: Following the Inca Trail Travel Course Environmental Policy and Planning Public and Environmental Affairs Travel Course Lead by Dr. Marcelo Cruz 951/416-361 June 1 – June 16, 2020

Course Description

The Inca incorporated what is today Ecuador in the 15th century. The Incas were the last of several Indigenous peoples that occupied and settled what is today Ecuador before the arrival of the Spanish. This travel course will survey and follow the Inca trail throughout the Ecuadorean . By travelling through and exploring the Ecuadorean Andes, we will learn the story of Inca spatial organization and architecture, conquest, incorporation and the impact that Spanish conquest and colonization had in this part of the . We will visit pre- Inca and Inca ruins as well as sacred sites still maintained by contemporary indigenous communities.

Monday, June 1 Leave Green Bay TBA Carrier and Flight Number TBA Arrive in TBA Carrier and Flight Number TBA

Tuesday, June 2

We will visit the Inca Ruins of Rumicucho, an Inca fortress in the northern part of the city.

Inca ruins of Rumichucho The Rumicucho Pucara ruins are located 30 km north of Quito close to the Equatorial Monument and Catequilla Hill where the pre Inca tribes calculated the true equatorial line, collaborated today by GPS technology. The Inca invaders built the fortress on top of earlier ruins in the 15th century. The Inca, Tupac Yupanqui, initiated the construction as a military outpost to serve as an offensive and defensive guard post in their struggle to subjugate the northern tribes of the Cayambe, Cochasqui and Caranquis Indians, who offered them bitter resistance. Leaving Rumicucho, we take a North West direction going down the Western Andean mountain chain to the Ruins of Tulipe.

Ruins of Tulipe Cultura Yumbos

The people who built these pools were the Yumbo, a nation that dates to 800AD that survived until after the Spanish conquest in the late 1500s. There are Inca ruins just up the hillside from this location, suggesting that the Inca found this site important and may have attempted to control the source of the spring that fed these pools. Attempts by the Inca to conquer these lands were interrupted by the arrival of the Spanish. Direct connection with the Yumbo culture was lost for two reasons – sickness brought by Europeans severely decimated the population. Survivors of disease left the area after the eruption of the volcano Pichincha in 1660 when their lands were covered by volcanic ash.

Wednesday, June 3

Ayora Angochagua Valley Zuleta Road The day begins with a bus trip leaving Quito early in the morning. We will travel north/northwest to the province of Imbabura (Approximately 4 hour bus ride with stops). We will have an exercise on the bus on identifying ecological niches in mountain environments, and Native American rural landscapes so Bring notebooks, cameras, and a keen eye.

We arrive to the provincial capital city of Ibarra. Ibarra was founded in 1606 by order of the President of the Royal Audience of Quito, Miguel de Ibarra. We will visit Caranqui, the ancient capital of the Caranquis. The Caranquis rebelled against the Inca, and their capital was destroyed and is now suburb of the provincial capital of the province, Ibarra. We will then continue north/northeast to visit the lake of Yaguarcocha, the site of the historic battle between the Incas and Caranquis.

Historic Caranqui

Thursday, June 4

Imbabura Province: North of Quito is home of the Otavalo Native Americans, famous for their entrepreneurial success in marketing their textiles throughout the world. We will visit Pinsaqui, an Otavalo settlement located near an ancient burial mound. We will learn about Otavalo creation beliefs and the importance of the vestment and rituals in Inti Raymi Cultural Center.

Indigenous Market (We will visit one of the oldest and internationally known indigenous markets surviving in America today, dating back to Pre-Inca times. Enjoy the sights, sounds and smells of this market spree: happy hunting!)

Friday, June 5

On our return to Quito, we will visit the Quitsatu Research Center and the true equatorial line, calculated by the ancients. The Incas followed a sun cult and we will discuss the importance of the sun and astronomy to pre- Inca and Inca societies. The ancients were able to calculate the exact equatorial line (Lat 0.00), confirmed by GPS. The center will challenge our pre notions of how we represent our planet and how we reproduce unequal power relationships in our map making.

What can we learn from indigenous interpretations of our relation to our planet and our local environment? What were their assumptions? Moreover, understandings of life on the planet and local environment?

