2015942450 ISBN: 978-1-62273-470-2 Images used with permission. Product and company names mentioned in this work are the trademarks of their respective owners. While every care has been taken in preparing this work, neither the author nor Vernon Art and Science Inc. may be held responsible for any loss or damage caused or alleged to be caused directly or indirectly by the information contained in it. Synopsis This work proposes a connection of financial circumstances with major socio-political events in 20th-century Ecuador. It highlights the state of the nation’s economy as a determinant factor in the outcome of events. Throughout the history of Ecuador, the ambivalent evolution of major political and social events such as the stability of serving presidents, coups and war, has had an interesting and direct relationship to the financial environment. If the economy was healthy, did the country also experience stability? If it went into disarray, did the non-financial environment follow? Data collected from the Central Bank of Ecuador, unpublished diplomatic papers, and personal documents from relevant historical figures, as well as from the work of previous historians, indicate a strong effect of financial and economic performance on major political and social events.
    [Show full text]
  • Grade6socialscienceweekof6-1-20.Pdf
    Grade 8 Assignment Week of 6-1-20 Directions: Go to studentintranet.bpsma.org Log onto Clever using your BPS username and password. Click on Newsela. Copy and paste this link into your browser: https://newsela.com/subject/other/2000273428 Instructions: Before Reading Image Analysis: Look at the topographical map of South America. Use the map to reflect on the following questions: • Notice the country of Peru. Based on its physical features, what could be an advantage of starting an empire in this region? • Based on its physical features, what could be challenges that an empire in this region would face? • How do you think an empire started in Peru might adapt to its surroundings, and why? Choose one of the following two articles about the Inca Empire: • What endures from the ancient civilizations that ruled the Andes? • How the Inca Engineered a Road Across Extreme Terrain As you read, highlight in BLUE any details about the Inca Empire’s geography. Highlight in YELLOW any ways that the Inca Empire adapted to their geography. Use the Annotation tool to reflect on how adapting to their surroundings helped the Inca Empire become successful. Then read the following article about Brazil’s sugar and mining industries: • Brazil's Quilombos: Where Slaves Ruled As you read, highlight in YELLOW information that helps you understand what quilombos are. Highlight in GREEN information that shows ways that humans transformed the environment of Brazil throughout its history. Highlight in BLUE information that shows you how people today are still dealing with the impacts of these transformations.
    [Show full text]