Saturday, June 6

Quito (City Walking Tour: wear walking shoes) (Morning) Casco Colonial (Old Colonial City): The Spanish city was founded in 1534 on top of the Inca ruins of the imperial administrative/religion center of Quitu. Christened San Francisco de Quito, this historic district is characterized by 16th to 19th century architecture and city planning. UNESCO named the district a World Heritage Site in 1978.

The historic center of Quito has one of the largest, least-altered and best-preserved historic centers in America. The oldest traces of human presence in Quito were excavated by the American archaeologist Robert E. Bell in 1960 on the slopes of the Ilaló volcano, located between the eastern valleys of Los Chillos and Tumbaco. Hunter-gatherers left tools made of obsidian glass dated back to 8000 BC. Allen Graffham brought the archaeological site herein designated by the name of EI Inga to the attention of Bell. The historic district was an important trading point for several Andean and people’s from lower elevations to come and trade their wares.

The Inca city of Quitu fell to the , Gonzalo Pizzaro, Sebastian Benalcazar, and Diego Almagro in 1534.

Plaza de San Francisco

Sunday, June 7 Flight to Cuenca in the Southern Ecuadorean Andes (approximately one hour flight)

Cuenca’s history begins long before the arrival of both the Spanish and the Inca. The city was originally a Cañari settlement called Guapondeleg and is believed to have been founded around 500 AD. Guapondeleg translates into “land as big as heaven.” Less than half a century before, the conquistadors landed, the Inca, after a bitter struggle, conquered the Cañari and occupied Guapondeleg and the surrounding area. Though the Inca replaced Cañari architecture with their own, they did not exclude the Cañari or their impressive achievements in astronomy and agriculture. Rather, they absorbed these elements of Cañari culture, as was customary when the Inca conquered other cultures.

Cuenca

Shortly after the defeat of the Cañari, the Inca, Tupac Yupanqui ordered the construction of a grand city – Tomebamba and later his successor built his residence Pumapungo, “the door of the Puma”—whose magnificence was to challenge that of the Inca capital of Cuzco. We will visit the ruins of Pumapongo and the reconstructed Inca Gardens and the importance of the river Tomebamba was to the Inca emperor Huayna Capac. Indigenous people told the Spanish conquerors stories of golden temples and other such wonders, but by the time the Spaniards found the legendary city of Tomebamba and Pumapungo, all that remained were ruins, leaving the Spanish to wonder what happened to the fabled splendor and riches of the second Inca capital. destroyed the city during the civil war. Taking revenge on the city for siding with his half-brother Huascar in that war. After being abandoned by the Cañari and the Inca, the city was renamed Santa Ana de los Cuatro Rios de Cuenca in 1557.

Cuenca was named a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 2000. The historic district of Cuenca is characterized by its eclectic architecture. Within walking distance throughout the district, there are pre Inca Ruins when it was capital of the Cañari Nation, Inca ruins, Spanish colonial architecture, and Italian Rococo architecture, which makes the historic district of Cuenca an architectural wonder.

Ruins of Todos los Santos, Cuenca (above).

Ruins of Pumapongo, Cuenca

We end the day with an Ecuadorean – Italian meal. Italian immigration was particularly important in the southern Andean region of the country. Their impact on Ecuadorean culture is subtle but ubiquitous, from local vernacular to local and regional cuisine.

Monday, June 8 A restful day of shopping at Chordoleg, a quiet town nestled in the southern Ecuadorean Andes where you can find artisans working on silver and gold jewelry.

Afternoon

After a morning shopping spree we return to Cuenca (ancient Tomebamba) to enjoy a relaxing afternoon. Enjoy the sights and sounds of this beautiful city in the southern Ecuadorean Andes, capital of the province of Azuay. Further Europeanization of the city occurred with the arrival of Italian immigrants to the region in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.

Tuesday, June 9

We travel north to the ruins of Ingapirca and the Inca Baths in the province of Cañar.

These are the largest known Inca ruins in Ecuador. The most significant building is the Temple of the Sun, an elliptically shaped building constructed around a large rock. The building is constructed in the Inca way without mortar, as are most of the structures in the complex. The stones were carefully chiseled and fashioned to fit together perfectly. The Temple of the Sun was positioned so that on the solstices, at exactly the right time of day, sunlight would fall through the center of the doorway of the small chamber at the top of the temple. Most of this chamber has fallen down. Ingapirca had long been settled by the Cañari indigenous people, who called it Hatun Cañar. As the Inca Empire expanded into southern Ecuador, the Inca Tupac Yupanqui encountered the Cañari "Hatun Cañar" tribe and had difficulties in conquering them. In a second attempt, he used different political strategies, marrying the Cañari princess and improving the Cañari city of Guapondelig, calling it Pumapungo (nowadays Cuenca). The Inca and Cañari decided to settle their differences and live together peacefully. The astronomical observatory was built under Inca Huayna Capac. They renamed the city and kept most of their individual customs separate. Although the Inca were more numerous, they did not demand that the Cañari give up their autonomy. The castle complex is of Cañari-Inca origin. The objective of its construction is uncertain. The complex played an important role as a fortress and storehouse with which to resupply troops en route to northern Ecuador. At Ingapirca they developed a complex underground aqueductsystem to provide water to the entire compound.

The Inca baths located to the north east of the ruins of Ingapirca The hour and a half journey took us through picturesque valleys and over mountains, through cities and towns, and finally ended in the quaint village of El Tambo. After a short, slow, fifteen minute ride, we were at the Baños del Inca ruins The site was actually created by the Cañari people, who settled in the area over one thousand years ago. In the early 15th century, the Incas conquered the Cañaris and absorbed them and their way of life into the Incan culture. The Incas then modified the Coyoctor site to meet the Inca ritual of water purification. Collectively, the site includes worship of the moon deity of the Cañari and the sun deity of the Inca.

We arrive in for the evening

Wednesday, June 10

We arrive at Achupallas, a small Andean town where the Inca royal road can still seen and used.

While the Ingapirca Inca Trail in Ecuador is not as famous as its southern cousin, the Inca Trail to Machu Picchu, it was actually more important when it was constructed 1,000 years ago. The Ecuadorian Inca Trail once connected the Incan empire’s northern capital Quito with the city at its heart, Cuzco in . It was part of what the Spanish called the Camino Real (Royal Road) and was used to move trade and messengers as well as large marching armies. Today most of the Ecuadorian Inca Trail has been destroyed by the Spanish Conquistadors except for a 3 day trek that stretches through Sangay National Park towards the ruins of Ingapirka. The trek takes you through the pristine Ecuadorian paramo past its many beautiful lagoons and reaches a maximum elevation of 4,200 m (13,776 ft.) above sea level – making it one of the highest points of the Royal Road in the entire Incan Empire.

Along the route we break for lunch in the ancient Incan Tampus, stone buildings constructed by the Incas, where Chasquis or Incan messengers took refuge. We arrive back to Riobamba that evening.

Thursday, June 11

We continue to travel north to Cotopaxi Province and we arrive at the hacienda San Agustin, built around fine Inca Masonry. Since the 15th century San Agustin de Callo has served as an Inca fortress, an Augustinian convent and a temporary home for the French Geodesic Mission.

The hacienda de San Agustin de Callo is an example of readaptive architecture. We will have lunch here as we explore the hacienda and its historical significance.

We arrive in Quito that day.

Friday, June 12

In the morning, we will visit the archeological site of Rumipampa in the morning

The Ruins at Rumipamba

Archeologists have found evidence of three distinct cultural time periods. the Late Formative (1500 BCE to 500 BCE) shows signs of ancient tools. The Regional Development (500 BCE to 500 CE) is marked by deep tombs like those found in neighborhood La Florida further north in the city. Many of the pottery remains, especially those found with tripod feet are typical of this time period as well. Finally, the Integration Period (500 CE to 1500 CE) is defined by the discovery of well-built huts as well as a few shallow graves atypical of the earlier Quitu. There are some indications that the neighboring Yumbo maintained their classic trails in this region as well. These trails, called caluncos, maintained connections between the high Sierra and the Pacific Coast.

Meaning of Rumipamba

The word Rumipamba has a long history in the Quito area. A large ravine originating on the slopes of the Pichincha Volcano shares the name as does the neighborhood where the archeology park now resides. Although no one remembers who first used the word, its origins are definitely Quichua:

rumi (rock or stone) + pamba (plain or field) = Rumipamba (rocky field)

History of the site: In 1990, a real estate developer intended to build apartments on this land. However, when a worker discovered human remains in ceramic pots, plans quickly changed. Consequently, Ecuadorian archeologist Alfredo Santamaría recommended excavation of the site. His team discovered graves, pottery, and tools that led archeologists to believe that not only were people buried on this land but that more than one civilization thrived here. The city of Quito declared Rumipamba a local heritage site. Eventually, it became an open-air archeology museum of 32 hectares in 2001.

We will have a treat for that evening in Quito. We will attend the famous, internationally renowned National Folk Ballet of Ecuador Jacchigua. We will enjoy a musical and artistic tour through the Ecuadorean Andes.

Saturday, June 13

We will visit the Museum of Anthropology

It really should be the first museum you visit in Ecuador as nearly 1500 pieces from pre- Inca to current day are in the permanent exhibit and presented chronologically. This makes for a great introduction to the history and culture of the country. It takes several hours to visit the museum, artifacts range from the pre-ceramic era (4000 BC) through the end of the Inca empire (1533 AD). Some of the popular pieces include whistle bottles shaped like animals, decorative gold headdresses and scenes that depict life in the Amazon. The museum strives to document the beginning with the first inhabitants up to current day. There are five rooms to highlight the artifacts, art, and exhibits of each era.

Afterwards, we visit the Artesenal Market (another shopping opportunity and bartering skills!)

Sunday, June 14

Equatorial Monument Mitad del Mundo (Equator Monument) and its environs. We will be visiting this semi-arid region. We will visit the equatorial line that divides the northern hemisphere from the southern hemisphere This is a 40-minute bus ride north of Quito. The Equatorial Monument is dedicated to the Condamine scientific expedition from France that arrived in Ecuador in the 18th century. Among a variety of scientific studies that were conducted by the Condamine expedition, was the scientific calculation of the circumference of the earth and the exact location of the equator, Latitude 0'00 just north of Quito. This is where the equatorial monument now stands. There, we will visit museums there that deal with the physical and human geography of the country. We will be having lunch there and return to Quito in the early afternoon.

Calderon: We will visit the northern suburb of Quito the town of Calderon were the tradition of bread figures brought over by Spanish immigrants is still being done and passed on to future generations. This tradition has been lost in Spain but is alive and well here in Calderon.

Monday, June 15

In the morning, we take you to the highest sky tram in America reaching an altitude of 4100 meters above sea level where you can a spectacular view of the Andes mountains, and the snowcapped mountains that crown the city of Quito

Tuesday, June 16

At Lunch, we will have a table of reflection among the group to share our thoughts and experiences of the trip.

We leave for the airport that evening and you arrive in USA June 17

Hasta Pronto Ecuador! Leave Quito at TBA

Assignments should be turned in NO LATER than the end of the second week of the spring semester. NO EXCEPTIONS

3 credits Each student will keep a daily journal that will compile field notes and combine them to include exercises, impressions, thoughts, observations, and reflections from experiences on the trip. You should use the journal as a log of exploration much as the same way geographers do their fieldwork; therefore, empirical observation is must! Therefore, you should bring notebooks, pencils, erasures, pens, cameras (if you have one) on these field trips, detailed description is fundamental in field work. The goal of the journal is to combine objective knowledge and subjective knowledge in order to give meaning to place. Each student will turn in the journal that would entail a section on land use, a section on ecological niches, a section on rural landscapes, a section on urban landscapes, and a final section on an ecological issue that you can identify, either rural or urban. The sections should include, not only, empirical observations, but your own reflections, thoughts and impressions

PARTICIPATION

This travel course offers a unique opportunity for UWGB students to immerse themselves in another culture while acquiring the confidence and skills to become independent learners overseas. The course is also a lot of fun, but be aware that it requires intense interaction with other participants. Travel courses involve constant participation in large and small groups. Cultural issues are explored in study groups and field trips. Patience and willingness to sometimes sacrifice individual aims for the group harmony are absolutely necessary. Each student is expected to make a positive contribution to the group dynamics by maintaining a reasonably cheerful, flexible and respectful attitude towards all group members. Each student MUST participate in all activities and scheduled meetings. THIS IS A NO-CUT CLASS TYPE OF COURSE. This policy is for your safety. I need to know where you are. There is a rule that should be observed at all times: DO NOT GO OUT AND VENTURE BY YOURSELF, ALWAYS GO WITH PEOPLE. GO OUT TOGETHER AND COME BACK TOGETHER AS A GROUP, THERE WILL BE NO EXCEPTIONS.

NOTE: FAILURE to abide by trip policies may result in your being sent back to Green Bay. Remember: THE SAFETY AND SUCCESS OF EVERYONE DEPENDS ON THE BEHAVIOUR OF EACH